Yaya Faransa take? Kuma Shin Hasumiyar Eiffel tana da ma'ana da yawa ga Faransanci? Faransa ba komai ba ce ba tare da Paris ba, kuma Paris ba komai ba ce ba da hasumiyar Eiffel! Kamar yadda Paris ta kasance zuciyar Faransa, haka Hasumiyar Eiffel ita ce zuciyar Paris kanta! Yanzu baƙon abu ne a yi tunani, amma akwai lokacin da suka so su hana wannan gari zuciyarta.
Tarihin halittar Eiffel Tower
A cikin 1886, a Faransa, ana shirye-shiryen bikin Nunin Duniya, inda aka shirya shi don nuna wa duniya duka nasarorin fasaha na Jamhuriyar Faransa a cikin shekaru 100 da suka gabata bayan kama Bastille (1789) da shekaru 10 daga ranar da aka ayyana Jamhuriya ta Uku a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Shugaban da Presidentasa ta zaɓa taro. Akwai buƙatar gaggawa don tsari wanda zai iya zama ƙofar shiga wurin baje kolin kuma a lokaci guda yana mamakin asalinsa. Wannan baka ya kamata ya kasance a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar kowa, a matsayin wani abu wanda ke nuna ɗayan alamomin Babban juyin juya halin Faransa - ba don komai ba dole ne ya tsaya a dandalin ƙiyayyar Bastille! Ba wani abu bane wanda yakamata a rushe baka a cikin shekaru 20-30, babban abu shine a barshi a ƙwaƙwalwa!
Kimanin ayyuka 700 aka yi la’akari da su: mafi kyawun gine-ginen sun ba da ayyukansu, daga cikinsu ba Faransawa kawai ba, amma hukumar ta ba da fifiko ga aikin injiniyan gada Alexander Gustave Eiffel. Akwai jita-jita cewa kawai ya 'slam' wannan aikin ne daga wasu tsoffin magina larabawa, amma ba wanda ya iya tabbatar da hakan. An gano gaskiyar ne kawai rabin karni bayan lalataccen Hasumiyar Eiffel mai tsawon mita 300, don haka ya zama sanannen sanannen layin Faransanci na Chantilly, ya riga ya shiga cikin zuciyar mutane sosai, a matsayin alama ta Paris da Faransa kanta, yana mai da sunan mahaliccinsa.
Lokacin da aka bayyana gaskiya game da masu kirkirar aikin Eiffel Tower, ba abin tsoro bane kwata-kwata. Babu wani mai zanen larabawa da ya wanzu, amma akwai injiniyoyi biyu, Maurice Kehlen da Emile Nugier, ma'aikatan kamfanin Eiffel, waɗanda suka haɓaka wannan aikin bisa ga sabon tsarin kimiyya da fasaha na zamani sannan - ilimin kimiyyar kere-kere ko kimiyyar kere-kere. Mahimmancin wannan (Biomimetics - English) shugabanci ya kunshi aron muhimman ra'ayoyinsa daga yanayi da kuma tura waɗannan ra'ayoyin zuwa cikin tsarin gine-gine ta hanyar ƙira da kuma hanyoyin ginawa da kuma amfani da waɗannan fasahar fasahar a cikin gine-gine da gadoji.
Yanayi yakan yi amfani da sifofin ruɓaɓɓu don gina haske da kwarangwal masu ƙarfi na "unguwannin". Misali, don kifaye masu zurfin zurfin ruwa ko soso na ruwa, radiolarian (protozoa) da taurarin teku. Ba wai kawai nau'ikan hanyoyin samar da kwarangwal kadai ke daukar hankali ba, har ma da '' tanadin kayan '' a cikin ginin su, da kuma iyakar karfin gine-ginen da za su iya tsayayya da katuwar ruwa mai karfin ruwa mai karfin gaske.
Matasan injiniyoyin ƙirar Faransawa sun yi amfani da wannan ƙa'idar ta hankali yayin ƙirƙirar aikin don sabuwar baka-ƙofar shiga theofar Nunin Duniya ta Faransa. Kwarangwal din kifin kifi ya zama tushe. Kuma wannan kyakkyawan tsarin misali ne na amfani da ka'idojin sabon ilimin kimiyyar kimiyyar halittu (bionics) a cikin gine-gine.
