Ivan Fedorov (kuma Fedorovich, Moskvitin) - daya daga cikin litattafan Rasha na farko. A matsayinka na mai mulki, ana kiransa "mai buga littattafan Rasha na farko" saboda gaskiyar cewa shi ne mai buga littafin bugawa daidai a Russia, wanda ake kira "Manzo".
A cikin tarihin Ivan Fedorov, akwai abubuwa masu ban sha'awa da yawa daga rayuwarsa da ayyukan sana'a.
Don haka, kafin ku gajeriyar tarihin Ivan Fedorov.
Tarihin rayuwar Ivan Fedorov
Har yanzu ba a san takamaiman ranar haihuwar Ivan Fedorov ba. An yi imanin cewa an haife shi ne a kusan 1520 a cikin Grand Duchy na Moscow.
A lokacin 1529-1532. Ivan yayi karatu a Jami'ar Jagiellonian, wacce a yau take a cikin garin Poland na Krakow.
A cewar masana tarihi na Rasha, kakannin Fedorov sun rayu a cikin yankunan da ke yanzu na Belarus.
Bayan kammala karatun jami'a, an nada Ivan a matsayin diakon a cocin St. Nicholas Gostunsky. A wancan lokacin, Metropolitan Macarius ya zama mashawarcinsa, wanda ya fara ba shi haɗin kai sosai.
Gidan bugawa na farko
Ivan Fedorov ya rayu kuma yayi aiki a zamanin Ivan IV mai ban tsoro. A cikin 1552, tsar na Rasha ya ba da umarnin fara kasuwancin buga takardu a cikin yaren Slavonic na Coci a cikin Moscow.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce cewa kafin wannan akwai ayyukan da suka gabata a cikin yaren Slavonic na Ikilisiya, amma an buga su a ƙasashen waje.
Ta hanyar umarnin Ivan mai ban tsoro, an kawo wani maigidan dan kasar Denmark mai suna Hans Messingheim zuwa Rasha. A karkashin jagorancinsa ne aka fara buga gidan bugawa a jihar.
Bayan haka, an kawo injunan da suke da haruffa daga Poland, wanda ba da daɗewa ba aka fara buga littattafan.
A cikin 1563 tsar ya buɗe gidan buga takardu na Moscow, wanda aka ba da tallafi daga baitul ɗin ƙasa. A shekara mai zuwa za a buga shahararren littafin nan "Manzo" na Ivan Fedorov nan.
Bayan "Manzo" an buga littafin "Littafin Awanni". Kai tsaye Fedorov ya shiga cikin wallafar ayyukan biyu, kamar yadda wasu hujjoji suka nuna.
Gabaɗaya an yarda da cewa Ivan mummunan ya bayyana Fedorov a matsayin ɗalibin Messingheim don ya sami gogewa.
A wancan lokacin, cocin ya bambanta da tsarin cocin na zamani. Firistoci suna da hannu dumu-dumu cikin ilimantar da mutane, sakamakon haka duk littattafan karatu suna da alaƙa guda ɗaya ko wata ma'amala da matani masu tsarki.
Mun san daga tabbatattun takardu cewa an bankawa gidan buga takardu na Moscow wuta akai-akai. Wannan ana zarginsa ne saboda aikin malaman sufaye, waɗanda suka rasa kuɗaɗen shiga littattafan masana'antar.
A cikin 1568, ta hanyar umarnin Ivan mai ban tsoro, Fedorov ya koma zuwa Grand Duchy na Lithuania.
A kan hanya, bugun littafin Rasha ya tsaya a Grodnyansky District, a gidan tsohon soja Grigory Khodkevich. Lokacin da Chodkevich ya gano ko wane ne bakon nasa, shi, a matsayinsa na mai rikon mukamin, ya nemi Fedorov da ya taimaka a buɗe gidan buga takardu.
Maigidan ya amsa buƙata kuma a cikin shekarar, a cikin garin Zabludovo, an buɗe babbar buɗewar yadin bugun.
A karkashin jagorancin Ivan Fedorov, wannan gidan bugawa ya buga na farko, kuma a zahiri littafin kawai - "Bisharar Malamin". Wannan ya faru a cikin lokacin 1568-1569.
Ba da daɗewa ba gidan buga littattafai ya daina wanzuwa. Wannan ya faru ne saboda yanayin siyasa. A shekara ta 1569 aka kammala Lungiyar Lublin, wanda ya ba da gudummawa ga kafuwar weungiyar.
Duk waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru ba su yi wa Ivan Fedorov dadi ba, wanda yake son ci gaba da buga littattafai. Saboda wannan dalili, ya yanke shawarar zuwa Lviv don gina gidansa na bugawa a can.
Lokacin da ya isa Lviv, Fedorov bai sami amsa daga jami'an yankin ba game da buɗe yadin buga takardu. A lokaci guda, limaman yankin ma sun ƙi ba da kuɗin gina gidan bugawa, sun fi son ƙidayar littattafan hannu.
Duk da haka, Ivan Fedorov ya sami damar yin belin wasu kudade, wanda ya bashi damar cimma burinsa. A sakamakon haka, ya fara bugawa da sayar da littattafai.
A cikin 1570 Fedorov ya buga littafin Psalter. Bayan shekaru 5, ya zama shugaban Cocin Derman Holy Trinity, amma bayan shekaru 2 ya fara gina wani gidan buga takardu tare da goyon bayan Yarima Konstantin Ostrozhsky.
Gidan buga takardu na Ostroh yayi nasarar aiki, yana sakin sabbin ayyuka da yawa kamar "Alphabet", "Primer" da "littafin Greek-Russian Church Slavonic don karatu." A cikin 1581, an buga sanannen Baibul na Ostrog.
Bayan lokaci, Ivan Fedorov ya ɗora ɗansa a kula da gidan buga takardu, kuma shi da kansa ya tafi tafiye-tafiye na kasuwanci zuwa ƙasashen Turai daban-daban.
A irin waɗannan tafiye-tafiyen, ɗan fasahar Rasha ya ba da labarinsa ga masu buga littattafan ƙasashen waje. Ya nemi inganta buga littattafai da kuma samar da su ga mutane da yawa yadda ya kamata.
Rayuwar mutum
Ba mu san komai game da rayuwar Ivan Fedorov ba, sai dai cewa ya yi aure kuma yana da 'ya'ya maza biyu.
Abin mamaki, babban ɗansa kuma ya zama fitaccen mai buga littattafai.
Matar Fedorov ta mutu kafin mijinta ya bar Moscow. Wasu masu rubutun tarihin maigidan sun gabatar da ka'idar cewa matar da ake zargi ta mutu yayin haihuwar danta na biyu, wanda shi ma bai rayu ba.
Mutuwa
Ivan Fedorov ya mutu a ranar 5 ga Disamba (15), 1583. Ya mutu a lokacin daya daga cikin kasuwancin sa zuwa Turai.
An dauki gawar Fedorov zuwa Lvov kuma an binne shi a hurumi na Cocin St. Onuphrius.
