Benjamin Franklin

Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) - ɗan siyasan Amurka, diflomasiyya, masanin kimiyya, mai kirkiro, marubuci, ɗan jarida, mai wallafa, freemason. Daya daga cikin shugabannin Yakin Samun ‘Yancin Kan Amurka. Wanda aka zana akan dala 100.

Mahaifin da ya kafa uba ya sanya hannu a kan dukkanin 3 mahimman takardu masu mahimmancin tarihi waɗanda suka taimaka wa samuwar Amurka a matsayin ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta: Bayyanar da ofancin Amurka, Tsarin Mulkin Amurka da Yarjejeniyar Versailles na 1783 (Yarjejeniyar Zaman Lafiya ta Biyu ta Paris), wacce ta ƙare yakin independenceancin ofan mulkin mallaka na Britishasashe 13 na Arewacin Amurka. daga Burtaniya.

Akwai abubuwan ban sha'awa da yawa a cikin tarihin Franklin, wanda zamu gaya game da shi a cikin wannan labarin.

Don haka, ga ɗan gajeren tarihin Benjamin Franklin.

Tarihin Franklin Biliyaminu

An haifi Benjamin Franklin a ranar 17 ga Janairu, 1706 a Boston. Ya girma kuma ya girma cikin babban gida, kasancewar shi ƙarami ne cikin yara 17.

Mahaifinsa, Josiah Franklin, ya yi kyandira da sabulu, kuma mahaifiyarsa, Abia Folger, ta goya yaranta da kula da gidan.

Yara da samari

Franklin Sr. ya yi kaura daga Burtaniya zuwa Amurka tare da danginsa a 1662. Ya kasance tsarkakakke, don haka ya ji tsoron tsananta addini a mahaifarsa.

Lokacin da Bilyaminu ya kai kimanin shekaru 8, ya tafi makaranta, inda zai iya yin karatu na shekaru 2 kacal. Wannan ya faru ne saboda gaskiyar cewa mahaifin ya daina biyan kudin karatun dansa. A sakamakon haka, mai kirkirar nan gaba ya tsunduma cikin koyar da kai.

Da rana, yaron ya taimaki mahaifinsa yin sabulu, kuma da yamma ya zauna a kan littattafai. Yana da kyau a lura cewa ya ari littattafai daga abokai, tunda Franklins ba su da ikon siyan su.

Biliyaminu bai nuna himma sosai ga aiki na zahiri ba, wanda ya ɓata wa shugaban rai. Bugu da kari, ba shi da sha'awar zama malami, kamar yadda mahaifinsa ya so shi. Lokacin da yake shekara 12, ya fara aiki a matsayin mai koyo a gidan bugawa ɗan'uwansa James.

Buguwa ya zama babban aikin Benjamin Franklin tsawon shekaru. A wannan lokacin, tarihin rayuwa, ya yi ƙoƙari ya rubuta ballads, ɗayan ɗayan ne ya buga shi. Lokacin da Franklin Sr. ya sami labarin wannan, bai ji daɗin hakan ba, saboda a wurinsa mawaƙan 'yan damfara ne.

Benjamin ya so zama dan jarida da zaran James ya fara buga jaridar. Koyaya, ya fahimci cewa wannan zai fusata mahaifinsa sosai. A sakamakon haka, saurayin ya fara rubuta kasidu da kasidu ta hanyar wasiƙu, inda ya gwanance ya yi tir da maganganun jama'a.

A cikin wasiku Franklin ya koma ga yin maganganu na ba'a, yana ba'a da munanan halayen mutane. A lokaci guda, an buga shi a ƙarƙashin sunan ɓoye, yana ɓoye sunan sa na ainihi ga masu karatu. Amma lokacin da James ya gano waye marubucin wasikun, nan da nan ya kori ɗan'uwansa.

Wannan ya haifar da gaskiyar cewa Biliyaminu ya gudu zuwa Philadelphia, inda ya sami aiki a ɗayan gidajen buga takardu. A can ya nuna kansa a matsayin ƙwararren masani. Ba da daɗewa ba aka aika shi zuwa Landan don ya sayi inji kuma ya buɗe gidan buga littattafai a Philadelphia.

