Ya kashe mai aikin 'yanci, wanda ya rataya takobin Damocles a kan sarakunan Rasha shekaru da yawa. Inganta harkokin gwamnati. Ingantaccen kudaden jama'a. Ya yi aiki mai yawa don shirya kawar da serfdom. Na sanya farfajiyar tayi magana da Rashanci Ya kasance miji da uba abin misali. Gina layin dogo na farko a Rasha.
Cikin rashin kunya aka rasa yakin Crimean. An rufe hanyar zuwa ilimi ga mutane daga talakawa. Ya dakatar da sababbin dabaru ta kowace hanya. Ya kirkiro rukuni na uku, wanda ya lulluɓe ƙasar baki ɗaya tare da tanadin masu sanarwa. Ya jagoranci manufofin kasashen waje masu tsauri. Ya yi amfani da duk abin da zai yiwu. Ya murkushe kasar Poland, wacce ke kokarin samun ‘yanci.
Wannan ba kwatancen mutane biyu ne na tarihi ba. Wannan duka game da Sarkin Rasha Nicholas I (1796 - 1855, ya yi sarauta daga 1825). Babu wanda zai iya yin hasashen bayyanuwarsa a kan karaga. Koyaya, Nicholas I ya yi mulkin Masarautar Rasha don ƙaƙƙarfan abubuwa huɗu, yana hana rikice-rikice na zamantakewar al'umma, ƙarfafa ikon ƙasa da haɓaka yankin jihar. Paradox - shaidar tabbatar da ingancin mulkin Nikolai shine mutuwarsa. Ya mutu a gadonsa, yana mai mayar da mulki ga ɗansa, kuma babu wanda ya yi ƙarfin halin ƙalubalantar wannan gādo. Da nisa daga dukkan 'yan rajin mulkin Rasha sun yi wannan.
1. Karamin Nikolai Pavlovich ya kasance ɗaukacin ma'aikatan bawa. Ya kunshi masu kaya da jakuna 8, kuyangi 4, valet 2 da daki-lackey, mata 2 “dare” kan aiki, masu hannu da shuni, mai jinya, mai kula da yara da kuma mai ilimi tare da mukamin janar. An zagaye jaririn a zagaye da fadar cikin keken karusar. Tunda an rubuta motsin mutanen da aka nada a cikin wata mujalla ta musamman, yana da sauƙi a tabbatar cewa ba sarki Paul I, ko Uwar Maria Feodorovna ba su kula da Nicholas da hankalinsu ba. Mama yawanci tana zuwa wajan jariri na rabin awa, ko ma ƙasa da haka, kafin cin abincin dare (an yi hidimar ne da ƙarfe 21:00). Mahaifin ya fi son ganin yaran yayin banɗaki na safe, kuma yana ba yaran lokaci kaɗan. Kaka Catherine I Na kasance mai tausayawa yara, amma ta mutu lokacin da sarki mai zuwa bai kai wata shida ba. Ba abin mamaki bane cewa mafi kusancin mutane ga Nicholas shine saurayi ɗan ƙasar Scotland. Da yake sun riga sun zama sarki, Nikolai da danginsa wasu lokuta Charlotte Lieven sukan tsayar da shayi. Daren da aka kashe mahaifinsa (bisa ga fasalin hukuma, Paul I ya mutu ne sakamakon bugun jini a ranar 12 ga Maris, 1801) Nicholas bai tuna ba, kawai an tuna da nadin sarautar ɗan'uwansa Alexander.
2. Lokacin da Nikolai yake ɗan shekara 10, aka gama nannies da lackeys. Janar Count Matvey Lamsdorf ya zama babban malamin Grand Duke. Babban ka'idojin koyar da tarbiya ta Lamsdorf shi ne "Riƙe ka a waje." A koyaushe yana kirkirar abubuwan hana aiki na wucin gadi ga Nicholas, saboda keta hakkin da aka yiwa Grand Duke da sarakuna, sanduna, sanduna har ma da ramuka (alas, "kuna iya taɓa yariman jinin sarauta kawai don yanke kansa", wannan ba namu bane). Uwa ba ta adawa da shi, babban yaya, Emperor Alexander I, bai ga haske ba ko kuma ƙarami a bayan sake fasalin sassaucin ra'ayi (ba su ga juna ba har tsawon shekaru 3). Amsar yaron ya gamsar da Lamsdorf - dole ne mu ci gaba da doke duk abin da Grand Duke ke ciki, domin shi mara kirki ne, mai girman kai, mai saurin fushi, da lalaci. Duk wannan gwagwarmaya bai hana Nikolai zama janar ba yana da shekaru 12 - ya zama mai kula da kanar-doki yana da watanni 3 (albashin sa ya kai dubu 1).
