Voltaire (sunan haihuwa François-Marie Arouet) - daya daga cikin manyan masana falsafa da ilimi na kasar Faransa a karni na 18, marubuci, marubuci, marubuci, masanin tarihi, masanin tarihi. Ba a san ainihin asalin sunan ba "Voltaire".
Tarihin Voltaire cike yake da bayanai masu ban sha'awa. Tana da hawa da sauka, amma, duk da haka, sunan malamin falsafa ya kafu sosai cikin tarihi.
Don haka, kafin ku gajeriyar tarihin Voltaire.
Tarihin rayuwar Voltaire
An haifi Voltaire ranar 21 ga Nuwamba, 1694 a Faris. Ya girma kuma ya girma a cikin dangin mai suna François Marie Arouet.
Mahaifiyar mai tunanin nan gaba, Marie Margaret Daumard, ta fito ne daga dangi masu daraja. Gabaɗaya, iyayen Voltaire suna da yara biyar.
Yara da samari
An haife Voltaire da rauni ƙwarai kamar yadda mahaifiyarsa da mahaifinsa da farko ba su yarda cewa yaron zai iya rayuwa ba. Har ma sun kira firist, suna tunanin cewa ɗansu ya kusan mutuwa. Koyaya, yaron har yanzu ya sami nasarar fita.
Lokacin da Voltaire yake ɗan shekara 7 kawai, mahaifiyarsa ta mutu. Wannan ita ce masifa ta farko a tarihin rayuwarsa.
A sakamakon haka, tarbiyya da kulawar dansa gaba daya sun hau kan mahaifin mahaifinsa. Voltaire sau da yawa bai samu dacewa da mahaifinsa ba, sakamakon haka aka sami sabani tsakanin su.
Bayan lokaci, Voltaire ya fara karatu a kwalejin Jesuit. A cikin shekarun da suka gabata, ya ƙi jinin Jesuit, waɗanda ke riƙe da al'adun addini sama da rayuwar ɗan adam.
Daga baya, mahaifinsa ya shirya Voltaire a ofishin shari'a, amma mutumin nan da nan ya fahimci cewa al'amuran shari'a ba su da sha'awar shi. Madadin haka, ya yi matukar farin ciki da rubuce-rubucen izgili iri-iri.
Adabi
Yana dan shekara 18, Voltaire ya rubuta wasansa na farko. Ya ci gaba da rubutu, yana samun kansa da suna a matsayin sarkin ba'a.
A sakamakon haka, wasu marubuta da manyan mutane suna tsoron gano ayyukan Voltaire, inda aka baje kolinsu ta mummunar hanya.
A cikin 1717, wayayyen Bafaranshen ya biya farashi saboda zagin da ya yi. Bayan ya yi ba'a da mai mulki da 'yarsa, an kama Voltaire kuma aka aika zuwa Bastille.
Yayin da yake kurkuku, marubucin ya ci gaba da nazarin adabi (duba abubuwa masu ban sha'awa game da adabi). Lokacin da aka sake shi, Voltaire ya sami farin jini saboda wasansa na "Oedipus", wanda aka gudanar da nasara cikin wasan kwaikwayo na gida.
Bayan haka, marubucin wasan kwaikwayo ya buga kusan ƙarin bala'i 30, da yawa daga cikinsu an haɗa su a cikin ɗakunan tarihin Faransa. Kari akan haka, sakonni, gallant lyrics da odes sun fito daga karkashin alkalaminsa. A cikin ayyukan Faransanci, bala'i tare da izgili yakan kasance yana da alaƙa.
A cikin 1728 Voltaire ya buga almararsa mai suna "Henriad", inda a ciki ya soki sarakunan zalunci saboda tsananin imani da Allah.
Shekaru 2 bayan haka, masanin falsafar ya wallafa waka "The Virgin of Orleans", wanda ya zama ɗayan kyawawan ayyuka a cikin tarihin rayuwarsa na adabi. Wani abin ban sha'awa shi ne cewa an ba da izinin buga waƙar shekaru 32 bayan bayyanarta, kafin haka an buga ta ne kawai a cikin bugun da ba a san su ba.
Yarinyar Orleans ta yi magana game da shahararriyar jarumar Faransa Jeanne d'Arc. Koyaya, bai yi yawa game da Jeanne ba game da tsarin siyasa da cibiyoyin addini.
Voltaire ya kuma yi rubuce-rubuce a tsarin ilimin falsafa, wanda ya tilasta wa mai karatu yin tunani a kan ma'anar rayuwa, ƙa'idodin ɗabi'a, halayyar jama'a da sauran fannoni.