Saurayin yana son jaridar Turanci sosai cewa bayan shekaru 10 ya kafa gidansa na buga takardu. Godiya ga wannan, ya sami nasarar karɓar kuɗin shiga mai ɗorewa kuma ya zama mutum mai zaman kansa mai kuɗi. A sakamakon haka, Franklin ya sami damar mai da hankalinsa kan siyasa da kimiyya.

Siyasa

Tarihin tarihin Biliyaminu ya fara ne a Philadelphia. A cikin 1728, ya buɗe ƙungiyar tattaunawa, wanda bayan shekaru 15 ya zama Phiungiyar Falsafa ta Amurka.

A lokacin rayuwar 1737-753. Franklin ya rike mukamin babban jami'in Pennsylvania, kuma daga 1753 zuwa 1774 - matsayi daya ne a duk yankunan mulkin mallakar Amurka. Bugu da kari, ya kafa Jami'ar Pennsylvania (1740), wacce ita ce jami'a ta farko a Amurka.

Farawa a cikin 1757, Benjamin Franklin na kimanin shekaru 13 ya wakilci bukatun jihohin Amurka 4 a Birtaniyya, kuma a cikin 1775 ya zama wakili ga Majalisa ta 2 na Coasashe a Nahiyar.

Shiga kungiyar da Thomas Jefferson ya jagoranta, mutumin ya zana rigar makamai (Babbar hatimin) Amurka. Bayan sanya hannu kan sanarwar Samun 'Yanci (1776), Franklin ya isa Faransa, yana son kulla ƙawance da ita a kan Burtaniya.

Godiya ga kokarin ɗan siyasan, kimanin shekaru 2 daga baya Faransawa suka sanya hannu kan kwangilar. Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce a Faransa ya zama memba na Sar Uwan Mata Masonic Lodge. Don haka, shine farkon Ba'amurke Freemason.

A cikin 1780s, Benjamin Franklin yayi tafiya tare da wakilan Amurka don tattaunawa a Burtaniya, inda aka ƙulla yarjejeniyar tarihi na Versailles na 1783, wanda ya ƙare Yaƙin Amurka na Independancin kai bisa ƙa'ida.

Farawa a cikin 1771, Franklin ya rubuta tarihin rayuwa, wanda bai taɓa kammalawa ba. Ya so ya gabatar da ita a cikin hanyar ƙwaƙwalwa, yana bayyana a ciki abubuwa masu ban sha'awa da yawa daga rayuwa. Abin lura ne cewa littafin "Autobiography" an buga shi bayan mutuwarsa.

Ra'ayoyin siyasa na Biliyaminu sun dogara ne akan mahimman haƙƙoƙin kowane mutum - rai, lanci da dukiya.

Dangane da ra'ayoyinsa na falsafa, ya karkata zuwa ga bauta - addini da falsafa wacce ta yarda da wanzuwar Allah da halittar duniya da shi, amma ya musanci mafi yawan al'amuran allahntaka, wahayin Allah da kuma koyarwar addinin.

A lokacin Yaƙin Juyin Juya Hali na Amurka, Franklin ya zama marubucin Tsarin Unionungiyar lonian Mulkin Mallaka. Bugu da kari, ya kasance mai ba da shawara ga babban-kwamandan askarawan, George Washington. Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce Washington ita ce farkon zaɓaɓɓen shugaban Amurka.

A cikin 1778 Faransa ta zama ƙasar Turai ta farko da ta amince da independenceancin Amurka.

Halin Franklin

Benjamin Franklin mutum ne wanda ba a saba da shi ba, kamar yadda aka nuna ba kawai ta hanyar nasarorinsa ba, har ma da nazarin mutanen zamaninsa. A matsayinsa na masanin harkokin siyasa wanda ke da hannu dumu-dumu cikin siyasa, amma duk da haka ya mai da hankali sosai ga inganta halin kirki.

Yana da cikakkun tsarin ra'ayi game da rayuwa da kyawawan dabi'u. Karanta abubuwa masu ban sha'awa game da abubuwan yau da kullun da tsarin ɗabi'a na Benjamin Franklin.