Injiniyoyin da ke aiki tare da Gustave Eiffel ba su gabatar da nasu aikin ba saboda dalilai biyu masu sauki:
- Sabbin tsare-tsaren gini a wancan lokacin sun gwammace su tsoratar da mambobin kwamitin maimakon jawo hankalinsu da abubuwan da basu saba gani ba.
- Sunan wanda ya gina gada Alexander Gustov Faransa ta san shi kuma yana jin daɗin girmamawa sosai, kuma sunayen Nugier da Kehlen ba su "auna" komai ba. Kuma sunan Eiffel na iya zama mabuɗin maɓalli don aiwatar da kyawawan shirye-shiryensa.
Don haka, bayanan da Alexander Gustov Eiffel ya yi amfani da aikin wani kirkirarren Balarabe ko aikin mutanensa masu tunani iri ɗaya "cikin duhu" ya zama ya zama ƙari.
Muna kara da cewa Eiffel ba kawai ya ci gajiyar aikin injiniyoyinsa ba ne, shi da kansa ya yi wasu gyare-gyare ga zane-zanen, ta amfani da kwarewar da yake da ita a aikin gada da kuma hanyoyi na musamman da ya kirkira, wanda hakan ya ba shi damar karfafa tsarin hasumiyar da ba shi iska ta musamman.
Wadannan hanyoyi na musamman sun ta'allaka ne akan binciken kimiyya na farfesan Switzerland na ilmin jikin dan adam Hermann von Meyer, wanda, shekaru 40 kafin ginin Hasumiyar Eiffel, ya rubuta wani bincike mai ban sha'awa: an rufe kan mace mai ɗauke da kyakkyawar hanyar sadarwa ta ƙananan ƙananan kasusuwa waɗanda ke rarraba kayan a ƙashin ta hanya mai ban mamaki. Saboda wannan sake rarrabawar, ƙashin mace ba ya karyewa ƙarƙashin nauyin jiki kuma yana iya tsayayya da manyan abubuwa, kodayake ya shiga haɗin gwiwa a wani kwana. Kuma wannan cibiyar sadarwar tana da tsayayyen tsarin lissafi.
A cikin 1866, wani injiniya-mai zane daga Switzerland, Karl Kuhlman, ya taƙaita tushen fasahar kimiyya don buɗe farfesa na ilmin jikin mutum, wanda Gustav Eiffel yayi amfani da shi wajen gina gadoji - rarraba kaya ta amfani da lanƙwasa masu tallafi. Daga baya ya yi amfani da wannan hanyar don gina irin wannan hadadden tsari kamar hasumiya mai tsawon mita dari uku.
Don haka, wannan hasumiyar hakika mu'ujiza ce ta tunani da fasaha na ƙarni na 19 ta kowane fanni!
Wanda ya gina Hasumiyar Eiffel
Don haka, a farkon shekarar 1886, gundumar Paris ta Jamhuriyar Faransa ta Uku da Alexander Gustave Eiffel sun sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya inda aka nuna waɗannan maki:
- A tsakanin shekaru 2 da watanni 6, Eiffel ya zama tilas ya gina hasumiyar baka a gaban gadar Jena. Seine a kan Champ de Mars bisa ga zane da shi da kansa ya gabatar.
- Eiffel zai samar da hasumiyar don amfanin kansa a ƙarshen ginin na tsawan shekaru 25.
- Raba tallafin kudi ga Eiffel don gina hasumiyar daga kasafin kudin gari a cikin adadin franc miliyan 1.5 a zinare, wanda zai kai kashi 25% na kasafin kudin ƙarshe na gini na miliyan 7.8.
Tsawon shekaru 2, watanni 2 da kwanaki 5, ma'aikata 300, kamar yadda suke cewa, "ba tare da rashi ba da hutu", sun yi aiki tuƙuru don 31 ga Maris, 1889 (ƙasa da watanni 26 da fara ginin) ya iya babban buɗewar mafi girman gini, wanda daga baya ya zama alamar sabuwar Faransa, ya faru.
Irin wannan ci gaban da aka ci gaba an sauƙaƙe shi ba kawai ta hanyar zane mai ƙyau ba, har ma ta hanyar amfani da ƙarfe Ural. A ƙarni na 18 da 19, duk Turai sun san kalmar "Yekaterinburg" albarkacin wannan ƙarfe. Ginin hasumiyar bai yi amfani da ƙarfe ba (abun da ke cikin carbon bai fi 2% ba), amma haɗin ƙarfe na musamman wanda aka narke musamman a cikin murhun Ural na Iron Lady. Ironarfin Uwargida wani suna ne don ƙofar shiga kafin a kira shi Eiffel Tower.
