Aristotle

Aristotle - Masanin falsafar Girka na dā, masanin ƙasa, ɗalibin Plato. Mentor na Alexander the Great, wanda ya kafa makarantar sakandare da tunani mai kyau. Ana ɗaukarsa masanin falsafa mafi tasiri na zamanin da, wanda ya aza harsashin kimiyyar halitta na zamani.

Akwai tarihin gaskiya game da Aristotle, wanda za'a tattauna a wannan labarin.

Don haka, kafin ku gajeriyar tarihin Aristotle.

Tarihin rayuwar Aristotle

An haifi Aristotle a shekara ta 384 BC. a cikin garin Stagira, wanda ke arewacin gabashin Girka. Dangane da wurin haihuwarsa, galibi ana kiransa Stagirite.

Falsafa ya girma kuma ya girma a cikin dangin likitan gado Nicomachus da matarsa Festis. Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce, mahaifin Aristotle likitan kotu ne na sarkin Macedonia Amynta III - kakan Alexander the Great.

Yara da samari

Aristotle ya fara karatun ilimin kimiya daban-daban tun yana karami. Malamin yaron na farko shi ne mahaifinsa, wanda a tsawon shekarun tarihinsa ya rubuta ayyuka 6 kan magani da littafi daya kan falsafar halitta.

Nicomachus yayi ƙoƙari ya ba ɗansa mafi kyawun ilimin. Bugu da kari, yana son Aristotle ya zama likita shima.

Ya kamata a lura cewa mahaifin ya koyar da yaron ba kawai takaddun kimiyya ba, har ma da falsafa, wanda ya shahara sosai a wancan lokacin.

Iyayen Aristotle sun mutu tun yana saurayi. A sakamakon haka, mijin babbar yayarsa mai suna Proxen ya ɗauki nauyin karatun saurayin.

A 367 BC. e. Aristotle ya tafi Atina. A can ya sami sha'awar koyarwar Plato, daga baya ya zama dalibinsa.

A wancan lokacin, tarihin rayuwar, mai son bincike ba kawai yana da sha'awar falsafa ba ne kawai, har ma da siyasa, ilmin halitta, ilmin dabbobi, kimiyyar lissafi da sauran ilimin kimiyya. Ya kamata a lura cewa ya yi karatu a makarantar kimiyya ta Plato na kimanin shekara 20.

Bayan Aristotle ya tsara nasa ra'ayin game da rayuwa, sai ya soki ra'ayin Plato game da asalin dukkan abubuwa.

Falsafa ya bunkasa ka'idarsa - fifikon tsari da kwayar halitta, da rashin rabuwa da rai daga jiki.

Daga baya, Aristotle ya sami tayin daga Sarki Philip II na zuwa Makedoniya don yin renon saurayi Alexander. A sakamakon haka, ya kasance malamin kwamandan na gaba na tsawon shekaru 8.

Lokacin da Aristotle ya koma Athens, sai ya buɗe makarantar falsafarsa "Lyceum", wacce aka fi sani da makarantar ɗabi'a.

Koyarwar Falsafa

Aristotle ya raba dukkan ilimin kimiyya zuwa gida 3:

Masana kimiyya - ilimin lissafi, kimiyyar lissafi da ilimin lissafi.
Mai amfani - da'a da siyasa.
Mai kerawa - duk nau'ikan fasaha, gami da shayari da lafazi.

Koyarwar falsafar ta dogara ne akan manyan ka'idoji 4:

Matsalar ita ce "daga wane".
Form shine "menene".
Dalilin haifar shine "daga ina."
Manufar ita ce "menene don me."

Dogaro da bayanan asalin, Aristotle ya danganta ayyukan batutuwa ga mai kyau ko mugu.

Falsafa shine magabacin tsarin tsari na rukuni, daga cikinsu akwai 10 daidai: wahala, matsayi, ainihin, dangantaka, yawa, lokaci, inganci, wuri, mallaka da aiki.

Duk abin da ya wanzu ya kasu kashi biyu ne, tsarin tsirrai da halittu masu rai, duniyar dabbobi da mutane daban-daban.

