Tafiyar sa'a guda daga Las Vegas shafi ne na musamman da aka sani a matsayin Alamar Tarihi da Tarihin Gine-gine na ofasar Amurka - Hoover Dam. Dam din kankare, wanda ya kai hawa hawa saba'in (221 m), abin birgewa ne. Babban ginin da aka matse tsakanin ledangin Black Canyon kuma yana riƙe da halin tawaye na Kogin Colorado sama da shekaru 80.
Baya ga madatsar ruwa da tashar samar da wutar lantarki, masu yawon bude ido na iya ziyartar hadadden gidan kayan tarihin, suna sha'awar shimfidar shimfidar wurare, sannan su tsallaka kan iyakar tsakanin Nevada da Arizona a kan wata gada da ke kan tsawun mita 280 A saman matakin dam din akwai babban tafkin Mead da mutum yayi, inda al'ada ce ta kamun kifi, hawa jirgin ruwa da shakatawa.
Tarihin Dam din Hoover
Tribesabilun Indiya na gida suna kiran Colorado Babban Macijin Macijin. Kogin ya samo asali ne daga tsaunukan Rocky, waɗanda sune manyan tsaunuka a cikin tsarin Cordillera na Arewacin Amurka. Kowane bazara kogi mai kwari wanda ya wuce 390 sq. km, ya cika da narkewar ruwa, sakamakon haka ya mamaye bakin teku. Ba shi da wahalar tunanin irin barnar da ambaliyar ta yi wa gonaki.
A cikin shekarun da suka gabata na karnin da ya gabata, batun ya kasance mai saurin gaske wanda yasa amfani da ikon lalata Colorado ya zama shawarar siyasa. Da yawa suna son sanin dalilin da ya sa suka gina madatsar, kuma amsar tana da sauki - don sarrafa matakin kogin. Hakanan, tafkin yakamata ya magance matsalar samar da ruwa zuwa yankuna na Kudancin California kuma, da farko dai, zuwa saurin ci gaban Los Angeles.
Aikin ya buƙaci saka hannun jari mai mahimmanci, kuma sakamakon muhawara da tattaunawa, an sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya a cikin 1922. Wakilin gwamnati shi ne Herbert Hoover, wanda a lokacin shi ne Sakataren Kasuwanci. Saboda haka sunan daftarin aiki - "The Hoover Compromise".
Amma sai da aka kwashe shekaru takwas kafin gwamnati ta kasafta tallafin farko don gagarumin aikin. A wannan lokacin ne Hoover ke kan mulki. Duk da cewa bayan canje-canje a cikin aikin, an san inda sabon wurin ginin yake, har zuwa 1947 aka sanya masa suna Boulder Canyon Project. Shekaru biyu kawai bayan mutuwar Hoover a cikin 1949, Majalisar Dattawa ta yanke shawara ta ƙarshe game da wannan batun. Daga wannan lokacin zuwa gaba, an sanya wa madatsar sunan a hukumance bayan shugabannin Amurka 31.
Yadda aka gina madatsar ruwa ta Hoover
Kwangilar aiwatar da ayyuka kan gina madatsar sakamakon zabin gasa ya tafi zuwa ga rukunin kamfanoni Kamfanoni Shida, Inc, waɗanda galibi ake kira Babban shida. Ginin ya fara ne a watan Mayu 1931, kuma kammalawarsa ya faɗi a kan Afrilu 1936, tun kafin lokacin da aka tsara. Aikin da aka bayar don amfani da ingantattun hanyoyin injiniya da kyakkyawan tsari na tsarin aikin:
- An tsabtace bango da ledoji na canyon da wuri an daidaita su da wuri. Ana hawa dutsen da mazaje masu ruguza rayukansu kowace rana a ƙofar Kogin Dam na Hoover.
- Ruwa daga wurin aikin ya karkatar da shi ta hanyar rami, wanda har yanzu akwai shi, yana aiwatar da wani bangare na ruwa ga turbin ko fitarwarsa. Wannan tsarin yana rage kaya a kan dam ɗin kuma yana ba da gudummawa ga kwanciyar hankali.
- An tsara madatsar a matsayin jerin ginshiƙai masu haɗuwa. An ƙirƙiri wani tsarin sanyaya don tsarin kankare ta amfani da ruwan famfo don hanzarta taurin kankare. Bincike a 1995 ya nuna cewa tsarin kankare na dam din har yanzu yana samun karfi.
- Gabaɗaya, jefa madatsar kawai ya buƙaci sama da tan dubu 600 na siminti da mita mai girman cubic miliyan 3.44. mita na filler. A lokacin da aka kammala gini, Hoover Dam ana daukarta mafi girman abu da mutum yayi tun bayan dala na Masar. Don warware irin wannan babban aikin, an gina masana'antun kankare biyu.
Irin aikin magina
Ginin ya gudana ne a mawuyacin lokaci, lokacin da akwai mutane da yawa a cikin ƙasar ba tare da aiki da wurin zama ba. Ginin ya ceci iyalai da yawa ta hanyar samar da dubban ayyuka. Duk da mawuyacin yanayi da rashin dacewar farko a farkon lokacin, kwararar waɗanda ke buƙatar aiki bai kafe ba. Mutane sun zo cikin dangi kuma sun zauna a cikin tanti kusa da wurin ginin.
