Tunguska meteorite an yi la'akari da shi mafi girman asirin kimiyya na ƙarni na 20. Adadin zaɓuɓɓuka game da yanayinta ya wuce ɗari, amma babu ɗayan da aka fahimta azaman kawai daidai da ƙarshe. Duk da yawan shaidun gani da ido da kuma balaguro da yawa, ba a sami wurin faduwar ba, da kuma shaidar kayan abu na lamarin, duk sigar da aka gabatar sun dogara ne da hujjoji kai tsaye da kuma sakamakon.
Yadda Tunguska meteorite ya faɗi
A ƙarshen Yunin 1908, mazaunan Turai da Rasha sun ga al'amuran yanayi na musamman: daga rana zuwa rana farin dare. A safiyar ranar 30, wani jiki mai walƙiya, mai yuwuwar zobe ko silinda, ya mamaye tsakiyar tsibirin Siberia da sauri. A cewar masu lura, ya kasance fari, rawaya ko ja, tare da tsawa da sautunan fashewa yayin motsi, kuma bai bar alamun a cikin sararin samaniya ba.
Da misalin karfe 7:14 na lokacin gida, jikin da ya yi tunanin Tunguska meteorite ya fashe. Guguwar iska mai ƙarfi ta saukar da bishiyoyi a cikin taiga a kan yanki har zuwa kadada dubu 2.2. An yi rikodin sautunan fashewar kilomita 800 daga kusancin cibiyar, sakamakon girgizar kasa (girgizar ƙasa da girmanta har zuwa raka'a 5) an yi rikodin a duk yankin Eurasia.
A wannan ranar, masana kimiyya sun yi alama da farkon hadari mai ƙarfin awoyi 5. Abubuwan da ke cikin yanayi, kama da waɗanda suka gabata, an kiyaye su a sarari tsawon kwanaki 2 kuma lokaci-lokaci suna faruwa cikin wata 1.
Tattara bayanai game da lamarin, kimanta gaskiyar lamari
Bugawa game da taron sun bayyana a rana ɗaya, amma bincike mai mahimmanci ya fara a cikin 1920s. A lokacin balaguron farko, shekaru 12 sun shude tun daga faduwar, wanda ke da mummunan tasiri kan tattarawa da nazarin bayanai. Wannan da balaguron balaguro kafin yakin Soviet sun kasa gano inda abun ya faɗi, duk da binciken jirgi da aka gudanar a 1938. Bayanin da aka samo ya haifar da ƙarshe:
- Babu hotunan jikin da ya faɗi ko motsi.
- Batun fashewa ya faru a cikin iska a tsawan kilomita 5 zuwa 15, kimar farko na karfin shine megatons 40-50 (wasu masana kimiyya sun kiyasta shi a 10-15).
- Fashewar ba ta nuna ba; ba a sami matattarar ba a cibiyar da ake zargi ba.
- Wurin sauka da aka nufa yanki ne na fadama na taiga akan Kogin Podkamennaya Tunguska.
Manyan jumloli da juzu'i
- Asalin meteorite. Tunanin da mafi yawan masana kimiyya ke tallafawa game da faɗuwar wata babbar sararin samaniya ko ɗaruruwan ƙananan abubuwa ko wucewarsu ta hanyar dabaru. Tabbacin gaskiya na tsinkaye: ba a samo kogi ko barbashi ba.
- Faduwar tauraruwa mai wutsiya tare da kankara ko ƙurar sararin samaniya tare da sako-sako da tsari. Sigar ta yi bayani game da rashi alamun Tunguska meteorite, amma ya saba wa ƙananan tsawan fashewar.
- Cosmic ko asalin roba na abu. Matsayin rauni na wannan ka'idar shine rashin alamun rashiya, banda bishiyoyi masu saurin girma.
- Kashewar antimatter. Jikin Tunguska wani yanki ne na antimatter wanda ya juye izuwa yanayin iska a cikin yanayin duniya. Kamar yadda yake a cikin batun tauraruwa mai wutsiya, sigar ba ta bayyana ƙarancin tsawo na abin da aka lura ba; alamomin halaka ma ba su nan.
- Ba a yi nasarar gwajin Nikola Tesla ba game da watsa makamashi daga nesa. Sabuwar zato bisa la'akari da bayanan da masanin kimiyya bai tabbatar ba.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa
Babban rikice-rikicen ya samo asali ne ta hanyar nazarin yankin dazuzzuka da ya fadi, yana da siffar malam malam buɗe ido na faɗuwar meteorite, amma ba a bayyana maƙasudin bishiyoyin da wata dabara ta kimiyya ba. A farkon shekarun, taiga ta mutu, daga baya tsire-tsire suka nuna wani ci gaba mara kyau, halayyar yankuna da ke fuskantar radiation: Hiroshima da Chernobyl. Amma nazarin ma'adanai da aka tattara bai sami wata hujja ba game da kunna batun nukiliya.
A cikin 2006, a cikin yankin Podkamennaya Tunguska, an gano kayan tarihi masu girma daban-daban - ma'adanai da aka yi da faranti da baƙaƙen haruffa waɗanda ba a san su ba, mai yiwuwa plasma ne ya ajiye su kuma ya ƙunshi ƙwayoyin da ke ciki wanda kawai zai iya kasancewa na asali ne.
Ana ba da shawarar sosai don ganin layin hamada na Nazca.
Ba koyaushe ake magana game da meteorite na Tunguska ba. Don haka, a cikin 1960, aka gabatar da wani zane mai ban dariya game da halittu - fashewar yanayin zafi na gajimare na girkin Siberia mai girman kilomita 53... Shekaru biyar bayan haka, asalin tunanin 'yan uwan Strugatsky ya bayyana - "Kuna buƙatar bincika ba inda ba, amma yaushe" game da jirgin baƙi tare da saurin lokaci. Kamar sauran fassarori masu ban sha'awa, an tabbatar da shi da kyau fiye da waɗanda masu binciken ilimin kimiyya suka gabatar, kawai ƙin yarda shine kiyayya da kimiyya.
Babban abin mamaki shine duk da yawan zabi (kimiyya sama da 100) da bincike na kasa da kasa, asirin bai tonu ba. Duk tabbatattun hujjoji game da Tunguska meteorite sun haɗa da ranar taron kawai da sakamakonta.
