Giya giya ce wacce tsohuwa ce kuma ta zamani ce. A gefe guda, kwanakin nan, sabbin nau'ikan wannan abin sha suna bayyana kusan kowace rana. Masana'antu ba sa daina ƙirƙirar sabbin nau'in giya a cikin gwagwarmayar neman kasuwa mai gasa mai ƙarfi, wanda ƙarfinsa ya kai kimanin ɗaruruwan biliyoyin euro a Turai kaɗai.
Yawancin abubuwan ban mamaki, ban dariya, da kuma wasu lokuta al'amuran ban mamaki da abubuwan da suka faru suna haɗuwa da tarihin giya. Wannan ba abin mamaki bane - yanayin yadda ake samar da shi yana da fa'ida sosai, dubban daruruwan mutane suna shaye-shaye, kuma biliyoyi suna shan giya. Tare da irin wannan ɗimbin yawa, adadi mai amfani da bushe ba zai iya kasawa don samar da hujjoji masu ban sha'awa ba.
1. Jamhuriyar Czech ta kasance amintacciyar jagorar duniya a cikin shayarwar giya ta kowane mutum. Tabbas, wannan ba yana nufin cewa Czechs ba ta yin komai face shan giya ba tare da jinkiri ba don su shayar da ita - ƙasar na samun biliyoyin euro daga yawon buɗe ido na giya. Koyaya, shugabancin Jamhuriyar Czech yana da ban sha'awa - adadi na wannan ƙasa ya zarce na Namibia mai daraja ta biyu (!) Da kusan rabin. Manyan masu sayen goma sun hada da Austria, Jamus, Poland, Ireland, Romania, Seychelles, Estonia da Lithuania. Rasha ta kasance na 32 a cikin kimantawar.
2. Giya ta girmi gasa burodi. Aƙalla, yisti da ake buƙata don yin burodi na gaske, sananniyar burodi (ba wainar da aka yi da garin alkama) ya bayyana daidai bayan giya da aka yi. Ta hanyar ƙididdigar masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, giya ta wuce shekaru 8,000. A kowane hali, rubutattun girke-girke da kwatancin yin giya azaman abin sha na yau da kullun sun dawo zuwa tsakiyar karni na 6th BC. e.
A cikin Babila ta d, a, ba su san yadda ake tace giya ba kuma suka sha ta bambaro
3. Halin shan giya a matsayin "abin sha na plebeian" ya samo asali ne tun zamanin Girka ta dā da tsohuwar Rome. Inabi ya girma sosai a waɗancan sassan, kuma babu wata matsala game da ruwan inabi. Sha'ir, wanda ake yin giyar daga shi, ana ciyar da ita da dabbobi. Tare da halayyar da ta dace da masu wannan dabbobin sosai ga mutanen da ke cinye abin sha da aka yi da sha'ir.
4. Haƙiƙanin da ya gabata ya ɓata gaskatawar cewa giya ta malt ce, hops da ruwa. Sun ce Duke na Bavaria ya ba da irin wannan doka a cikin 1516, kuma tun daga wannan lokacin ne kawai aka kara wa'adin. A farkon ƙarni na 16, Duke na Bavaria ya mallaki ƙaramin yanki wanda ba shi da wata alaƙa da Bavaria mai arziki a yau, wanda a cikin sa ake tattara dukkan ɓangarorin duniya. Bugu da kari, ya sami nasarar kawo yawan analog din hekta mai Gabas mai zuwa a karkashin sa talauci da yunwa. Yanzu za a yi bayani cikin sauri game da illar abin shan da aka yi da sha'ir don lafiyar, kuma a lokaci guda fa'idodin kek ɗin sha'ir. Lokaci ya fi sauki a lokacin, kuma dole sai duke ya datse kawunan masu bautar gida waɗanda suke son cin burodin alkama da kuma giya daga hatsi.