Daga cikin ayyukan da suka fi nasara a Voltaire ana daukar shi a matsayin gajeren labari "Candide, ko Optimism", wanda a cikin mafi karancin lokaci ya zama mafi kyawun kasuwa a duniya. Na dogon lokaci, ba a ba da izinin bugawa ba saboda yawan jimloli na ba'a da maganganun batsa.
Duk abin da ya faru na jaruman littafin an yi shi ne da izgili ga al'umma, jami'ai da shugabannin addinai.
Cocin Roman Katolika ya saka sunan littafin cikin baki, amma hakan bai hana ta samun dimbin sojoji na masoya ba, ciki har da Pushkin, Flaubert da Dostoevsky.
Falsafa
A lokacin tarihin rayuwar 1725-1726. wani rikici ya kaure tsakanin Voltaire da mai martaba de Rogan. Latterarshen ya doke masanin falsafar don ƙarfin halin yi masa ba'a.
Sakamakon haka, an sake tura Voltaire zuwa Bastille. Don haka, mai tunani ya gamsu da nasa kwarewar na son zuciya da rashin adalci na al'umma. A nan gaba, ya zama mai kwazo da kare adalci da gyaran al'umma.
Bayan an sake shi, an kori Voltaire zuwa Ingila ta umarnin shugaban ƙasa. A can ya hadu da masu tunani da yawa wadanda suka gamsar da shi cewa in ba tare da taimakon coci ba ba shi yiwuwa a kusanci Allah.
Bayan lokaci, Voltaire ya buga Wasikun Falsafa, a ciki ya gabatar da dabarun John Locke, tare da ƙin yarda da falsafar jari-hujja.
A cikin aikin nasa, marubucin ya yi magana game da daidaito, tsaro da 'yanci. Koyaya, bai ba da amsa daidai ba game da wanzuwar rayuwa bayan mutuwa.
Kodayake Voltaire ya yi kakkausar suka ga al'adun coci da limamai, amma bai goyi bayan rashin yarda da Allah ba. Mai tunani ya kasance mai tsinkaye - imani da wanzuwar Mahalicci, wanda a cikin sa ake musun kowane irin koyarwa ko mu'ujizai.
Rayuwar mutum
Baya ga rubutu, Voltaire na son yin wasan dara. Kusan shekaru 20 abokin hamayyarsa shine Jesuit Adam, wanda ya yi wasanni dubbai tare da shi.
Belovedaunataccen shahararren ɗan Faransa shi ne Marquis du Châtelet, wanda ke son lissafi da lissafi. Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce a wani lokaci yarinyar ta tsunduma cikin fassarar wasu ayyukan Isaac Newton.
Marquise matar aure ce, amma ta yi imanin cewa duk aikin da ya hau kan mijinta ya kamata ya cika sai bayan haihuwar yara. A sakamakon haka, yarinyar ta ci gaba da fara soyayya ta ɗan gajeren lokaci tare da masana kimiyya daban-daban.
Du Châtelet ya cusa a cikin Voltaire son daidaito da matsaloli masu rikitarwa waɗanda galibi matasa sukan warware tare.
A cikin 1749, wata mata ta mutu bayan ta haifi ɗa, wanda ya zama ainihin masifa ga mai tunani. Wani lokaci ya rasa sha'awar rayuwa, ya fada cikin tsananin damuwa.
Mutane ƙalilan ne suka san cewa Voltaire miliyoniya ne. Ko a lokacin samartakarsa, ya sami shawarwari masu kyau daga masu aikin banki, wadanda suka koya masa yadda ake sarrafa jari yadda ya kamata.
A shekararsa ta arba'in, Walter ya tara dukiya mai yawa ta hanyar saka hannun jari cikin kayan aiki ga sojoji da kuma ba da kuɗi don siyan jiragen ruwa.
Kari akan haka, ya samu ayyukan fasaha daban-daban, kuma ya samu kudin shiga daga aikin tukwanen da ke kan gidansa a Switzerland.
Mutuwa
A cikin tsufa, Voltaire ya shahara sosai. Fitattun 'yan siyasa, mashahuran jama'a da al'adu suna son sadarwa tare da shi.
Falsafa ya yi rubutu tare da shugabannin kasashe daban-daban, ciki har da Catherine II da sarkin Prussia Frederick II.
Voltaire ya mutu a ranar 30 ga Mayu, 1778 a Paris yana da shekara 83. Daga baya, aka canza gawarsa zuwa Pantheon na Paris, inda suke a yau.
