Yana da al'ada a faɗi game da mutane kamar marubucin Ba'amurke Jack London (1876-1916): "Ya rayu ɗan gajere amma rayuwa mai haske", yayin da yake nuna kalmar "haske". Sunce mutum bashi da damar haduwa da nutsuwa cikin nutsuwa, amma a lokacin da aka bashi ya dauki komai daga rayuwa.
Yana da wuya London ita kanta, idan aka ƙaddara mata rayuwa a karo na biyu, za ta yarda ta maimaita turbar ta. Yaro maras ƙaranci wanda, saboda talauci, ba zai iya gama makarantar sakandare ba, har yanzu ya sami nasara. Tuni a cikin shekarun sa na farko, bayan ya sami kwarewar rayuwa, London, ta hanyar aiki tuƙuru, ya koyi canja wurin abubuwan da yake so zuwa takarda. Ya sami farin jini ta hanyar gaya wa mai karatu ba abin da suke son karantawa ba, amma abin da zai gaya musu.
Kuma bayan da aka tilasta marubucin "Farin Shiru", "Hearfin ƙarfe" da "Farin Fang" su rubuta aƙalla wani abu, don kar su sake zamewa cikin talauci. Haihuwar marubucin - ya mutu yana da shekara 40, ya sami nasarar rubuta manya-manyan ayyuka 57 da labarai marasa adadi - an bayyana shi ne ba ta hanyar yawan ra'ayoyi ba, amma ta hanun son samun kuɗi. Ba don neman dukiya ba - don tsira. Abin mamaki ne kawai cewa, jujjuya abubuwa kamar zobe a cikin keken, London ta sami damar ƙirƙirar ɗimbin adabin adabin duniya.
1. ofarfin bugawar rubutu Jack London na iya koyo a ƙuruciya. Mahaifiyarsa, Flora, ba ta nuna bambanci musamman a cikin dangantaka da maza. A ƙarshen karni na 19, ra'ayoyin jama'a sun kasance rarrabe sosai game da 'yan mata mata waɗanda ke zaune a waje da dangi. Wannan ya sanya irin waɗannan matan ta atomatik a kan layin da ke raba alaƙa da karuwanci. A lokacin da aka ɗauki cikin Jack na gaba, Flora Wellman ta ci gaba da kasancewa tare da maza uku, kuma ta zauna tare da Farfesa William Cheney. Wata rana, yayin wata jayayya, sai ta yi kisan kai. Ba ita ce ta farko ba, ba kuma ta karshe ba, amma ‘yan jaridar sun koyi hakan. Wani abin kunya a cikin ruhun "wani farfesan da ba shi da hankali ya tilasta wa wata yarinya budurwa da ba ta da kwarewa da ke kaunarsa ta zubar da ciki, wanda hakan ya sa dole ta harbe kanta" ta shiga cikin manema labarai a duk Jihohin, har abada lalata darajar Cheney. Bayan haka, ya ƙi yarda da mahaifinsa.
2. London - sunan miji mai shari’a na Flora Wellman, wanda ta same shi lokacin da jariri Jack yake da wata takwas. John London mutumin kirki ne, mai gaskiya, mai fasaha, ba ya jin tsoron kowane aiki kuma a shirye yake ya yi komai ga dangi. 'Ya'yansa mata biyu,' yan uwanta mata Jack, sun girma iri ɗaya. Wata 'yar'uwar dattijuwa mai suna Eliza, da kyar ta ga ƙaramar Jack, ta ɗauke shi a ƙarƙashin hankalinta kuma ta yi rayuwarta duka tare da shi. Gabaɗaya, ƙaramin Landan yayi sa'a sosai tare da mutane. Tare da banda ɗaya - mahaifiyarsa. Flora ta mallaki kuzarin da ba za a iya sakewa ba. Kullum tana zuwa da sabbin kasada, wanda rushewar sa ya sanya iyali a bakin rai. Kuma an bayyana ƙaunarta ta mahaifiya lokacin da Eliza da Jack suka kamu da tsananin ciwon diphtheria. Flora tana da sha'awar ko za a iya binne yara a cikin akwatin gawa ɗaya - zai fi haka sauƙi.