Tarihin rayuwar Franklin an buga shi azaman littafi daban, wanda za'a saya shi a kowane shagon litattafai. Ya zama littafin rubutu na gargajiya ga waɗanda ke da alaƙa da ci gaban mutum. Idan kuna sha'awar adadi na Franklin da matsayinsa a cikin tarihi, ko kuma idan kuna da sha'awar ci gaban kai, muna bada shawara sosai ku karanta wannan littafin mai ban mamaki.

Kirkiro da Kimiyya

Ko da yana yaro, Benjamin Franklin ya nuna ƙwarewar hankali. Da zarar, zuwa ga teku, sai ya ɗaura katako a ƙafafunsa, wanda ya zama samfurin ƙanshi. A sakamakon haka, yaron ya sha kan duk samarin da ke cikin gasar yara.

Ba da daɗewa ba Franklin ya sake mamakin abokan aikinsa ta hanyar yin kite. Ya kwanta tare da bayansa a kan ruwan kuma, ya rike igiyar, ya ruga tare da saman ruwan, kamar dai yana cikin tafiya.

Ya girma, Biliyaminu ya zama marubucin abubuwan da aka gano da abubuwan kirkira. Bari mu lissafa wasu nasarorin da masanin kimiyya Franklin ya samu:

ƙirƙira sandar walƙiya (walƙiya sanda);
gabatar da nadi na jihohin lantarki "+" da "-";
tabbatar da yanayin wutar walƙiya;
halitta bifocals;
ƙirƙira kujeru mai girgiza, bayan sun karɓi haƙƙin mallaka don ƙera ta;
tsara keɓaɓɓen murhu don dumama gidaje, yin watsi da haƙƙin mallaka - don fa'idantar da duk 'yan ƙasa;
tattara babban abu a kan iska mai iska.
tare da sa hannun maƙerin, an auna ma'aunai da sauri, faɗi da zurfin Kogin Gulf. Ya kamata a lura da cewa halin yanzu ya sami sunan zuwa Franklin.

Wadannan sun yi nesa da dukkan abubuwan kirkirar Biliyaminu, wanda ya kasance sananne a fannoni daban-daban na kimiyya.

Rayuwar mutum

Akwai mata da yawa a cikin tarihin rayuwar Franklin. A sakamakon haka, ya yi niyyar yin auren hukuma tare da yarinya mai suna Deborah Reed. Koyaya, yayin tafiya zuwa London, ya kulla dangantaka da ɗiyar mai gidan da yake zaune.

Sakamakon wannan dangantaka, Biliyaminu yana da ɗa mara izini, William. Lokacin da masanin kimiyya ya dawo gida tare da shege, Deborah ta yafe masa kuma ta dauki yaron. A wancan lokacin, ta kasance bazawara ce mai banƙyama, da mijinta ya gudu ya bar bashi.

A cikin auren Biliyaminu Franklin da Deborah Reed, an haifi wasu yara biyu: yarinya Sarah da saurayi Francis, waɗanda suka mutu sanadiyyar cutar sanƙarau tun suna yara. Ma'aurata ba su kasance masu farin ciki tare ba, wannan shine dalilin da ya sa suka rayu kusan shekaru 2 kawai.

Mutumin yana da mata masu yawa. A tsakiyar 1750s, ya fara ma'amala da Catherine Ray, wanda ya yi rubutu da shi har ƙarshen rayuwarsa. Dangantaka da mai gidan, inda Biliyaminu ya zauna tare da danginsa, ya ci gaba har tsawon shekaru.

Lokacin da Franklin yake da shekaru 70, sai ya ƙaunaci wata mace 'yar Faransa mai shekaru 30 Brillon de Jouy, wanda ita ce ƙaunarsa ta ƙarshe.

Mutuwa

Benjamin Franklin ya mutu a ranar 17 ga Afrilu, 1790 yana da shekara 84. Kimanin mutane dubu 20 ne suka zo don yin ban kwana da babban ɗan siyasan kuma masanin kimiyya, yayin da mazaunan garin kusan 'yan ƙasa 33,000 ne. Bayan mutuwarsa, an ayyana zaman makoki na watanni 2 a Amurka.