Richard Milhouse Nixon (1913-1994) - Shugaban Amurka na 37 (1969-1974) daga Jam’iyyar Republican, Mataimakin Shugaban Amurka na 36 (1953-1961). Shugaban Amurka daya tilo da ya sauka kafin karshen wa'adin mulkinsa.
Akwai abubuwan ban sha'awa da yawa a cikin tarihin Nixon, wanda zamu fada game da wannan labarin.
Don haka, a gabanku gajeriyar tarihin Richard Nixon.
Tarihin rayuwar Nixon
An haifi Richard Nixon a ranar 9 ga Janairu, 1913 a California. Ya girma ne a cikin dangin matalauta Francis Nixon da matarsa Hannah Milhouse. Shi ne na biyu cikin 'ya'ya 5 na iyayensa.
Yara da samari
A cikin dangin Nixon, an saka dukkan yara maza da shahararrun masarautun Burtaniya. Af, shugaban na gaba ya sami sunansa don girmama Richard the Lionheart, wanda ya fito daga daular Plantagenet.
Bayan kammala karatunsa daga kwaleji, Richard ya ci gaba da karatunsa a Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Duke. Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce bayan kammala karatunsa ya so zama ma'aikacin FBI, amma har yanzu ya yanke shawarar komawa California.
A cikin 1937, aka shigar da Nixon mashaya. A wannan lokacin na tarihin sa, ya tsunduma cikin sasantawa game da shari'oi masu rikitarwa tsakanin kamfanonin mai. A shekara mai zuwa, an ba matashin ƙwararren matsayin shugaban reshe na kamfanin lauyoyi a garin La Habra Heights.
Mahaifiyar Richard ɗan Quaker memba ne na ƙungiyar Kiristocin Furotesta. Daga baya, shugaban dangi kuma, sakamakon haka, duk yaran sun karɓi wannan imanin. Lokacin da yaron ya kai kimanin shekaru 9, shi da danginsa suka koma garin California na Whittier.
Anan Nixon Sr. ya buɗe kantin sayar da abinci da gidan mai. Richard ya ci gaba da halartar makarantar gida, yana samun manyan maki a duk fannoni. Bayan kammala karatu a 1930, ya zama dalibi a Kwalejin Whittier.
Abin lura ne cewa an ba saurayin damar shiga Harvard, amma iyayen ba su da kuɗin da za su biya kuɗin karatun ɗansu. A lokacin, ƙaninsa, Arthur, ya mutu bayan gajeriyar rashin lafiya. A cikin 1933, wani bala'i ya sake faruwa a cikin dangin Nixon - babban ɗa Harold ya mutu da tarin fuka.
Bayan 'yan watanni, Richard Nixon ya sami nasarar mallakar wani ɓangare na hannun jarin kamfanin kuma ya zama cikakken memba. Ci gaban aikinsa ya sami matsala ta Yakin Duniya na Biyu (1939-1945). Bayan Jafananci sun kai wa Pearl Harbor hari, sai ya shiga rundunar Sojan Sama.
Nixon yayi aiki a matsayin jami'i a tashar jirgin saman da ke cikin Tekun Pacific. A karshen yakin, ya hau mukamin mukamin kwamandan.
Siyasa
A cikin 1946, Richard, bisa shawarar daya daga cikin shugabannin Jamhuriyyar Republican ta California, ya shiga cikin zaben Majalisar Wakilai. A ƙarshen wannan shekarar, ya sami damar samun kujera a cikin Gidan, sannan ya zama memba na Kwamitin bincike kan Ayyukan Ba-Amurke.
A shekarar 1950, dan siyasan ya samu izinin wani sanata daga jihar Kalifoniya, bayan haka ya sauka a babban birnin Amurka. Shekaru uku bayan haka, ya zama Mataimakin Firayim Minista a cikin gwamnatin Dwight D. Eisenhower.
Nixon koyaushe yana tare da shugaban Fadar White House a ganawa tare da Majalisa da Majalisar zartarwa. Sau da yawa ya yi magana da jama'a yana sanar da dokokin shugaban kasa da na gwamnati. Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce, a lokacin tarihin rayuwarsa 1955-1957. yana mukaddashin shugaban kasa sau uku saboda rashin lafiyar Eisenhower.
A shekarar 1960, a zabuka masu zuwa, Richard ya fafata da John F. Kennedy, amma masu jefa kuri'a sun baiwa abokin hamayyarsa kuri'u mafi yawa. Bayan 'yan shekaru, bayan murabus dinsa daga Fadar White House, ya koma California, inda a wani lokaci ya tsunduma cikin neman shawarwari.