Koyaya, gami da ƙarfe suna da sauƙin lalatarwa, saboda haka an zana hasumiyar tagulla tare da fenti da aka tsara musamman, wanda ya ɗauki tan 60. Tun daga wannan lokacin, duk bayan shekaru 7 ana kula da Hasumiyar Eiffel tare da zana shi da nau'in "tagulla", kuma kowace shekara 7 ana kashe fan 60 na wannan. Hasumiyar hasumiyar kanta nauyinta yakai tan 7.3, yayin da jimlar nauyin, gami da tushe na kankare, tan 10 100 ne! An ƙidaya adadin matakan - 1 dubu 710 inji mai kwakwalwa.
Arch da lambun zane
Madeananan ɓangaren ƙasa an yi su ne a cikin fasalin dala mai ƙwanƙwasa tare da gefen gefe na 129.2 m, tare da ginshiƙai-ginshiƙai suna hawa da kafa, kamar yadda aka tsara, babban (57.63 m) baka. A kan wannan '' rufin '' dandalin murabba'i na farko yana da ƙarfi, inda tsawon kowane gefe ya kusan mita 46. A kan wannan dandamali, kamar a kan jirgin iska, an sake gina zauruka da yawa na wani katafaren gidan cin abinci da manyan tagogi masu nunawa, daga inda aka buɗe kyakkyawar gani na dukkan ɓangarorin 4 na Paris. Ko da hakane, hangen nesa daga kan shingen Seine tare da gadar Pont de Jena ya ta da cikakken sha'awa. Amma akwai babban filin kore - wurin shakatawa a Filin Mars, tare da yanki fiye da kadada 21, bai wanzu ba a lokacin.
Tunanin sake shirin tsohon filin faretin na Royal Military School a wani wurin shakatawa na jama'a ya zo zuciyar mai ginin da kuma mai kula da lambun Jean Camille Formiget ne kawai a cikin shekarar 1908. Ya ɗauki shekaru 20 kafin a gabatar da duk waɗannan tsare-tsaren a raye! Ya bambanta da tsarin zane na zane, wanda aka gina Hasumiyar Eiffel, shirin wurin shakatawa ya canza sau da yawa.
Gandun dajin, wanda aka tsara shi da tsari mai tsauri irin na Ingilishi, ya ɗan girma yayin gina shi (hekta 24), kuma, bayan ya sami nutsuwa daga Faransa kyauta, ta hanyar dimokiradiyya ta “daidaita” tsakanin layuka masu tsayi na tsayayyun bishiyoyi masu tsattsauran ra'ayi da wadatattun hanyoyi, filayen furanni da yawa da " kauyukan "tafkunan ruwa, ban da dadaddun marubutan Ingilishi.
Bayani mai ban sha'awa game da gini
Babban matakin ginin ba shine sanya "lace ɗin ƙarfe" kanta ba, wanda aka yi amfani da alaƙar ƙarfe kusan miliyan 3, amma tabbataccen kwanciyar hankali na tushe da kiyaye cikakken matakin kwance na ginin a kan murabba'in hekta 1.6. Ya ɗauki watanni 8 kawai "tare da jela" don ɗaure sandunan buɗewar hasumiyar tare da ba ta fasali mai zagaye, da kuma kafa tushen abin dogaro - shekara da rabi.
Idan aka yi la’akari da bayanin aikin, harsashin ya dogara ne akan zurfin sama da mita 5 kasa da matakin tashar Seine, an aza tubalin dutse 100 mai kauri 10 m a cikin ramin tushe, kuma an riga an gina manyan goyo 16 a cikin waɗannan tubalan, waɗanda suka zama kashin bayan hasumiya 4 "ƙafafu" a kan abin da Hasumiyar Eiffel ke tsaye. Ari ga haka, ana sanya wata na’ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa a kowace ƙafafun “uwargidan,” wanda ke ba wa “madam” damar kula da daidaitaccen yanayin. Thearfin ɗaga kowace na'ura tan 800 ne.