3. Mama da babban yaya ba su bar saurayi janar zuwa Yaƙin rioasa ba na 1812, amma Nikolai da ɗan’uwa Mikhail sun shiga cikin kamfen ɗin Turai. Ko da a cikin biyu - ‘yan’uwan sun ba da umarnin ga rundunonin a faretin faretin bayan“ Kwanaki Dari Napoleon ”. Daga kamfen na farko, Nikolai ya kawo mafi mahimmin kofi a rayuwarsa - zuciyar Gimbiya Frederica-Louise-Charlotte Wilhelmina, wacce a 1817 ta zama matarsa, sannan daga baya ta zama sarauniyar Rasha kuma uwa ga yara 8.
4. An yi bikin aure tare da Charlotte a ranar 1 ga Yuli, 1817, a ranar haihuwarta. A ranar 24 ga Yuni, Charlotte ya yi baftisma cikin Orthodox a ƙarƙashin sunan Alexandra Feodorovna. Bayanin, wanda babban sarki ya rubuta kuma ɗan lokaci-lokaci marubuci Alexander Shishkov (wanda ya yi yaƙi da Nikolai Karamzin saboda kalmomin "masana'antu" da "gefen titi") Emperor Alexander I. ne ya karanta shi da kansa. Muna bin Charlotte-Alexandra Fedorovna itacen Sabuwar Shekara - ita ce ta sanya al'adar yi wa bishiyar bishiyar Kirsimeti ado.
5. Kusan fiye da watanni 9 da yin bikin, Alexandra ta haifi ɗa, wanda aka ƙaddara zai zama Sarki Alexander I I firstbornan fari, ba tare da sanin hakan ba, ya ɗora wa iyayensa nauyi. Shekara guda bayan haihuwarsa, baffannin, waɗanda sarki mara haihuwa da wawa Constantine suka wakilta, sun zo wurin cin abincin dare suka faɗa wa Nikolai da Alexandra cewa, saboda son zuciyarsu da rashin 'ya'ya maza, Nikolai dole ne ya karɓi rawanin masarautar Rasha. Don kwantar da hankalin matasa, Alexander I ya ce watakila ba zai sauka daga kujerar mulki ba gobe, amma "lokacin da ya ji wannan lokacin".
6. Bala'i ga ra'ayin mutanen zamanin da masana tarihi game da sarki mai zuwa shine gaskiyar cewa Nicholas, yayin da yake Babban Duke, ya buƙaci jami'ai suyi aiki. Tun daga lokacin Peter III, 'yanci na sojoji sun sami matakan da ba a taɓa gani ba. Grand Duke ya yi mummunan danniya: an ba da umarni ga jami'ai da su bayyana a cikin rundunonin ne kawai cikin kayan sarki. Fitowar cikin kayan farar hula an cire (wasu daga cikin masu yi wa kasa hidima sun zo dubawa a cikin wutsiya - bayan duk, kada su je canzawa kafin cin abincin dare).
7. Nikolay ya ajiye wani rubutaccen littafin rubutu, wanda mutum zai iya koyon cewa shi da kansa ya hadu da umarni masu dauke da matashin kai da makamantansu na kayan kwalliyar filin. Jami'ai sun hango hukunci mai tsananin gaske ta hanyar kamawa nan take tare da maye gurbin mutane 10. Grand Duke da kansa ya rubuta cewa ba su fahimce shi ba kuma ba sa son fahimta, kuma "lalatawar soja" ta kasance ta jagorancin wani bangare mara muhimmanci na "malalata masu magana." Sanya tsari a cikin rimomi biyu kawai (Nikolai ya ba da umarnin ga Izmailovsky da Jaegersky regiments) yana buƙatar gagarumar ƙoƙari.