3. Kamar yadda kuka sani, Jack London, tunda ya zama marubuci kuma ɗan jarida, a sauƙaƙe yana rubuta kalmomi dubu sau ɗaya kowace safiya - juzu'i ne na kowane marubuci. Shi da kansa ya ba da labarin abin da ya fi ƙarfinsa a matsayin abin alfahari a makaranta. A lokacin waƙar mawaƙa, ya yi shiru, kuma da malamin ya lura da hakan, sai ya zarge ta da waƙa mara kyau. Ita, sun ce, tana so ta lalata muryarsa kuma. Ziyara ta gari ga darektan ya ƙare tare da izini don maye gurbin waƙar minti 15 na yau da kullun a cikin mawaƙa tare da yanki. Dangane da lokaci, ya zama kamar, azuzuwan ba daya bane, amma London sun koyi gama abun ne kafin ƙarshen ajin mawaƙa, suna samun ɗan lokaci kaɗan.
4. Shahararren Jack London tsakanin tsararraki da zuriyar zuriya ta dace da shahararrun taurarin farko. Ba'amurke Richard North, wanda ya ƙaunaci London, ya taɓa jin cewa a bangon ɗayan bukkokin da ke Henderson Creek, akwai wani rubutu da gunkinsa ya sassaka. Arewa ta fara shafe shekaru da yawa tana neman ma'aikacin gidan waya Jack Mackenzie, wanda ya ga wannan rubutun. Ya tuna cewa ya ga rubutun, amma ya fi shekaru 20 da suka gabata. Wannan tabbaci ya ishi Arewa. Ya san cewa London tana haɓaka Site 54 akan Henderson Creek. Bayan yawo cikin thean tsira bukkokin da ke raye a kan kwalelen kare, ragowar Canadianan Kanada da suka yi farin ciki: a jikin bangon ɗayansu an sassaka shi: "Jack London, mai hangen nesa, marubuci, Janairu 27, 1897". Wadanda suke kusa da Landan da kuma binciken ilimin kimiya sun tabbatar da sahihancin rubutun. An lalata bukkar, kuma ta amfani da kayanta, an gina kofi biyu don masoyan marubucin a Amurka da Kanada.
5. A cikin 1904, da alama Sojojin Japan sun harbe London da kyau. Ya isa Japan ne a matsayin wakilin yaki. Koyaya, Jafananci ba su da sha'awar barin baƙi a fagen daga. Jack ya yi hanyarsa zuwa Koriya da kansa, amma an tilasta masa ya sauka a otal - ba a taɓa ba shi izinin zuwa gaba ba. A sakamakon haka, ya shiga cikin takaddama tsakanin bawansa da abokin aikinsa kuma ya faɗi bawan wani. Yankin yaƙin, baƙon baƙon da ke ba da hayaniya ... Sauran 'yan jaridar sun ji cewa wani abu ba daidai ba ne. Daya daga cikinsu ma ya ki amincewa da sakon waya ga Shugaba Roosevelt (Theodore) da kansa. Abin farin, tun kafin su sami amsa, 'yan jaridar ba su bata lokaci ba, kuma cikin sauri suka tura Landan kan wani jirgin da ke barin Japan.
6. A karo na biyu Landan ta shiga yaƙi a shekara ta 1914. Har yanzu, dangantaka tsakanin Amurka da Mexico ta kara tabarbarewa. Washington ta yanke shawarar karbe tashar jiragen ruwa ta Vera Cruz daga makwabciyarta ta kudu. Jack London ya yi tafiya zuwa Mexico a matsayin wakilin musamman na mujallar Collers ($ 1,100 a mako da kuma sake biyan kuɗin da aka kashe). Koyaya, wani abu a cikin manyan matakan iko ya tsaya. An soke aikin soja. Landan dole ne ya gamsu da babban nasara a karta (ya doke takwarorinsa 'yan jarida) kuma ya sha fama da ciwon zazzaɓi. A cikin 'yan kayayyakin da ya samu damar aikawa zuwa mujallar, London ta bayyana kwarin gwiwar sojojin Amurka.
7. A farkon tafiyarta ta adabi, London ta karfafa kanta da jumlar "dala 10 a dubu", sihiri ne a gare shi a wancan lokacin. Wannan yana nufin adadin da ake zargin mujallu sun biya marubuta don rubutun - $ 10 a cikin kalmomi dubu. Jack ya aika da ayyukansa da yawa, kowane ɗayan yana da aƙalla kalmomi dubu 20, zuwa mujallu daban-daban, kuma cikin tunani ya fara wadata. Bacin ransa yayi girma alhali a cikin amsar daya zo, anyi yarjejeniya don buga labarin gaba daya akan $ 5! A kan aikin baƙar fata, Landan zai sami ƙari da yawa a cikin lokacin da aka ɓata kan labarin. Aikin adabi na marubucin da ke son ya sami ceto ta hanyar wasika daga mujallar Black Cat wacce ta zo a wannan rana, inda London ta aiko da labarin kalmomi dubu 40. A cikin wasikar, an yi masa tayin dala 40 don buga labarin da sharadi guda - a yanka shi rabi. Amma wannan ya kasance $ 20 a cikin kalmomi dubu!
