Jacques-Yves Cousteau, kuma aka sani da Kyaftin Cousteau (1910-1997) - Mai binciken Faransanci game da Tekun Duniya, mai daukar hoto, darekta, mai kirkiro, marubucin littattafai da fina-finai da yawa. Ya kasance memba na Kwalejin Faransa. Kwamandan rundunar girmamawa. Tare da Emil Ganyan a cikin 1943, ya ƙirƙira kayan wasan ruwa.
Akwai abubuwan ban sha'awa da yawa a cikin tarihin rayuwar Cousteau, wanda zamuyi magana akansa a cikin wannan labarin.
Don haka, a gabanku gajeriyar tarihin Jacques-Yves Cousteau.
Tarihin rayuwar Cousteau
An haifi Jacques-Yves Cousteau a ranar 11 ga Yuni, 1910 a garin Bordeaux na Faransa. An haife shi a gidan wani attajiri lauya Daniel Cousteau da matarsa Elizabeth.
Af, mahaifin mai binciken nan gaba shine ƙaramin likitan doka a ƙasar. Baya ga Jacques-Yves, an haifi yaron Pierre-Antoine a cikin dangin Cousteau.
Yara da samari
A lokacin hutu, dangin Cousteau sun fi son yawo a duniya. A lokacin yarinta, Jacques-Yves ya zama mai sha'awar ruwa. Lokacin da yake kimanin shekaru 7, likitoci sun ba shi ganewar asali mai banƙyama - rashin ciwo mai saurin shiga, sakamakon wannan yaron ya kasance fata har abada.
Doctors sun gargaɗi iyaye cewa saboda rashin lafiyarsa, Jacques-Yves bai kamata ya kasance cikin damuwa mai nauyi ba. Bayan ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na Farko (1914-1918), dangin sun zauna na ɗan lokaci a cikin New York.
A wannan lokacin na tarihin rayuwarsa, yaron ya fara sha'awar kanikanci da zane, haka nan, tare da dan uwansa, sun nitse a karkashin ruwa a karon farko a rayuwarsa. A 1922 dangin Cousteau suka koma Faransa. Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce, wani yaro ɗan shekara 13 a nan da kansa ya ƙera motar lantarki.
Daga baya, ya sami nasarar siyan kyamarar fim tare da ajiyar kuɗi, wanda da shi yake yin fim ɗin abubuwa da yawa. Saboda son sani, Jacques-Yves ya ba da ɗan lokaci zuwa makaranta, sakamakon hakan yana da ƙarancin ilimi.
Bayan ɗan lokaci, iyayen sun yanke shawarar tura ɗansu zuwa makarantar kwana ta musamman. Abun mamaki, matashin ya sami damar inganta kwazon karatun sa sosai wanda hakan yasa ya kammala karatun shi na makarantar allo da maki mafi girma a dukkan fannoni.
A cikin 1930, Jacques-Yves Cousteau ya shiga makarantar koyon aikin sojan ruwa. Yana da ban sha'awa cewa ya yi karatu a cikin rukunin wanda shine farkon wanda ya fara yawo a duniya. Wata rana ya ga tabarau masu nutsar da ruwa a cikin wani shago, wanda nan take ya yanke shawarar ya siya.
Bayan ya nutse da tabarau, Jacques-Yves nan da nan ya lura da kansa cewa daga wannan lokacin rayuwarsa za ta haɗu ne kawai da duniyar da ke ƙarƙashin ruwa.
Binciken ruwa
A farkon shekarun 50 na karnin da ya gabata, Cousteau ya yi hayar kamfanin hakar ma'adinan Calypso. A kan wannan jirgi, ya shirya gudanar da bincike da yawa game da teku. Girman duniya ya faɗi a kan matashin masanin kimiyya a cikin 1953 bayan buga littafin "A cikin duniyar shiru".
Ba da daɗewa ba, bisa ga wannan aikin, an harbi fim na kimiyya mai wannan sunan, wanda ya ci Oscar da Zinariyar Zinare a 1956.
A cikin 1957, Jacques-Yves Cousteau an ba shi amanar kula da Gidan Tarihin Tekun a cikin Monaco. Daga baya, an dauki fina-finai irin su "Kifin Zinare" da "Duniya ba tare da Rana ba", wanda ba a sami nasara ba kaɗan tare da masu sauraro.
A rabi na biyu na shekarun 60, shahararren jerin "The Underwater Odyssey of the Cousteau Team" ya fara nunawa, wanda aka watsa shi a kasashe da yawa cikin shekaru 20 masu zuwa. Gabaɗaya, an harbi kusan aukuwa 50, waɗanda aka keɓe don dabbobin ruwa, dajin murjani, mafi girman jikin ruwa a doron duniya, jiragen ruwa masu ruɓewa da abubuwan ban mamaki na yanayi.
