Benedict Spinoza (ainihin suna Baruch Spinoza; 1632-1677) - Yaren mutanen Holanda masanin falsafa kuma masanin halitta dan asalin yahudawa, daya daga cikin hazikan masana falsafa na wannan zamanin.
Akwai abubuwan ban sha'awa da yawa a cikin tarihin rayuwar Spinoza, wanda zamuyi magana akansa a cikin wannan labarin.
Don haka, a gabanku gajeriyar tarihin Benedict Spinoza.
Tarihin rayuwar Spinoza
An haifi Benedict Spinoza a ranar 24 ga Nuwamba, 1632 a Amsterdam. Ya girma kuma ya tashi cikin dangin da ba shi da alaƙa da aikin kimiyya.
Mahaifinsa, Gabriel Alvarez, dan kasuwa ne mai cin nasara, kuma mahaifiyarsa, Hannah Deborah de Spinoza, ta kasance cikin aikin kula da gida da kuma renon yara biyar.
Yara da samari
Bala'i na farko a cikin tarihin rayuwar Spinoza ya faru ne yana da shekara 6, lokacin da mahaifiyarsa ta mutu. Matar ta mutu ne daga cutar tarin fuka da ke ci gaba.
Tun yana yaro, yaron ya tafi makarantar addini, inda ya karanci Ibrananci, tauhidin yahudawa, fadan baki da sauran ilimin kimiyya. Bayan lokaci, ya iya Latin, Spanish da Fotigal, kuma ya iya magana da Faransanci da Italiyanci.
A wancan lokacin Benedict Spinoza yana da sha'awar nazarin ayyukan tsoffin masana falsafa, Larabawa da yahudawa. Bayan mutuwar mahaifinsa a 1654, shi da ɗan'uwansa Gabriel sun ci gaba da bunkasa kasuwancin iyali. A lokaci guda, ya ɗauki ra'ayoyin na Furotesta na cikin gida, kuma da gaske ya yi watsi da koyarwar yahudanci.
Wannan ya haifar da gaskiyar cewa an zargi Spinoza da karkatacciyar koyarwa kuma an raba shi da ƙungiyar yahudawa. Bayan haka, mutumin ya yanke shawarar siyar da ɗan'uwansa ɗan nasa kasuwancin. Yin ƙoƙari don ilimi, ya zama ɗalibi a kwalejin Jesuit mai zaman kansa.
A nan Benedict ya kara zurfafawa cikin falsafar Girka da na zamanin da, ya inganta iliminsa na Latin, sannan kuma ya koyi zane da goge gilashin gani. Ya iya Ibrananci sosai har hakan ya bashi damar koyar da Ibrananci ga ɗalibai.
Ya kamata a lura cewa falsafar Rene Descartes tana da tasiri na musamman akan ra'ayin Spinoza na duniya. A ƙarshen 1650s, ya kafa ƙungiyar masu tunani, wanda ya canza tarihin rayuwarsa sosai.
A cewar hukumomi, mutumin ya fara yin barazana ga ibada da da'a. A sakamakon haka, an kore shi daga Amsterdam saboda alaƙar sa da Furotesta da ra'ayoyin hankali.
Falsafa
Don kare kansa yadda ya kamata daga jama'a kuma ya shiga falsafa cikin yardar rai, Benedict Spinoza ya zauna a kudancin ƙasar. Anan ya rubuta wani aiki mai suna "Yarjejeniyar kan Inganta Hankali."
Daga baya, mai tunani ya zama marubucin babban aikinsa - "Da'a", wanda ya bayyana ainihin ra'ayi game da ra'ayoyinsa na falsafa. Spinoza ya gina metaphysics ta hanyar kwatankwacin tunani, wanda ya haifar da masu zuwa:
- sanya haruffa (gano ma'anoni masu mahimmanci);
- kirkirar maganganu masu ma'ana;
- samu daga kowane ka'idoji ta hanyar ma'ana inferences.
Irin wannan jerin sun taimaka wajan yanke hukunci daidai, game da gaskiyar axioms. A cikin ayyukan da suka biyo baya, Benedict ya ci gaba da haɓaka ra'ayoyinsa, wanda mafi mahimmanci shine ilimin sanin mutum game da yanayin kansa. Wannan kuma ya buƙaci komawa ga dabaru da ilimin lissafi.
Ta hanyar ilimin lissafi Spinoza yana nufin wani abu mara iyaka wanda ya haifar da kansa. Hakanan, abu yana nufin abin da "ya wanzu da kansa kuma aka wakilta ta hanyar kansa." Bugu da kari, abu duka “yanayi” ne da “allah”, wanda ke nufin cewa ya kamata a fahimce shi azaman duk abin da yake.
Dangane da ra'ayoyin Benedict Spinoza, "Allah" ba mutum bane. Abubuwa abu ne wanda ba za a iya aunawa ba, ba za a iya raba shi ba kuma yana dawwama, kuma yana aiki a matsayin yanayi a ma'anar wannan kalmar. Duk wani abu (dabba, itace, ruwa, dutse) ɗan kwaya ne kawai na wani abu.
Sakamakon haka, "Da'a" na Spinoza ya haifar da koyarwar cewa Allah da yanayi suna wanzu da juna. Abun abu ya ƙunshi halaye marasa iyaka (na abin da ke mahimmancinsa), amma mutum ya san 2 ne kawai daga cikinsu - ƙari da tunani.
Masanin falsafar ya ga dacewar ilimin kimiyyar lissafi (geometry). Farin ciki yana cikin ilimin da kwanciyar hankali wanda ke zuwa daga tunanin Allah. Mutumin da jikinsa ya sami tasiri yana iya samun jituwa kuma ya zama mai farin ciki, jagora ta hanyar hankali, tunani, dokoki, sha'awa da tunani.
A cikin 1670 Spinoza ya wallafa Theology-Political Treatise, inda ya kare freedomancin binciken kimiyya mai mahimmanci game da Baibul da hadisai. Don cakuda ra'ayoyi daga bangarori daban-daban na ilimi, tsaransa da mabiyansa sun soki lamirinsa.
Wasu masu tarihin rayuwa da abokan aikin Benedict sun gano a cikin ra'ayoyinsa suna tausaya wa Kabbalah da tsafin asiri. Koyaya, tunanin mutumin Dutch din ya shahara sosai a Turai, gami da Rasha. Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa shine cewa an buga kowane sabon aikinsa a Rasha.
Rayuwar mutum
Dangane da bayanan da suka rayu, Spinoza ba shi da sha'awar rayuwar kansa. An yi imani cewa bai taba yin aure ko haihuwa ba. Ya jagoranci rayuwa mai ɗorewa, neman kuɗi ta hanyar nika ruwan tabarau da karɓar tallafi daga abokai da mutane masu ra'ayi ɗaya.
Mutuwa
Benedict Spinoza ya mutu a ranar 21 ga Fabrairu, 1677 yana da shekara 44. Dalilin mutuwarsa cutar tarin fuka ce, wacce ta addabe shi tun shekaru 20 da suka gabata. Cutar ta ci gaba ne saboda shakar ƙura yayin nika gilashin gani da shan sigari, wanda a da ake ɗauka a matsayin magani.
An binne masanin falsafar a cikin kabari gama gari, kuma an lalata dukiyar sa da wasiƙun sa. Ta hanyar mu'ujiza, ayyukan da aka tsira an buga su ba tare da sunan marubucin ba.