Duke na Bavaria
5. Waɗanda suka kafa cocin Kirista suma sun ba da babbar gudummawa ga baƙar fata PR ta giya. Saint Cyril, alal misali, bai gajiya da sanar da membobin majami'ar diocese ta Alexandria cewa lakar laka da talakawa ke sha maimakon ruwan inabi sakamakon cututtukan da ba su da magani. Dole ne mutum ya yi tunanin cewa an shayar da ruwan inabi a kai a kai da kuma adadi daidai da teburin irin wannan tsarkakakken mutum.
6. Amma a cikin giyar Tsibirin Birtaniyya, akasin Turai da Bahar Rum, ya zama kyakkyawar hanyar Kiristanci. Ya zama dole, alal misali, don sanar da Irish cewa Saint Patrick ya fara kawo giya zuwa tsibirin, yayin da mazaunan Emerald Isle suka ruga don yin rajista cikin imanin Kirista tare da dangi gaba ɗaya - shin akwai irin wannan Allah wanda ba kawai ya ba da izini ba, amma ya ba da shawarar amfani da giya. Bayan haka ya bayyana cewa Patrick ya hana yin amfani da giya, wanda ke daidaita mutane da dabbobi, amma ya makara. Masu wa'azin Irish sun fara ɗaukar hasken Kiristanci da ɗabi'ar shan giya a duk Arewacin Turai.
Saint Patrick bisa ga masoyan giya: duka clover da gilashi
7. Triad "ruwan inabi - giya - vodka" yana kwatanta yanayin Turai sosai. A kasashen kudu kamar Italiya, Faransa ko Spain, ana shan giya galibi. Sauyin yanayi a nan yana ba da damar ba kawai don ciyarwa ba, har ma da noman inabi wanda ba shi da amfani kwata-kwata ta fuskar rayuwa. A arewa, canjin yanayi yana daɗa tsananta, amma yana ba da damar jigilar rarar hatsin da ake buƙata don samar da giya. Daga wannan ne shaharar giya ta kasance a cikin Belgium, Birtaniyya, Holland da Gabashin Turai. A cikin Rasha, giya ta shahara sosai a yankunan kudanci (kodayake har ma Novgorod ya shahara ga masu shayarwa) - a arewa, ana buƙatar giya mai tsanani don karya kitse mai ci, kuma giya abin sha ne na yara. Kuma har ma a yanzu, gaskiya, giya a cikin kamfanin maza galibi dumi-dumi ne kafin babban biki.
8. Tsara da giyar kwalba iri daya ce - babu wanda zai girka layuka daban a kamfanin giya da karfin kadada dubu giya. Bambancin zai iya kasancewa ne kawai a kan yawan iskar gas ɗin da mashayi ba ya jin tausayin lokacin da yake yin kwalba.
9. A cikin "Dark Ages" giya ta kasance alamar kasuwanci ce ta gidajen ibada kamar kararrawar kararrawa. A bin misalin babban gidan sufi na Saint-Gallen, wanda ke yankin ƙasar Switzerland ta yanzu, an kafa giya uku a manyan gidajen ibada: don cin abincinsu, don baƙi masu daraja da kuma na gama gari-mahajjata. An san cewa giya da aka yi wa mutum an tace shi; giya da ba a tace ba kuma ta dace da baƙi. Sunan "Monastic" a Turai ana bi da shi kamar yadda ake amfani da sunan "cognac" - kawai wasu gidajen ibada da kamfanoni waɗanda ke aiki tare da su za su iya kiran samfuran su "Giyar Monastic".
Gurasar monastic a cikin Jamhuriyar Czech
10. Giya tana kara samarda madara ga mata masu shayarwa. An san wannan da daɗewa, kuma binciken zamani ya tabbatar da gaskiyar. Samun madara yana da tasirin tasirin betaglucan, wanda ke samuwa a cikin hatsi da sha'ir. A lokaci guda, yawan giya a cikin giya ba ta wata hanya da ta shafi samar da betaglucan, saboda haka, domin uwa mai shayarwa ta sami madara da yawa, za ku iya shan giya maras giya.
