Baikonur Cosmodrome - na farko kuma mafi girma a duniya. Tana cikin Kazakhstan kusa da ƙauyen Tyuratam kuma ta mamaye yanki na 6717 km².
Daga Baikonur ne a cikin 1957 aka harba rokar ta R-7 tare da tauraron dan adam na 1 na duniya, sannan shekaru 4 bayan haka aka samu nasarar tura mutum na farko a tarihi, Yuri Gagarin zuwa sararin samaniya daga nan. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, an harba rokoki na wata mai suna N-1 da kuma samfurin Zarya daga wannan rukunin yanar gizon, wanda daga nan ne aka fara gina tashar sararin samaniya ta duniya (ISS).
Halittar kwaskwarima
A cikin 1954, an shirya kwamiti na musamman don zaɓar wani wuri da ya dace don gina filin soja da filin horo na sararin samaniya. A shekara mai zuwa, Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta amince da doka kan ƙirƙirar keɓaɓɓen zangon gwaji na gwajin jirgin sama mai linzami mai linzami na Soviet na farko "R-7" a cikin hamadar Kazakhstan.
Wannan yanki ya cika wasu sharuda da ake bukata don ci gaban wani babban aiki, gami da karancin yawan mutanen yankin, hanyoyin samun ruwan sha da kuma hanyoyin jiragen kasa.
Shahararren mai zanan roka da tsarin sararin samaniya Sergei Korolev shima ya ba da shawarar gina cosmodrome a wannan wurin. Ya sanya shawarar tasa saboda gaskiyar cewa kusa da wurin tashin jirgin zuwa kusa da masarautar, mafi sauki zai zama amfani da saurin juyawar duniyar tamu.
Baikonur cosmodrome an kafa shi ne a ranar 2 ga Yuni, 1955. Watanni bayan wata, yankin hamada ya zama wani katafaren fannin kere kere tare da ingantattun kayan more rayuwa.
A cikin layi daya da wannan, ana sake gina birni don masu gwaji a cikin kusancin shafin. A sakamakon haka, kwandon shara da ƙauyen sun sami laƙabi "Zarya".
Kaddamar da tarihi
Fasahar farko daga Baikonur an yi ta ne a ranar 15 ga Mayu, 1957, amma ta ƙare a gaza saboda fashewar ɗaya daga cikin rokokin. Bayan kimanin watanni 3, masana kimiyya har yanzu sun sami nasarar harba rokar R-7, wanda ya ba da ammonium na al'ada zuwa inda aka nufa.
A cikin wannan shekarar, a ranar 4 ga Oktoba, an yi nasarar harba tauraron dan adam na duniya mai kere-kere PS-1. Wannan taron shine farkon farkon sararin samaniya. "PS-1" ya kasance yana kewaya na tsawon watanni 3, bayan da ya samu nasarar zagaya duniyarmu sau 1440! Abin mamaki ne cewa masu watsa rediyonsa sun yi aiki na makonni 2 bayan farawa.
Bayan shekaru 4, wani abin tarihi ya faru wanda ya girgiza duk duniya. A ranar 12 ga Afrilu, 1961, an yi nasarar harba kumbon Vostok daga sararin samaniya, tare da Yuri Gagarin.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce a lokacin ne aka fara kiran filin horar da sojoji a asirce Baikonur, wanda a zahiri yana nufin "wadataccen kwari" a cikin Kazakh.
A ranar 16 ga Yuni, 1963, mace ta farko a tarihi, Valentina Tereshkova, ta ziyarci sararin samaniya. Bayan haka, an ba ta lambar yabo ta Jarumar Tarayyar Soviet. Bayan haka, an sake yin dubun-dubatar da roket daban-daban a gidan sarautar Baikonur.
A lokaci guda, shirye-shiryen ƙaddamar da kumbon jirgi mai ɗauke da sararin samaniya, da tashoshin jigilar kayayyaki, da sauransu. A watan Mayu 1987, an ƙaddamar da motar ƙaddamar da Energia daga Baikonur. Bayan shekara daya da rabi, tare da taimakon Energia, an yi na farko da na ƙarshe na sake yin amfani da jirgin sama mai amfani da kumbo na Buran.
Bayan kammala juyi biyu a kewayen Duniya "Buran" ya sauka lafiya a cosmodrome. Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa shine saukowar sa ya kasance a cikin yanayin atomatik cikakke kuma ba tare da ƙungiya ba.
A lokacin 1971-1991. 7 An ƙaddamar da tashoshin sararin samaniya na Salyut daga ƙirar baikonur. Daga 1986 zuwa 2001, an aika sassan masarufin Mir da ISS, waɗanda ke aiki har yanzu a sararin samaniya.
Haya da aiki na cosmodrome ta Rasha
Bayan rugujewar USSR a 1991, Baikonur ya koma karkashin ikon Kazakhstan. A cikin 1994, an ba da haya ga cosmodrome ga Rasha, wanda ya kai dala miliyan 115 a kowace shekara.
A cikin 1997, sauye sauye sauye-sauye na kayan kwalliyar kwastomomi daga Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta RF zuwa gudanar da Roskosmos ya fara, daga baya kuma ga kamfanonin farar hula, mabuɗin su shine:
- Reshe na FSUE TSENKI;
- RSC Energia;
- GKNTSP su. M. V. Khrunicheva;
- TsSKB-Ci gaba.
A halin yanzu Baikonur yana da cibiyoyin ƙaddamar da 9 don ƙaddamar da roka masu ɗauka, tare da masu ƙaddamarwa da yawa da tashoshin cika kaya. Dangane da yarjejeniyar, an bai wa Baikonur hayar Rasha har zuwa 2050.
Abubuwan da ke cikin kwaskwarimar sun hada da 2 aerodromes, 470 na layin dogo, sama da kilomita 1200 na manyan hanyoyi, sama da kilomita 6600 na layukan watsa wuta da kusan layin sadarwa 2780. Adadin ma'aikata a Baikonur ya haura 10,000.
Baikonur a yau
Yanzu haka ana ci gaba da kirkirar wata matattarar roka mai suna "Baiterek" tare da Kazakhstan. Yakamata a fara gwaje-gwaje a 2023, amma wannan bazai yuwu ba saboda cutar coronavirus.
A lokacin aiki na cosmodrome, har zuwa ƙaddamar da ƙaddamar da rukuni daban-daban har 5000 daga wurin gwajinsa. A cikin tarihi, kimanin ‘yan sama jannati 150 daga ƙasashe daban-daban sun shiga sararin samaniya daga nan. A cikin lokacin 1992-2019. 530 ƙaddamar da roket mai ɗauka.
Har zuwa 2016, Baikonur ya riƙe jagorancin duniya a cikin yawan ƙaddamarwa. Koyaya, tun daga 2016, farkon zangon farko a cikin wannan alamar an karɓi ta ta spasar Amurka mai ɗaukar hoto Cape Canaveral. Yana da ban sha'awa cewa gabaɗaya gidan Baikonur cosmodrome da birni sun kashe kuɗin ƙasar Rasha fiye da biliyan 10 a shekara.
Akwai motsi na 'yan gwagwarmaya "Antiheptil" a Kazakhstan, suna sukar ayyukan Baikonur. Mahalarta sun bayyana a sarari cewa cosmodrome shine sanadiyyar lalacewar muhalli a yankin daga barnar da ke tattare da babbar motar "Proton". A wannan batun, ana shirya ayyukan zanga-zanga a nan gaba.
Hoton gidan sarauta na Baikonur