Albashin ya kasance na awa kuma an fara shi da cent 50. Matsakaicin matsakaici an saita shi a $ 1.25. A lokacin, kuɗi ne mai kyau da dubban Amurkawa marasa aikin yi suke so. A matsakaici, mutane dubu 3-4 suna aiki a shafukan a kowace rana, amma ban da wannan, ƙarin aiki ya bayyana a cikin masana'antun da suka shafi hakan. An ji wannan tashin a cikin jihohin makwabta, inda akwai injinan ƙarfe, ma'adinai, masana'antu.
A karkashin sharuddan kwangilar, an sasanta dokoki tsakanin wakilan ‘yan kwangila da gwamnati don takaita daukar ma’aikata dangane da launin fata. Mai ba da aikin ya fifita kwararru, tsoffin mayaka, farare maza da mata. An saita ƙaramin kaso don mutanen Mexico da Baƙin Amurkawa waɗanda aka yi amfani da su azaman aiki mafi arha. An hana shi karɓar mutane daga Asiya, musamman Sinanci, don gini. Gwamnati ba ta da mummunan tarihi game da gini da sake ginin San Francisco, inda baƙon ma'aikata na China ya girma ya zama mafi girma a Amurka.
An shirya sansanin wucin gadi ga magina, amma 'yan kwangila sun daidaita jadawalin a kokarin haɓaka saurin gini da ayyukan yi. An gina wurin sulhu ne kawai bayan shekara guda. Manyan Manyan sun sake tsugunar da ma'aikata a manyan gidaje, tare da sanya takunkumi da yawa ga mazauna. Lokacin da aka gina madatsar ruwan, garin ya sami ikon aiki.
Ba sauki gurasa ga magina ba. A cikin watanni na rani, yawan zafin jiki na iya tsayawa a digiri 40-50 na dogon lokaci. Direbobi da masu hawa hawa sun sa rayukansu kusan kowane motsi. An yi rijistar mutuwar 114 bisa hukuma, amma a zahiri akwai da yawa.
Projectimar aikin
Ginin Hoover Dam ya sa Amurka ta ci kuɗi mai yawa a lokacin - dala miliyan 49. A cikin shekaru biyar kawai, aikin gini na sikeli na musamman ya kammala. Godiya ga tafki, gonaki a Nevada, California da Arizona a yau suna da wadataccen ruwa kuma suna iya haɓaka aikin noma mai ban ruwa. Garuruwa a duk yankin sun sami tushen wutar lantarki mai arha, wanda ya haifar da ci gaban masana'antu da haɓaka yawan jama'a. A cewar masana tarihi, gina madatsar ruwa ta Hoover yana da nasaba da saurin ci gaban Las Vegas, babban birnin caca na Amurka, wanda a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci ya juya daga ƙaramin garin lardin zuwa babban birni mai cike da almara.
Har zuwa 1949, tashar wutar lantarki da madatsar ruwa ana ɗaukar su mafi girma a duniya. Hoover Dam mallakar gwamnatin Amurka ce kuma tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tabbatar da daidaiton amfani da wutar lantarki a yankunan yammacin kasar. An gabatar da tsarin sarrafa kansa na tashar a cikin 1991 kuma yana aiki daidai ba tare da sa hannun mai ba da sabis ba.
Hoover Dam yana da ban sha'awa ba kawai a matsayin tsarin injiniya na musamman ba. Hakanan an lura da darajarta ta gine-gine, wanda ke da alaƙa da sunan sanannen mai zanen Ba'amurken Gordon Kaufman. Tsarin waje na madatsar ruwa, hasumiyai masu shan ruwa, gidan kayan gargajiya da hadaddun abin tunawa sun ba da izinin ginin mutum don dacewa da yanayin panorama. Dam din sanannen abu ne sananne. Yana da wuya a yi tunanin mutumin da zai ƙi ɗaukar hoto a kan asalin wannan kyakkyawar kyakkyawar rayuwa.
Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa kamfanoni da ƙungiyoyin al'umma ke son yin gabatarwa ko zanga-zanga a kusa da Dam ɗin Hoover. Hoover Dam ya shahara sosai ga masu yin fim. Superman ne ya tseratar da ita kuma jarumin fim din "Universal Soldier", 'yan iska Beavis da Butthat suka yi kokarin lalatawa. Wani abin birgewa Homer Simpson da kuma babbar rundunar Transformers sun keta mutuncin katangar kankare. Kuma wadanda suka kirkiro wasannin komputa sun kalli makomar Hoover Dam kuma sun kirkiro da wani sabon salon kasancewa dashi bayan yakin nukiliya da afuwa a duniya.
Ko da bayan shekaru da yawa, tare da bayyanar maƙasudin ayyuka, madatsar ruwan na ci gaba da mamaki. Yaya yawan juriya da ƙarfin hali ya ɗauka don ƙirƙirar da gina irin wannan tsarin injiniyan na musamman.