11. Duk da sunan da yake da shi na zuriya da shahada, wanda ya kafa addinin Furotesta, Martin Luther, babban mashayi ne. Ya yi jayayya daidai a cikin wa'azinsa cewa ya fi kyau a zauna a mashaya tare da tunanin coci fiye da coci da tunanin giya. Lokacin da Luther yayi aure, danginsa sun kashe guild 50 a shekara a burodi, guild 200 a shekara a kan nama, kuma guild 300 sun tafi giya. Gabaɗaya, jihohin Jamus suna samar da lita 300 na giya ga kowane mutum a kowace shekara.
Martin Luther kamar yana tunani
12. Peter the Great, lokacinda ya ziyarci Ingila, ya lura cewa kusan dukkan ma'aikatan jirgin ruwan, kamar dai a zabi, dogaye ne kuma masu karfi, kuma kowa ya sha dako. Bayan ya haɗu da waɗannan gaskiyar, sai ya fara shigo da giyar Ingilishi don ma'aikatan filayen jirgin ruwa a St. Petersburg da ake ginawa. Sarki mai zuwa kansa da kansa, ko dai a Ingila ko a gida, ba ya son giya musamman, yana fifita abubuwan sha. Bitrus ya shirya a hankali ya maye gurbin vodka mai yawan amfani da abubuwan sha marasa ƙarfi, gami da giya. Koyaya, gina ma'ana dangane da talakawa a Rasha basa aiki sau da yawa. Beer ya fara sha da yawa kuma cikin nishaɗi, kuma yawan cin vodka kawai ya karu. Kuma hukumomin Rasha koyaushe suna tsoron yin aiki tuƙuru don yaƙar vodka - yana nufin da yawa ga kasafin kuɗi.
13. Kusan labarin ɗan sanda ya faru ga giyar da aka giya a Ossetia lokacin da Grigory Potemkin ya fi son Empress Catherine. Wasu daga cikin manyan mutane sun kawowa Potemkin kwalabe da yawa na giyar Ossetian. Favoriteaunataccen iko ya so abin sha. Potemkin, wanda bai saba da kirga kudi ba, ya ba da umarnin a kai masu giyar zuwa St. Petersburg tare da kayan aikinsu da kayayyakinsu. An kawo masu sana'a zuwa arewacin Rasha, saboda lamirinsu sun fara yin giya kuma ... ba abin da ya same ta. Mun gwada dukkan abubuwan haɗin haɗakar haɗi, har ma mun kawo ruwa daga Caucasus - babu abin da ya taimaka. Sirrin har yanzu bai warware ba. Kuma a Ossetia sun ci gaba da yin giyar gida.
14. Masanan Sofa-masu ilimin likitanci (kamar yadda ake kira kimiyyar giya) suna son yin magana game da gaskiyar cewa duk giya yanzu tana da foda. Na al'ada, ana yin giya daidai a cikin minian ƙananan-breweries, wanda, tabbas, masanin ya ziyarta. A zahiri, a cikin microbreweries ne ake amfani da mafi yawan haɓakar malt, foda iri ɗaya. Amfani da shi yana ba da damar hanzarta aiwatar da giyar giya - an jefar da matakai guda uku daga wannan tsari lokaci ɗaya: niƙa kayan ɗanyen, fasa shi (cika shi da ruwan zafi) da tacewa. Ana shafa hoda kawai da ruwa, a tafasa, a shanye shi, a tace a zuba. A ka'ida, yana da riba, amma a aikace, cire malt ya ninka tsada sau da yawa fiye da na halitta, saboda haka amfani da shi wajen samar da giya ba shi da riba.
