Falsafa kuma malami Voltaire (1694 - 1778) bai zama mai haskakawa a cikin kowane ɓangaren kimiyya ko fasaha da yake ciki ba. Bai gabatar da nasa ra'ayoyin falsafar ba ko kuma ra'ayinsa. Voltaire yayi nesa da gano kimiyyar halitta. A ƙarshe, ba za a iya kwatanta rubutattun waƙoƙin sa, na ban mamaki da rubuce-rubucen sa da na Boileau ko Corneille ba. Koyaya, ikon Voltaire na iya bayyana nasa ra'ayin ko na wasu a cikin bayyanannen harshe mai rai, tsayin daka da kai tsaye, shahararsa da kuma samun damar sa ya zama babban mashahuri a cikin babban tarihin falsafa da al'adu.
A lokaci guda, Voltaire bai yi mu'amala da batutuwan falsafa, kimiyya da al'ada kawai ba. Marubuci ya kasance yana da hannu dumu-dumu, a ra'ayinsa, gwajin rashin adalci, yana taimaka wa waɗanda ake tuhuma da kuɗi da kuma doka. A cikin gidansa a Switzerland, ya ba da dama ga émigrés Faransa. A ƙarshe, Voltaire ya tallafawa matasa masu fasaha da marubuta.
1. A karo na farko, sunan karya "Voltaire" ya bayyana a cikin bala'in "Oedipus" wanda aka shirya kuma aka buga shi a 1718. Ainihin sunan marubucin François-Marie Arouet.
2. Voltaire, albarkacin mahaifinsa, Abbot Chateauneuf, ya saba da sukar addini da wuri fiye da yadda yake gabatarwa. Babban wan ɗan ƙaramin mai tunani mai gaskiya mai bi ne, wanda Voltaire ya kirkira abubuwa da yawa a kansa. Lokacin da yake dan shekara bakwai, Voltaire ya tabo maziyarta shagunan gargajiya ta hanyar karanta ayoyin adawa a zuciya.
3. Daga cikin al'adun wakoki na Voltaire akwai roko da wani nakasasshen soja ya gabatar tare da neman sanya masa fansho. Sojan ya nemi matashin dalibin kwalejin Jesuit da ya rubuta takardar koke, amma ya samu kusan waka. Koyaya, ta ja hankali kanta kuma an ba nakasassun fensho.
4. Ilimin Voltaire a kwalejin Jesuit ya ƙaryata labaran ban tsoro game da hannun Jesuit mai cikakken iko. Tunanin dalibin ya kasance sananne ga malamai, amma basu dauki wani matakin danniya akan Voltaire ba.
5. Voltaire an fara danne shi ne a shekarar 1716 saboda wasan barkwanci (daga mahanginsa) game da marigayi Sarki Louis XIV da mai martaba wanda ya karbi mulki. An tura mawaƙin gidan sarautar Sully, wanda ba shi da nisa da Faris, inda ya yi nishaɗi tare da masu ra’ayi ɗaya da kuma masu ra’ayi ɗaya.
Gidan Sully. Wurin da ya dace don haɗi
6. "Kalmar" ta farko a cikin Bastille Voltaire, kamar yadda halin ɗayan sanannen fim ɗin Soviet ya ce, "ya ɗaga kansa daga bene." Ya rubuta ma'aurata na gaba, wanda a ciki ya zargi Firayim Orleans da lalata da guba. Ba a san marubucin ayoyin ba, amma Voltaire, a cikin wata tattaunawa ta sirri, cikin fushi ya yi jayayya da ɗan sanda da ba hukuma ba cewa ya rubuta ayoyin. Sakamakon ya kasance mai iya faɗi - watanni 11 a kurkuku.
7. Tuni yana da shekaru 30, Voltaire an ɗauke shi babban marubucin Faransa na zamaninmu. Wannan bai dakatar da cavalier de Rogan daga umartar bayin da su doke marubucin ba daidai a farfajiyar gidan gyaran jama'a. Voltaire ya garzaya don neman taimako ga wadanda ya dauke su abokai, amma manyan mutane da kirgawa kawai suka yi wa talakawan da aka yi wa dariya - ramuwar gayya tare da taimakon bayin sun kasance gama gari a tsakanin masu fada-a-ji. Babu wanda ya yi imani da ƙarfin zuciyar Voltaire, amma har yanzu ya ƙalubalanci mai laifin zuwa duel. De Rogan ya yarda da ƙalubalen, amma nan da nan ya kai ƙara ga danginsa, kuma Voltaire ya sake zuwa Bastille. Sun sake shi ne kawai da sharadin barin Faransa.