A lokacin shigar da ƙaramin matakin, an gabatar da ƙari a cikin aikin - ɗakunan hawa 4, waɗanda suka hau zuwa dandamali na biyu. Daga baya, wani - lif na biyar - ya fara aiki daga na biyu zuwa na uku. Lif na biyar ya bayyana ne bayan hasumiyar hasumiya a farkon karni na 20. Har zuwa wannan lokacin, duk ɗakunan hawa 4 sunyi aiki akan haɓakar lantarki.
Bayani mai ban sha'awa game da lifta
Lokacin da sojojin Nazi na Jamus suka mamaye Faransa, Jamusawa ba su iya rataye tutar gizo-gizo a saman hasumiyar ba - saboda wasu dalilai da ba a sani ba, ba da daɗewa ba duk masu hawa sama ba sa aiki. Kuma sun kasance a cikin wannan halin shekaru 4 masu zuwa. An gyara swastika ne kawai a matakin hawa na biyu, inda matakalar ta isa. Jaridar Resistance ta Faransa ta fada da kakkausar murya: "Hitler ya sami nasarar mamaye kasar Faransa, amma bai taba samun nasarar jefa shi cikin zuciya ba!"
Menene kuma abin da ya cancanci sani game da hasumiyar?
Dole ne mu yarda da gaskiya cewa Hasumiyar Eiffel ba ta zama nan da nan “zuciyar Paris” ba. A farkon fara gini, har ma bayan budewa (31 ga Maris, 1889) hasumiya, ta haskaka da fitilu (fitilun iskar gas 10,000 masu launuka da tutar Faransa), da kuma madubin haske na madubi guda biyu, wadanda suka mai da shi mai martaba kuma mai daraja, akwai mutane da yawa kin yarda da kyawawan abubuwa na Eiffel Tower.
Musamman, irin waɗannan mashahuran mutane kamar su Victor Hugo da Paul Marie Verlaine, Arthur Rimbaud da Guy de Maupassant har ma sun juya zuwa ofishin magajin garin na Paris tare da buƙatar fushi don sharewa daga fuskar ƙasar ta Paris “inuwa mai banƙyama ta wani ƙyamar gini da aka yi da baƙin ƙarfe da dunƙule, wanda zai shimfida birni, kamar tarin tawada, yana canza fasalin titunan Paris tare da kyamarsa! "
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: sa hannun sa a karkashin wannan roko, duk da haka, bai hana Maupassant zama babban baƙo na gidan abincin gidan gilashi a hawa na biyu na hasumiyar ba. Maupassant kansa ya yi gunaguni cewa wannan ita ce kawai wuri a cikin birni daga inda ba a ganin "dodo a cikin kwayoyi" da "kwarangwal na ƙusoshin". Amma babban marubucin litattafan yaudara, oh, babban marubucin littafin ya kasance wayo!
A zahiri, kasancewa shahararren mai kwalliya, Maupassant bai iya hana kansa jin daɗin ɗanɗano kawa da aka gasa da kuma sanyaya a kan kankara, ɗanɗano mai laushi mai laushi tare da witha seedsan caraway, yayan bishiyar bishiyar ɓaure mai ɗanɗano da siririn busasshiyar naman alade kuma kada ya wanke duk wannan "ƙari" tare da gilashin haske ruwan inabi.
Abincin gidan cin abinci na Eiffel Tower har zuwa yau ya kasance mai wadataccen wadataccen abinci na Faransanci na gaske, kuma gaskiyar cewa shahararren malamin adabin ya ci abincin akwai katin ziyartar gidan abincin.
A hawa na biyu, akwai tankuna da mai na injina don injunan lantarki. A hawa na uku, a kan dandalin murabba'i, akwai wadataccen wuri don lura da sararin samaniya da yanayin sararin samaniya. Kuma ƙaramin dandamali na ƙarshe da ya wuce mita 1.4 kaɗai yana aiki azaman tallafi don haskaka haskakawa wanda ke haskakawa daga tsayin 300 m.
Adadin tsayi a cikin mitoci na Eiffel Tower a wancan lokacin ya kai kimanin 312 m, kuma ana haskaka hasken fitila a nesa da kilomita 10. Bayan maye gurbin fitilun gas da na lantarki, fitilar wutar ta fara “bugawa” har zuwa kilomita 70!