15. ofarfin giya ya dogara ne kawai da tunanin mai sana'a. Idan bakayi la'akari da giya ta zamani ba giya, dole ne a san giya mafi taushi kamar giya a cikin Jamus a cikin 1918. A bayyane, a lokacin tunawa da shan kaye a yakin duniya na farko, daya daga cikin masu aikin giya na kasar Jamus ya samar da ire-irensu, karfinsu bai ma kai kashi 0.2% ba. Kuma 'yan Scots masu saurin giya sun bugu, amma sun bushe giya mai ƙarfi da kashi 70. Babu narkewa - kawai suna jira har sai ƙarfin giya na yau da kullun ya ƙaru saboda ƙanshin ruwa.
16. Brewing kasuwanci ne mai fa'ida, kuma a cikin yanayin mallakinta kan samarwa - riba biyu. Amma sha'awar mamayar kasuwa na iya yin wasa mai ban dariya akan kasuwancin da yafi kowane riba. A cikin karni na 18, a cikin garin Tartu, sannan wani bangare na Daular Rasha, akwai kungiyoyin 'yan giya guda biyu - babba da karami. Ya bayyana a fili cewa babu batun wani abota ko hadin kai a tsakanin su. Akasin haka, ƙungiyoyin sun faɗakar da hukumomin gudanarwa da gunaguni da ɓatanci. A ƙarshe, shuwagabannin sun gaji da wannan, kuma sun soke izinin yin giya, waɗanda ƙungiyoyin biyu ke da su. An ba da haƙƙin giya ga zawarawa da marayu waɗanda ba su da hanyoyin samun kuɗi. Gaskiya ne, irin wannan farin cikin marayu ya ɗauki shekaru 15 ne kawai - a sakamakon garambawul na gaba, an gabatar da lasisi don yin giya, wani ɓangare na kuɗin sa ya koma ga matalauta.
17. Sanyin giya mai ɗanɗano kamar ɗumi (mai ɗumi, ba shakka). Labari game da ɗanɗanar giya mai sanyi ya dogara da abubuwan da mutum yake ji a cikin zafin rai - a wannan yanayin, mug giya mai sanyi tana da gaske fiye da dukiyar duniya. Amma koda a zafin jiki na 15 ° C, giya tana riƙe da ɗanɗano.
18. Ko da yake an sanya sunan tsarin fastocin bayan Louis Pasteur, amma bai ƙirƙira shi ba. A Gabas, a Japan da China, an daɗe da sanin cewa dumama gajeren lokaci yana ba da damar dogon lokaci don ƙara rayuwar abinci. Fasto kawai ya yada wannan hanyar maganin zafin rana. Bugu da ƙari, bincikensa, wanda ake amfani da 'ya'yan itacen yanzu a cikin samar da madara da kayayyakin sarrafa shi, an yi shi ne da giya kawai. Pasteur, wanda kusan bai taɓa shan giya kansa ba, ya yi mafarkin ƙwace jagoranci a kasuwar giya daga Jamus. A karshen wannan, ya sayi giya kuma ya fara yin gwaji. Cikin sauri, masanin kimiyya ya koyi yadda ake yin yisti giya fiye da sauran masu shayarwa. Pasteur yayi giya kusan ba tare da samun iska ba. A sakamakon lura da gwaje-gwajen da ya yi, Pasteur ya wallafa littafin "Nazarin giya", wanda ya zama littafin tunani ga tsararrun masu yin giyar. Amma Pasteur bai yi nasara a cikin “motsawa” Jamus ba.