8. Tashin hankalin ‘Yan Damuwa da kuma hawa kan karagar mulkin Nicholas suna daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi daukar hankali a tarihin Rasha. Lines da aka ambata suna nuna milestones masu zuwa. Nicholas ya hau gadon sarauta bisa doka - Alexander I ya mutu, an yi rubutun abdication na Constantine. Makirci ya daɗe yana ɓarkewa tsakanin manyan jami'ai - maza suna son 'yanci. Mutane masu wayo a cikin manyan shugabanni sun san sarai game da makarkashiyar - wannan gwamnan St. Petersburg, Count Miloradovich, wanda aka kashe a dandalin Majalisar Dattawa, yana da jerin sunayen “’ yan uwantaka ”a aljihunsa. A daidai lokacin da ya dace, mutane masu hankali suka fara, wai don jahilci, don kawo sojoji da farar hula zuwa rantsuwa ga Constantine. To, ya juya cewa dole ne ya yi rantsuwa da Nikolai. Garkuwa ya fara, masu makirci sun yanke shawarar cewa lokacinsu ya yi. Kuma ya buge da gaske - a wani lokaci a ranar 14 ga Disamba, 1825, kawai bataliyar injiniyan Life Guards ce ta tsayar da taron sojoji a gaban ƙofar Fadar Hunturu, inda dangin sabon masarautar suke. An jefa duwatsu da sanduna ga Nicholas da abokan aikinsa, kuma ya kutsa kai zuwa majalisar dattijan tare da wasu 'yan rakiya guda 12. Sarki ya sami ceto da ƙudurin kansa - a tsakiyar babban birni, ba kowa ke da ikon harba bindiga da bindiga a kan sojojinsu ba. Rarraba na "lokacin da ba na tsarin adawa ba" shima ya taimaka. A yayin da masu yaudarar ke kokarin gano wane ne daga cikin masu mulkin kama-karya, inda sojojin gwamnati suka killace ‘yan tawayen, kuma da yamma aka gama komai.
9. Da maraice na Disamba 14, 1825, Nicholas I ya zama cikakken mutum daban. Wannan ya lura da kowa - da matarsa da mahaifiyarsa, da waɗanda suke kusa da shi. Sarkin sarakuna ya dawo fada daga dandalin Majalisar Dattawa. Ya nuna halin dattako a yayin binciken makirci da tayar da hankalin 'yan yaudara. Kuma dole ne ya jimre ba ƙasa da filin ba, lokacin da kusancin kowane sabon platoon na iya nufin nasara ko mutuwa. Yanzu sarki ya san farashin aminci da cin amana. Da yawa sun shiga ko sun san makircin. Ba shi yiwuwa a hukunta kowa, ba shi yiwuwa a gafarta. Rarraba - Maza 5 da aka rataye, aikin wahala, gudun hijira, da sauransu - bai gamsar da kowa ba. Masu sassaucin ra'ayi sun yi kururuwa game da tabon jini a tarihin Rasha, masu bin doka sun rikice - shekaru 30 ne kawai suka gabata tun da masu wannan makircin sun kashe mahaifinsu, kuma Tsar yana nuna irin wannan taushin. Duk wannan gunaguni da rikicewar sun ɗora a kan kafaɗun Nicholas I - sun roƙe shi, sun yi sulhu a gare shi, sun nema daga gare shi ...
10. Nicholas I an banbanta shi da ƙwazo sosai. Tuni karfe 8 ya fara karbar ministoci. An ba awa ɗaya da rabi don wannan, sannan aiki tare da rahotanni kan mafi girman suna. Sarki yana da doka - amsar takaddar mai shigowa dole ne ta zo a rana guda. A bayyane yake cewa ba koyaushe zai yiwu a bi shi ba, amma ƙa'idar ta wanzu. Ofisoshin ofis sun sake farawa a 12. Bayan su, Nikolai ya kasance yana ziyartar kowace ma'aikata ko masana'anta, kuma yayi hakan ba tare da gargadi ba. Sarkin ya ci abinci da ƙarfe 3, bayan haka ya yi kusan awa ɗaya tare da yaran. Sannan yayi aiki da takardu har zuwa dare.