Daga baya, mutumin ya yi takarar gwamnan California, amma a wannan karon ma, bai samu nasara ba. Sannan yayi tunanin cewa rayuwarsa ta siyasa ta riga ta ƙare. Dangane da wannan, ya rubuta wani littafin tarihin rayuwa mai suna "Rikice-rikice shida", inda ya bayyana ayyukansa a cikin gwamnatin Amurka.
A cikin 1968, Richard Nixon ya ba da sanarwar tsayawarsa takarar shugabancin Amurka kuma a ranar 7 ga watan Agusta ya iya fin duk masu fafatawa, ciki har da Ronald Reagan.
Shugaba Nixon
Manufar cikin gida ta sabon zababben shugaban kasa ta kasance bisa ka'idoji masu ra'ayin mazan jiya. Ya hana ci gaban shirye-shiryen zamantakewar da nufin taimaka wa 'yan ƙasa da ke cikin buƙata. Hakanan bai inganta ci gaban noma ba kuma ya yi adawa da sassaucin Kotun Koli.
A karkashin Nixon, shahararren saukar duniyar wata ya faru. Ya kamata a lura cewa, manufofin ketare na kasar Henry Kissinger ne ya kula da su, wanda aikin sa shi ne janye Amurka daga yakin Vietnam.
Richard Nixon ya sami nasarar inganta dangantaka da China. Bugu da kari, a lokacin mulkinsa, aka fara aiwatar da manufofin nuna adawa da Tarayyar Soviet. A shekarar 1970, ya tura sojojin Amurka zuwa Kambodiya, inda sabuwar gwamnatin Lon Nol ta fara yakar kwaminisanci.
Irin waɗannan ayyukan sun haifar da tarukan yaƙi da yaƙi a Amurka, sakamakon haka, bayan 'yan watanni, sojojin Amurka sun bar Cambodia bisa umarnin shugaban ƙasa.
A lokacin bazara na 1972, Nixon ya ziyarci USSR, inda ya sadu da Leonid Brezhnev. Shugabannin manyan kasashen biyu sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar SALT-1, wacce ta takaita makaman yakin jihohin biyu. Bugu da kari, Richard koyaushe ya ziyarci jihohi daban-daban.
Wani abin ban sha'awa shi ne cewa shi ne shugaban kasa na farko da ya ziyarci dukkan jihohin Amurka 50. A shekarar 1972, badakalar Watergate ta kunno kai, wanda ya dauki kimanin shekaru 2 ya kare da Nixon ya sauka daga shugabancin.
Kimanin watanni 4 kafin zaben, an kame wasu mutane 5 da suka girka na’urar sauraron waya a hedikwatar dan takarar shugaban kasa na Democrat George McGovern. Hedikwatar ta kasance a tashar Watergate, wanda ya bai wa lamarin sunan da ya dace.
‘Yan sanda sun sami kaset dauke da rikodin hirar‘ yan siyasar, da hotunan wasu takardu na sirri, ga mutanen da aka kama. Rikicin ya sami karbuwa a duniya, yana mai kawo ƙarshen tarihin siyasar Richard Nixon.
Masu binciken sun tabbatar da sa hannun shugaban kasa a cikin lamarin. A sakamakon haka, a ranar 9 ga watan Agusta, 1974, saboda tsoron tsige shi, Nixon ya gabatar da murabus din nasa. Kamar yadda yake a yau, wannan shine kawai lamarin a cikin tarihin Amurka lokacin da shugaban ya yi murabus gabanin lokacin da aka tsara.
Rayuwar mutum
Lokacin da Richard yake wajen 25, ya fara neman wata malamin makaranta mai suna Thelma Pat Ryan. Da farko, yarinyar ta ƙi saduwa da saurayin saboda ba ta tausaya masa ba.
Koyaya, Nixon ya dage kuma a zahiri yana bin ƙaunataccensa duk inda take. A sakamakon haka, Thelma ya rama wa saurayin kuma ya amince ya zama matarsa a 1940. A cikin wannan kwale-kwalen, ma’auratan suna da yara mata 2 - Trishia da Julie.
Mutuwa
Bayan ya yi ritaya, sai mutumin ya yi sha'awar rubutu. Abin lura ne cewa saboda badakalar Watergate, an hana shi shiga harkokin doka da siyasa. Richard Nixon ya mutu a ranar 22 ga Afrilu, 1994 yana da shekara 81 sakamakon bugun jini.
Hotunan Nixon