Bastille. A waccan shekarun, marubuta ba sa jin tsoron zargi, amma waɗannan ganuwar
8. Majalisar Paris ta duba littafin Voltaire "Haruffa Na Turanci". 'Yan majalisa, saboda gaskiyar cewa littafin ya saba wa kyawawan halaye da addini, sai suka yanke masa hukuncin konawa, kuma marubucin da mai bugawa ga Bastille. Abu ne mai wahala a fito da mafi kyawun kamfen na talla a wancan lokacin - sabon bugawa ana buga shi nan da nan a Holland, kuma littafin ya tashi cikin farashi - to basuyi tunanin bin masu karatu ba. Da kyau, Voltaire ya ɓuya daga Bastille a ƙasashen waje.
9. Ayyukan da suka fi nasara a cikin Voltaire dole ne a yi la’akari da wasan kwaikwayo “Gimbiya Navarre”. Ba koyaushe ake saka ta cikin jerin manyan ayyukan marubucin ba, amma an karɓi kyakkyawar kuɗi a gare ta: fran dubu 20 a lokaci guda, wuri a matsayin jami'in kotun masarauta da zaɓen makarantar Kwalejin Faransa.
10. Voltaire ta kasance mai samun nasarar kudi. A cikin Faransa a waɗannan shekarun an ƙirƙiri kamfanonin haɗin gwiwa da kamfanoni da fashewa da yawa a rana. A 1720, har Bankin Jiha ya yi fatara. Kuma marubuci a cikin wannan ruwa mai hikima ya sami nasarar farkon arzikinsa.
11. Tarihin Marquis de Saint-Lambert, shima masanin ilimi ne, yayi magana game da al'adun waccan zamanin gaba ɗaya kuma musamman Voltaire. Voltaire ta kasance mai kaunar Emilie du Chatelet tsawon shekaru 10, kuma ko'ina Emily, Voltaire da mijinta sun zauna tare, ba ɓoye alaƙar su ba. Wata rana mai kyau Saint-Lambert ya maye gurbin Voltaire a cikin zuciyar Emily, wanda ya girme shi da shekaru 10. Marubuci dole ne ya fahimci gaskiyar cin amana, kuma tare da cewa kowa ya ci gaba da zama tare. Daga baya, Voltaire ya rama - Saint-Lambert kamar yadda ya kamo maigidansa daga ɗayan manyan abokan hamayyar adabi na Voltaire, Jean-Jacques Rousseau.
Emilie du Chatelet
12. Gidan farko na Voltaire ya bayyana ne bayan shekaru 60. Bayan ya koma Switzerland, ya fara siye ƙasar Delis sannan kuma ta Fernet. Ba batun kuɗi ba ne - marubucin ya riga ya zama mutumin kirki. Matsayin Voltaire, tare da farincikin sa a duk masarautu, lokaci zuwa lokaci ya kasance mai matukar wahala. Hakikanin ƙasa ya cancanci siyan kawai a Switzerland ta jamhuriya.
13. A lokacin sayan, kamfanin Ferne yana da gidaje takwas. Voltaire ya hura masa sabuwar rayuwa cikin kuɗaɗen sa da ƙoƙarin sa. A ƙarshen rayuwarsa, mutane 1,200 sun zauna a cikin Fern, wanda marubucin ya gina gidaje kuma ya ba da kuɗi don kafawa. Yawancin mazaunan sun kasance masu aikin kallo. 'Yar Biritaniya Catherine, wacce ta yi rubutu tare da Voltaire, ta sayi daruruwan agogo daga wurinsu.
Fernet. Wurin da ba Voltaire kawai yake murna ba
14. Voltaire ya wallafa ayyukansa na sharri da farfaganda ba wai kawai sunansa da sunansa na karya ba. Zai iya sa hannu a ƙasida da sunan mamaci kuma har ila yau yana rayuwa shahararren mutum.
15. Kafin rasuwarsa Voltaire bai yi ikirari ba, don haka dan dan uwansa, Abbot Mignot, ya hanzarta binne gawar kawun nasa a cikin gidansa. Haramcin binne wanda bai yarda da addini ba a cikin tsarkakakkun wurare ya makara. A cikin 1791 ragowar Voltaire an canza shi zuwa Pantheon na Farisiyawa. A lokacin maidowa, an dauki akwatin gawar Voltaire zuwa ginshiki. A cikin 1830 aka dawo da akwatin gawa zuwa Pantheon. Kuma a lokacin da, a cikin 1864, dangi suka so su dawo da zuciyar Voltaire, wanda suke riƙe da ita, ga al'umma, ya zama cewa akwatin gawar Voltaire, kamar akwatin gawa na Rousseau da ke tsaye kusa da shi, fanko ne. A cewar jita-jita marasa ma'ana, ragowar manyan mutane an kone su a cikin 1814 tare da saurin lokaci.