11. Dangane da sakamakon tawaye a ranar 14 ga Disamba, Nicholas ya yi daidai da ƙarshe: ya kamata masarauta ta sami magaji ɗaya, an amince da shi kuma an shirya shi don kursiyin. Saboda haka, duk lokacin da zai yiwu, ya kasance cikin tarbiyyar ɗansa Alexander. Ari, ba shakka, kulawar tarbiyya - masarauta galibi ana hana su farin cikin ci gaba da tattaunawa da yara. Yayin da magajin ya balaga, an damka masa wasu maganganu masu mahimmanci. A ƙarshe, ya karɓi matsayin "mukaddashin sarki" a lokacin da ba ya nan a St. Petersburg. Kuma kalmomin karshe na Nikolai kafin mutuwarsa ana magana da su ne ga magajin. Ya ce, "Riƙe komai."
12. Rigar kore da fari, hoton matar sarauta a hannun damanta na dama - sifa ce irin ta mata mai-jira. Varvara Nelidova suma sun sa irin waɗannan tufafi. Ta kasance mai yiwuwa ita kadai ce mai son Nicholas a waje da aure. Halin da ake ciki a ɗaruruwan litattafan mata: miji yana son matarsa, wanda ba zai iya ba shi abin da yake buƙata ta jiki. Wani saurayi da lafiyayyen kishiya ya bayyana, kuma ... Amma ba "kuma" ya faru. Alexandra Fyodorovna ta rufe idanunta ga gaskiyar cewa mijinta yana da farka. Nikolai ya ci gaba da girmama matarsa da girmamawa, amma kuma ya mai da hankali ga Varenka. Athos ne daga "Musketeers Uku" cewa sarakuna ta wurin matsayin ɗan fari sun fi kowane ɗan adam ƙarfi. A rayuwa ta ainihi, suna da wahalar gaske fiye da matsakaiciyar alimony. Babban jarumar wannan labarin shine Varvara Nelidova. Kudaden da suka hada da 200,000 rubles na diyarta ta biyar a cikin dangin masu karamin karfi, wadanda Nikolai ya gadar mata, ta mika bukatun nakasassu kuma tana son barin kuyangin girmamawa a fada. Bisa bukatar mahaifiyarsa, Alexander I na shawo kanta ta zauna. Varvara ya mutu a cikin 1897. Grand Duke Mikhail Nikolaevich ya halarci jana'izarta. Shekaru 65 da suka gabata, bayan haihuwarsa, likitoci suka hana Alexandra Fedorovna haihuwa, bayan haka ne soyayyar Nikolai da Varvara ta fara. Da wuya wata uwargidan a tarihi zata iya alfahari da wannan alamar girmamawa.
13. Nikolai da gaske ya kasance, kamar yadda Leo Tolstoy ya rubuta, "Palkin". Sandaya - shpitsruteny - sannan aka sanya su cikin dokokin soja a matsayin daya daga cikin nau'ikan azaba. An yiwa sojoji bulala 100 a baya tare da sandar da aka jiƙa da ruwan gishiri, fiye da mita da kuma kusan santimita 4 a diamita, don karya dokar tufafi. Don ƙarin manyan laifuka, ƙididdigar ma'auni ya kai dubbai. Ba a ba da shawarar bayar da gauntlet sama da 3,000 ba, amma akwai wuce gona da iri a wurare har ma a lokacin, kuma har ma da bugu dubu sun isa ga matsakaita mutum ya mutu. A lokaci guda, Nikolai ya yi alfaharin cewa bai yi amfani da hukuncin kisa ba. Sarkin da kansa ya warware sabanin da kansa ta hanyar cewa sandunan suna cikin kundin tsarin mulki, wanda ke nufin amfani da su, har zuwa mutuwar wanda aka azabtar, yana da halal.