A cikin ƙarni kaɗan masu zuwa, ana amfani da nau'ikan kayan aikin ƙasa waɗanda Aristotle ya bayyana. Ya gabatar da hangen nesan sa na kyakkyawan yanayi a cikin aikin "Siyasa".

A cewar masanin kimiyya, kowane mutum ya tabbata a cikin al'umma, tunda yana rayuwa ba don kansa kawai ba. Yana da alaƙa da wasu mutane ta hanyar dangi, abota da sauran nau'ikan alaƙa.

Dangane da koyarwar Aristotle, manufar kungiyoyin farar hula ba wai kawai ci gaban tattalin arziki ba ne, har ma da burin cimma wata maslaha - eudemonism.

Mai tunanin ya lura da kyawawan halaye 3 na gwamnati mara kyau.

Tabbatacce - tsarin sarauta (mulkin mallaka), mulkin mallaka (mafi kyawun mulkin) da siyasa (jiha).
Wadanda ba su da kyau sune zalunci (mulkin azzalumi), oligarchy (mulkin 'yan kadan) da dimokiradiyya (mulkin mutane).

Bugu da kari, Aristotle ya mai da hankali sosai ga fasaha. Misali, yana tunanin gidan wasan kwaikwayo, ya yanke shawarar cewa kasancewar abin kwaikwayon, wanda yake tattare da mutum, yana ba shi jin daɗi na gaske.

Ofaya daga cikin mahimman ayyukan tsohon masanin falsafar Girka shine abun da aka tsara "On the Soul". A ciki, marubucin ya gabatar da tambayoyi masu yawa game da rayuwar ruhin kowane halitta, yana mai bayyana bambanci tsakanin kasancewar mutum, dabba da tsirrai.

Kari akan haka, Aristotle yayi tunani a kan gabbai (tabawa, wari, ji, dandano da gani) da kuma damar 3 na rai (girma, jin dadi da tunani).

Yana da kyau a lura cewa mai tunani yayi karatun duk ilimomin da suka wanzu a wancan zamanin. Ya rubuta litattafai da dama kan dabaru, ilmin halitta, ilimin taurari, ilimin kimiyyar lissafi, wakoki, yare da sauran fannoni.

An tattara tarin ayyukan masanin falsafar "Aristotle's Corpus".

Rayuwar mutum

Ba mu san komai game da rayuwar Aristotle ba. An san cewa tsawon shekarun tarihinsa, ya yi aure sau biyu.

Matar masanin farko ita ce Pythias, wanda ya kasance ɗiyar azzalumi Assos na Troad. A cikin wannan auren, an haifi yarinyar Pythias.

Bayan mutuwar matarsa, Aristotle ya ɗauki bawan Herpellis ba bisa ƙa'ida ba a matsayin matarsa, wanda ta haifa masa ɗa, Nicomachus.

Mai hikima ya kasance mutum ne kai tsaye kuma mai motsin rai, musamman idan ya zo ga falsafa. Da zarar ya yi jayayya da Plato sosai, bai yarda da ra'ayinsa ba, har ya fara kauce wa damar ganawa da ɗalibi.

Mutuwa

Bayan mutuwar Alexander the Great, tayar da kayar baya ga mulkin Macedonia ya fara fitowa da yawa a Athens. A wannan lokacin a cikin tarihin rayuwar Aristotle, a matsayin tsohon mai ba da shawara ga kwamandan, an zargi mutane da yawa da rashin yarda da Allah.

Dole ne mai tunani ya bar Atina don guje wa mummunan halin da Socrates ke ciki - mai guba da guba. Maganar "Ina so in ceci Atheniyawa daga wani sabon laifi akan falsafa" da ya faɗi, daga baya ya sami babban farin jini.

Ba da daɗewa ba, mai hikima, tare da ɗalibansa, suka tafi tsibirin Evia. Watanni biyu bayan haka, a cikin 322 BC, Aristotle ya mutu sakamakon ciwon ciki mai ci gaba. A lokacin yana da shekaru 62 a duniya.