19. Tsawon shekaru 15 a ƙarshen karni na 19, Jacob Christian Jacobsen da Carl Jacobsen - uba da ɗa - sun yi gwagwarmaya mafi kama da yaƙi a ƙarƙashin alamar Carlsberg. Thean, wanda ya karɓi ikon mallakar wani kamfanin giya daban, ya yi imanin cewa mahaifinsa yana yin komai ba daidai ba. Jacobsen Sr., sun ce, baya kara samar da giya, baya amfani da hanyoyin zamani na samarwa da sayar da giya, baya son kwalbar giya, da dai sauransu. Ga fushin mahaifinsa, Carl Jacobsen ya canza sunan kamfanin giyar sa "Ny Carlsberg", da titin Soyuznaya, wanda ya raba masana'antu biyu, wanda aka sake masa suna Rue Pasteur. Don ɗan lokaci, dangi sun yi gasa a cikin girman faranti da ke nuna daidai, a ra'ayinsu, sunan titi. Tare da wannan duka, yawan tallan giya da kuɗaɗen shiga suna ta ƙaruwa koyaushe, wanda ya bawa Jacobsens damar tattara kyawawan tarin kyawawan kayan tarihi. Abun ban haushi, mahaifin ya kamu da tsananin sanyi lokacin da, bayan sulhu da ɗansa, suka tafi Italiya don cin hanci da rashawa. Karl ya zama shi kaɗai ya mallaki kasuwancin a cikin 1887. Yanzu kamfanin Carlsberg shine na 7 a cikin masu samar da giya a duniya.
20. Jacob Christian Jacobsen shima an san shi da son kai. Emil Hansen, wanda yayi masa aiki, ya kirkiri fasahar noman yisti daga mai kwaya daya. Jacobsen zai iya samun miliyoyin daga wannan ilimin kawai. Koyaya, ya biya Hansen kyauta mai yawa kuma ya shawo kansa kada ya mallaki fasahar. Haka kuma, Jacobsen ya aika girke-girke na sabon yisti ga duk manyan abokan gasarsa.
21. Frittjof Nansen dan kasar Norway, wanda ya shahara wajen binciken iyakacin duniya, ya kirga nauyin kayan da ke cikin jirgi a hankali kafin tafiya ta almara kan "Fram" - sun yi tsammanin harin zai kai shekaru 3. Nansen ya ninka wannan adadi kuma ya sami damar dacewa da duk abin da yake buƙata akan ƙaramin jirgin ruwa. Abin farin ciki, babu buƙatar ɗaukar ruwa - akwai isasshen ruwa a cikin Arctic, kodayake a cikin yanayi mai ƙarfi. Amma mai binciken, wanda yake da tsananin shan giya, ya ɗauki ganga goma na giya a cikin jirgin - manyan masu ba da kuɗin tafiyar na balaguron sune giya, 'yan uwan Ringnes. A lokaci guda, ba sa bukatar talla - Nansen ya ɗauki giya tare da shi kuma ya ba da rahoto ga jaridu don jin daɗin. Kuma ’yan’uwan sun sami tallace-tallace da kuma wani tsibiri mai suna.
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Nansen kusa da "Fram"
22. A lokacin faduwar shekarar 1914, yakin duniya na farko, kamar yadda yake, ya dan dakata, don tattara wasu dubban wadanda aka kashe. Yammacin Yammacin Turai ya daidaita, kuma a jajibirin Kirsimeti a wasu wurare sojoji da jami'ai - a matakin farko, ba shakka - sun amince da sulhu. Ya yi kama da abin al'ajabi: sojoji, waɗanda ke zaune cikin laka, ramuka masu rashi duk kaka, a ƙarshe sun sami damar miƙewa zuwa tsayinsu gaba ɗaya a gaban abokan gaba. Kusa da yammacin Lille ta Faransa, kwamandojin bataliyan na rukunin Birtaniyya da na Jamusawa, ganin sojoji sun fara shan giya tare a yankin ba-kowa, sai suka amince tsakanin su da wata rundunar sulke kafin tsakar dare. Sojojin sun sha giya uku na giya, jami'an sun yiwa juna giya. Kaico, labarin bai daɗe da gamawa ba. Gidan giyar, wanda Jamusawa suka kawo giya, ba da daɗewa ba manyan bindigogin Burtaniya suka harbe su, kuma a cikin yaƙe-yaƙe na gaba ƙalilan ne daga cikin jami'an liyafa suka rayu.