14. Lissafin zartarwa na mafi girman hukumomin mulkin jihar a farkon mulkin Nikolai shine kamar haka. Wani lokaci kusan 10, ya yanke shawarar bincika Majalisar Dattawa. A waccan shekarun, Majalisar Dattijai ita ce mafi girman zartarwa a kasar - wani abu kamar Majalisar Ministocin yanzu, sai da karfin fada a ji. Babu wani jami'i a Sashin Laifi. Yabo ga Sarkin sarauta - baiyi cikakken bayani game da nasarar karshe akan laifin ba. Nikolai ya tafi zuwa Sashe na Biyu (sassan "masu ƙidaya" suna cikin shari'ar shari'a da rajista) - hoto iri ɗaya. Sai kawai a cikin Sashe na Uku mai cin gashin kansa ya sadu da sanata mai rai. Nikolai da ƙarfi ya ce masa: "Gidan shayarwa!" kuma ya tafi. Idan wani ya yi tunanin cewa sanatocin sun ji haushi bayan wannan, ya yi kuskure - Nikolai ne kawai ya ji haushi. Attemptoƙarinsa, a cikin sharuddan zamani, bugawa, ya nuna. Sanatocin sun fafata da juna don sanar da tsar cewa mutane na al'ada galibi basa barin gidajensu kafin 10, cewa ɗan'uwan sarki na yanzu Alexander, Allah ya huci ransa, ya bi da mafi kyawun mutane na Daular ba mai laushi ba kuma ya basu damar bayyana da ƙarfe 10 ko 11. A kan wannan kuma yanke shawara. Wannan shine mulkin mallaka ...
15. Nikolai bai ji tsoron mutane ba. A cikin Janairu 1830, an gudanar da manyan bukukuwa a Fadar Hunturu ga kowa. Aikin 'yan sanda kawai don hana murkushewa da kuma kula da adadin wadanda ke wurin - ya kamata a ce ba su wuce 4,000 daga cikinsu a lokaci guda ba. Ba a san yadda jami'an' yan sanda suka yi hakan ba, amma komai ya tafi cikin lumana da kwanciyar hankali. Nicholas da matarsa sun yi ta yawo a cikin ɗakunan tare da aan rago - taron suka buɗe a gabansu kuma suka rufe bayan ma'auratan. Bayan sun gama tattaunawa da mutane, sarki da sarauniyar sun tafi Hermitage don cin abincin dare a cikin kunkuntar da'irar mutane 500.
16. Nicholas Na nuna ƙarfin zuciya ba wai kawai a ƙarƙashin harsasai ba. A yayin annobar cutar kwalara, lokacin da ta ke ci gaba da tashi a Moscow, sarki ya zo garin kuma ya kwashe kwanaki duka a tsakiyar mutane, yana ziyartar cibiyoyi, asibitoci, kasuwanni, gidajen marayu. Mai ƙafafun da ya tsabtace ɗakin sarki da kuma matar da ke kula da gidan sarki ba tare da mai gidan ba sun mutu. Nikolai ya zauna a Moscow tsawon kwanaki 8, yana ƙarfafa waɗanda suka faɗi tare da ruhun mutanen gari, sannan ya koma St. Petersburg, bayan ya yi hidimar keɓewar makonni biyu.
17. An aika Taras Shevchenko zuwa ga rundunar soji kwata-kwata ba don kaunar yanci ko gwanintar adabi ba. Ya rubuta maganganu biyu - daya kan Nicholas I, na biyu kan matarsa. Da yake karanta labaran da aka rubuta game da shi, Nikolai ya yi dariya. Batanci na biyu ya kai shi ga mummunan fushi. Ya kira Tsarina Shevchenko fata, mai sihiri-ƙafa, tare da girgiza kai. Lallai, Alexandra Fedorovna siririya ce mai raɗaɗi, wanda yawan haihuwa ya yawaita shi. Kuma a ranar 14 ga Disamba, 1825, ta kusan samun bugun jini a ƙafafunta, kuma kan ta da rawar jiki da gaske a lokacin farin ciki. Girman bashin Shevchenko abin ƙyama ne - Alexandra Fedorovna ta sayi hoton Zhukovsky da kuɗinta. An buga wannan hoton a cikin caca, tare da kuɗin da Shevchenko ya sayi kuɗin daga serfdom. Sarki ya san da wannan, amma babban abin da Shevchenko ya sani game da shi. Haƙiƙa, gudun hijirar da ya yi a matsayin soja wani nau'i ne na jinƙai - don tafiye-tafiyen Shevchenko zuwa wata ƙasa mallakar Sakhalin, za a sami labarin a wannan batun.