Ko wannan baiwar ta so ko ba ta so masana fasaha na Faransanci mai kyau, ga Gustave Eiffel, fom din da ba ta tsammani da tsoro ya biya cikakkiyar ƙoƙari da kashewar mai ginin a ƙasa da shekara guda. A cikin watanni 6 kacal na baje kolin Duniya, mutane miliyan 2 masu son sani suka ziyarci kwakwalwar da ba a saba da ita ba wanda ya gina gadar, wanda kwararar ba ta kafe ba ko da bayan rufe wuraren baje kolin baje kolin.
Daga baya ya zama cewa duk kuskuren lissafin Gustav da injiniyoyinsa sun fi cancanta: hasumiyar da nauyinta yakai ton 8,600, wanda aka yi ta da sassan karfe 12,000 warwatse, ba wai kawai ba ta yi birki ba lokacin da duwawunta suka nutse kusan mita 1 a karkashin ruwa yayin ambaliyar 1910. kuma a cikin shekarar ne aka gano ta hanyar da ta dace cewa ba ya damuwa koda da mutane 12,000 ne a hawa 3 na ta.
- A cikin 1910, bayan wannan ambaliyar, zai zama lalatacciyar lalata don lalata Hasumiyar Eiffel, wacce ta tanadi mutane da yawa marasa galihu. An fara tsawaita lokacin ne da shekaru 70, sannan, bayan cikakken binciken lafiyar hasumiyar Eiffel, zuwa 100.
- A cikin 1921, hasumiyar ta fara aiki a matsayin tushen watsa shirye-shiryen rediyo, kuma daga 1935 - kuma watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin.
- A cikin 1957, an ƙara babban hasumiyar tare da telemast da 12 m kuma jimlar "tsayin" ya kasance 323 m 30 cm.
- Na dogon lokaci, har zuwa 1931, “yadin baƙin ƙarfe” na Faransa shine mafi tsayi a duniya, kuma ginin Chrysler da ke New York ne kawai ya karya wannan tarihin.
- A cikin 1986, an maye gurbin hasken wutar waje na wannan abin al'ajabi ta tsarin da ke haskaka hasumiyar daga ciki, yana mai da Hasumiyar Eiffel ba kawai ta birge ba, amma da gaske sihiri ne, musamman a lokacin hutu da kuma dare.
Kowace shekara alamar Faransa, zuciyar Paris tana karɓar baƙi miliyan 6. Hotunan da aka ɗauka a dandamali na kallon su 3 sune kyakkyawan abin tunawa ga kowane mai yawon shakatawa. Ko hoto kusa da ita tuni ya zama abin alfahari, ba don komai ba akwai ƙananan kwafin sa a ƙasashe da yawa na duniya.
Miniananan hasumiya mai ban sha'awa na Gustav Eiffel, wataƙila, tana cikin Belarus, a ƙauyen Paris, yankin Vitebsk. Wannan hasumiyar ba ta wuce tsayin mita 30 ba, amma babu irinta ta yadda aka yi ta da katako da katako.
Muna ba da shawarar yin duban Big Ben.
Hakanan akwai Hasumiyar Eiffel a Rasha. Akwai uku daga cikinsu:
- Irkutsk. Tsawo - 13 m.
- Krasnoyarsk. Tsawo - 16 m.
- Parisauyen Paris, yankin Chelyabinsk. Tsawo - mita 50. Na mai amfani da salula ne kuma haƙiƙa hasumiya ce mai aiki a yankin.
Amma mafi kyawun abu shine samun bizar yawon buɗe ido, ga Paris da ... A'a, kar a mutu! Kuma ku mutu da farin ciki kuma ku ɗauki hotunan ra'ayoyin Paris daga Hasumiyar Eiffel kanta, abin farin ciki, a rana mai haske, ana iya ganin garin na kilomita 140. Daga Champs Elysees zuwa tsakiyar Paris - jifa jifa - 25 min. a kafa.
Bayani don yawon bude ido
Adireshin - Champ de Mars, yankin tsohuwar Bastille.
Lokacin buɗewar "Iron Lady" koyaushe iri ɗaya ne: kowace rana, daga tsakiyar watan Yuni zuwa ƙarshen watan Agusta, ana buɗewa da ƙarfe 9:00, ana rufewa a 00:00. A lokacin hunturu, ana buɗewa da ƙarfe 9:30, ana rufewa 23:00.
Yajin aiki na ma'aikatan sabis 350 ne kawai zai iya hana Ladyarfin ƙarfe karɓar baƙi na gaba, amma wannan bai taɓa faruwa ba tukuna!