A cikin 70s, Jacques-Yves yayi tafiya tare da balaguro zuwa Antarctica. Akwai finafinan fina-finai 4 da aka ba da labarin rayuwa da labarin ƙasa. Kusan lokaci guda, mai binciken ya kafa Cousteau Society don kiyaye Muhalli na Marine.
Baya ga "The karkashin ruwa Odyssey", Cousteau ya harbe ƙarin silsilar kimiyya masu ban sha'awa, gami da "Oasis in Space", "Adventures in St. America", "Amazon" da sauransu. Wadannan fina-finai sun kasance babbar nasara a duk duniya.
Sun ba mutane damar ganin masarautar karkashin ruwa tare da mazaunanta na ruwa a karon farko a dukkan bayanai. 'Yan kallo sun kalli yadda' yan wasan ruwa marasa tsoro ke iyo tare da kifaye da sauran maharan. Koyaya, ana yawan sukar Jacques-Yves saboda kasancewarsa masanin kimiyya da zalunci ga kifi.
A cewar wani abokin aikin Kyaftin Cousteau, Wolfgang Auer, galibi ana kashe kifi ne kawai don masu aiki su harbi abu mai inganci.
Labarin ban mamaki na mutanen da suka bar wanka a cikin wani kumfa na yanayi wanda aka kirkira shi a cikin rami mai zurfin ruwa kuma sananne ne. Masana sun bayyana cewa a cikin irin wadannan kogwannin, yanayin iskar gas ba mai numfashi bane. Duk da haka, mafi yawan masana suna magana ne game da Bafaranshen a matsayin mai son yanayi.
Ventionsirƙira
Da farko dai, Kyaftin Cousteau ya nitse a karkashin ruwa ta amfani da abin rufe fuska kawai da danshi, amma irin wadannan kayan aikin basu bashi damar cikakken binciken masarautar karkashin ruwa ba.
A ƙarshen shekarun 30, Jacques-Yves, tare da Emile Gagnan masu tunani iri ɗaya, sun fara haɓaka ruwa wanda ke ba da izinin numfashi a cikin zurfin gaske. A tsakiyar yakin duniya na II (1939-1945), sun gina na'urar ingantacciya ta farko a cikin iska.
Daga baya, ta amfani da kayan jannatin ruwa, Cousteau cikin nasara ya sauka zuwa zurfin 60 m! Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce, a cikin 2014 ɗan Masar din Ahmed Gabr ya kafa tarihin duniya game da ruwa zuwa zurfin mita 332!
Godiya ce ga kokarin Cousteau da Gagnan cewa a yau miliyoyin mutane na iya yin ruwa, suna bincika zurfin teku. Abin lura ne cewa Bafaranshen ya kuma ƙirƙira kyamarar fim da ruwa mai haske, kuma ya gina tsarin talabijin na farko wanda zai ba da damar harbi a zurfin gaske.
Jacques-Yves Cousteau shi ne marubucin kaidar wanda ake dangantawa da ra'ayoyin mallaka, wanda ke taimaka musu samun madaidaiciyar hanyar yayin nisa. Daga baya, kimiyya ta tabbatar da wannan ra'ayin.
Godiya ga shahararrun littattafan kimiyya da fina-finai na kansa, Cousteau ya zama wanda ya kafa abin da ake kira divulgationism - hanyar sadarwa ta kimiyya, wanda shine musayar ra'ayoyi tsakanin kwararru da masu sha'awar sauraren talakawa. Yanzu duk ayyukan talabijin na zamani an gina su ta amfani da wannan fasaha.
Rayuwar mutum
Matar farko ta Cousteau ita ce Simone Melchior, wacce ɗiyar wani shahararren mashahurin ɗan Faransa ne. Yarinyar ta shiga cikin mafi yawan balaguron mijinta. A cikin wannan auren, ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya maza biyu - Jean-Michel da Philippe.
Abin lura ne cewa Philippe Cousteau ya mutu a 1979 sakamakon hatsarin jirgin saman Catalina. Wannan bala'in ya nisanta Jacques-Yves da Simone daga juna. Sun fara zama daban, suna ci gaba da zama mata da miji.
Lokacin da matar Cousteau ta mutu sakamakon cutar kansa a 1991, sai ya sake yin aure tare da Francine Triplet, wanda suka zauna tare da shi sama da shekaru 10 kuma ya tara yara gama gari - Diana da Pierre-Yves.
Yana da ban sha'awa cewa daga baya, Jacques-Yves daga ƙarshe ya ɓata dangantaka da ɗan farinsa Jean-Michel, tun da bai gafarta wa mahaifinsa ba game da soyayya da bikin aure tare da Triplet. Ya tafi har cewa mai kirkirar a kotu ya hana dansa amfani da sunan mahaifin Cousteau don kasuwancin.
Mutuwa
Jacques-Yves Cousteau ya mutu a ranar 25 ga Yuni, 1997 daga cutar sankarar iska yana da shekaru 87. Coungiyar Cousteau da ƙawancen Faransa “Cousteau Command” suna ci gaba da aiki cikin nasara a yau.
Hotunan Cousteau