18. Sarautar Nicholas I ta fuskar ƙarfafawa da faɗaɗa mulkin mallakar Rasha ba a taɓa yin irinsa ba. Matsar da kan iyaka kilomita 500 zuwa fadada yankin Rasha ya kasance cikin tsari na abubuwa. Adjutant General Vasily Perovsky a cikin 1851 ya ƙaddamar da jirgin ruwa na farko a ƙetaren Tekun Aral. Iyakar Masarautar Rasha ta fara tafiyar kilomita 1000 zuwa kudu fiye da da. Nikolai Muravyov, kasancewarsa gwamnan Tula, ya gabatarwa Nikolay I wani shiri don ci gaba da faɗaɗa Far East Russia. Hukuncin yana hukunta mutum - Muravyov ya karɓi iko kuma ya tafi Promasar Alkawari. Sakamakon ayyukan guguwarsa, Masarautar ta sami kusan yanki mai murabba'in kilomita miliyan.
goma sha tara.Yaƙin Crimean ya kasance gyambon ciki da ba shi da magani a tarihin Rasha da kuma cikin tarihin Nicholas I. Ko da tarihin rushewar daular, da yawa suna farawa da wannan karo na biyu tsakanin Rasha da Tarayyar Turai. Na farko, Napoleonic, ɗan'uwan Nikolai Alexander ya sake kama shi. Nikolay bai iya jimre na biyu ba. Babu matakan diflomasiyya ko soja. Wataƙila batun raba masarautar yana cikin Sevastopol a cikin 1854. Nikolai bai yi imani da cewa ikon kiristocin zai shiga kawance da Turkiyya ba. Ba zai iya yarda cewa sarakunan dangi, waɗanda ya riƙe ikonsu a cikin 1848, za su ci amanarsa ba. Kodayake ya taɓa fuskantar irin wannan - 'yan ƙasar na Petersburg sun jefe shi da duwatsu da duwatsu a 1825, ba sa jin kunyar girmamawar da suke yi wa mai ɗauke da Allah. Kuma 'yan uwansu masu ilimi ba su yanke kauna ba, saboda sun yi aiki bisa sanannen takardar binciken: rubabben tsarin mulki bai bai wa sojoji alburusai ba (an tuna da takalmi da takalmin kwali saboda komai), alburusai da abinci. Sakamakon yakin, Rasha ba ta rasa yankunanta ba, amma, mafi munin, ta rasa mutuncinta.
20. Yakin Kirimiya ya kawo Nicholas I zuwa kabari. A farkon 1855, ya kamu da rashin lafiya ko mura ko mura. Kwanaki biyar kawai bayan farawar cutar, ya yarda cewa "ba shi da cikakkiyar lafiya." Sarkin bai karɓi kowa ba, amma ya ci gaba da aiki tare da takardu. Ba tare da jin daɗi ba sosai, Nikolai ya tafi don ganin an sake dawo da rundunonin zuwa gaba. Daga sabon hypothermia - sai a lisafta rigunan bikin don kawai don yanayi mai dumi - cutar ta taɓarɓare kuma ta zama cutar huhu. A ranar 17 ga Fabrairu, yanayin sarki ya tabarbare sosai, kuma jim kaɗan bayan azahar a ranar 18 ga Fabrairu, 1855, Nicholas I ya mutu. Kusan har zuwa mintuna na ƙarshe na rayuwarsa, ya kasance cikin nutsuwa, yana da lokacin ba da umarni don tsara jana'izar da kuma rataye gawarsa.
21. Akwai jita-jita da yawa game da mutuwar Nicholas I, amma da kyar suke da tushe. Duk wata cuta mai tsanani a cikin waɗannan shekarun ta mutu. Shekaru 60 kuma sun kasance masu mutunci. Ee, da yawa sun daɗe, amma sarki yana da damuwa na shekaru 30 na tafiyar da babbar ƙasa a bayansa. Sarkin da kansa ya ba da dalilin jita-jita - ya ba da umarnin a shafe gawar tare da taimakon wutar lantarki. Ya kawai saurin bazuwar. Waɗanda suka zo yin ban kwana sun ji ƙanshin, kuma saurin lalacewa alama ce ta guba.