23. Harkar siyasa ta Adolf Hitler tana da alaƙa kai tsaye da giya, ko kuma giya. Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Farko, gidajen giya na Jamusanci sun zama kamar kulob-kulob - riƙe duk abubuwan da kuke so, kawai kar ku manta da siyan giya, kuma ba lallai ne ku biya kuɗin hayar zauren ba. A cikin 1919, Hitler, a cikin Sternekerboi, ya burge mambobin Jam’iyyar Ma’aikatan Jamusawa da jawabi game da haɗin kan Jamus da ƙarfi. Nan da nan aka karbe shi cikin jam'iyyar. Sannan yana da mambobi da yawa. Bayan shekara guda, Fuhrer na gaba ya fara jagorantar tashin hankali, kuma taron ƙungiyar tuni ya buƙaci zauren giya na Hofbräuhause, wanda zai iya ɗaukar mutane 2,000. Yunkurin farko na juyin mulkin Nazi ana kiransa Beer Putsch. Hitler ya fara shi ta hanyar harba bindiga a saman silin ɗin zauren giya na Bürgerbrückeller. A cikin wannan aikin giyar kuma rayuwar Hitler na iya ƙarewa a 1939, amma Fuhrer ya bar zauren na aan mintoci kaɗan kafin ya tayar da wani abu mai fashewa mai ƙarfi da aka dasa a ɗaya daga cikin ginshikan.
24. Idan aka fadawa 'yan wasa na farkon karni na ashirin game da yaki da shan kwayoyi masu kara kuzari a yanzu, da alama za su kira mai ba da labarin wani wawa ne mafi kyau.Sai kawai a ƙarshen karnin da ya gabata likitoci suka yarda cewa har yanzu 'yan wasa ba za su ƙarfafa ƙarfinsu da giya mai ƙarfi ba yayin gasar. "Biya kawai!" - wannan shine hukuncinsu. Masu kekuna a kan Tour de France sun ɗauki filashi ba da ruwa ba, amma tare da giya. Ficewar 'yan keke ya yi wataƙila sun ɗan tsaya a wurin shan giya. Yayin da mashaya ke cika gilashin da abin sha mai ƙyama, ya kasance mai yiwuwa a sha taba, yana zaune a ƙofar shiga. A yawon shakatawa na 1935, Julien Moineau ya yi amfani da gaskiyar cewa mai yin giya ya sanya tebur tare da ɗaruruwan kwalabe na giya mai sanyi a gefen waƙar. Yayin da peloton ke cika cikunansu da aljihunansu tare da giya kyauta, Mouaneau ya ci gaba da mintuna 15 a gaba ya gama shi kaɗai. Shan giyar da aka baiwa wanda ya yi nasara, Moineau ya yi kallo tare da fifiko a abokan hamayyar kammalawa.
25. Ko da nazari na yau da kullun game da yiwuwar ciye-ciye na giya yana nunawa: suna cin wannan abin sha da kwatankwacin abin da Allah ya aiko. Gurasar giya tana da daɗi da kuma daɗi, mai ƙanshi da mara yisti, bushe ne da ruwa mai laushi. Mafi yawan abin ciye-ciye na asali na giya kamar alama kwayar Uzbek ne, wanda aka yi daga asalin ƙwayoyin apricot. Ana cire tsaba daga daɗa, a yanka a yafa masa gishiri mai kyau. Sa'an nan kuma an bushe su sau da yawa, an wanke da mai tsanani. Ana iya amfani da ƙwayoyi da aka shirya ta wannan hanyar tare da kowane irin giya. Rettich, wani dogon juzu'i na musamman wanda aka yi hidimtawa a cikin Jamus, yakamata a saka shi a cikin jerin gwanon abincin. Masoyin giya na gaske ɗan Jamusanci yana ɗauke da wuƙa ta musamman tare da ruwa mai tsawon kimanin santimita biyu a cikin ɗamara a bel. Tare da wannan wuka, ake yanka turnip a cikin doguwar karkace ɗaya. Daga nan suka yi gishiri, suka jira ya zubar da ruwan, kuma suka ci shi da giya.