8. Babban labarin "Furucin Shiru" da kuma wani, "Ga wadanda ke kan hanya", Landan ta sayar wa mujallar "Transatlantic Weekly" kan dala 12.5, amma ba su biya shi ba na tsawon lokaci. Marubucin da kansa ya zo ofishin edita. A bayyane yake, London mai ƙarfi ta yi tasiri a kan edita da abokin aikinsa - duka ma'aikatan mujallar. Sun juya aljihunsu kuma suka ba da London komai. Mawallafin adabi na mutane biyu yana da dala $ 5 a canji. Amma wadancan dala biyar sun yi sa'a. Abubuwan da London ta samu ya fara tashi. Bayan ɗan lokaci, mujalla mai kusan kusan suna iri ɗaya - "Atlantic Monthly" - ta biya Landan kamar dala 120 don labarin.
9.Tattalin arziki, duk rayuwar adabin Landan ta zama tseren Achilles da kunkuru. Neman daloli, ya ciyar da dubun, ya sami ɗari - ya kashe dubbai, ya sami dubbai, ya zurfafa cikin bashi. London tayi aiki sosai, an biya shi da yawa, kuma a lokaci guda, asusun marubucin bashi da ɗan kuɗi kaɗan.
10. Tafiyar Landan da matarsa Charmian a ƙetare Pacific a kan jirgin ruwan Snark don tattara sabon abu ya yi nasara - littattafai biyar da ƙananan ayyuka da yawa a cikin shekaru biyu. Koyaya, kulawa da jirgin ruwa da ma'aikatan, gami da overheads, ya sa kyakkyawan ƙirar ta kasance mara kyau, duk da cewa masu bugawar sun biya kyauta kuma abinci a cikin yankuna masu rahusa ba shi da arha.
11. Yin magana game da siyasa, Landan kusan koyaushe ana kiran kanta ɗan gurguzu. Duk bayyanar da yake yi a bayyane koyaushe ya nuna farin ciki a cikin hagu hagu da ƙiyayya a hannun dama. Koyaya, gurguzu ba hujja ce ta marubuci ba, amma kira ne na zuciya, yunƙurin sake tabbatar da adalci a Duniya, ba komai. Sau da yawa 'yan gurguzu suna sukar Landan saboda wannan taka-tsantsan. Kuma lokacin da marubucin ya sami wadata, ƙididdigar su ta wuce duk iyakoki.
12. Rubuta gabaɗaya ya kawo London kusan dala miliyan - babban adadi a lokacin - amma ba shi da abin da ya rage a ransa sai basusuka da gidan kiwo. Kuma sayan wannan garken yana nuna ikon marubuci siyayya. An sayar da ranch kan $ 7,000. An saita wannan farashin tare da tsammanin sabon mai shi zai kiwon kifi a cikin tafkunan. Mafarautan ya shirya ya siyar da shi zuwa Landan don dubu 5. Maigidan, yana tsoron tsokanar marubucin, ya fara bi da shi a hankali don canza farashin. London ta yanke shawarar cewa suna so su kara farashin, ba su saurare shi ba, sai suka yi ihu cewa an amince da farashin, lokaci! Dole ne maigidan ya karɓi dubu bakwai daga hannunsa. A lokaci guda, marubucin ba shi da kuɗi kwata-kwata, dole ne ya ranta.
13. Dangane da zuciya da kauna ta ruhaniya, akwai mata huɗu a cikin rayuwar Jack London. Yayinda yake saurayi, yana soyayya da Mabel Applegarth. Yarinyar ta rama masa, amma mahaifiyarta na iya tsorata ko da wani waliyyi daga 'yarta. Cikin baƙin ciki da rashin iya haɗuwa da ƙaunataccensa, London ya sadu da Bessie Maddern. Ba da daɗewa ba - a cikin 1900 - sun yi aure, kodayake da farko babu ƙanshin soyayya. Sun dai ji dadi tare. Ta hanyar shigar Bessie da kanta, soyayya ta zo mata daga baya fiye da aure. Charmian Kittredge ta zama matar marubuciya ta biyu a hukumance a shekarar 1904, wanda marubucin ya kwashe sauran shekarun tare da ita. Anna Strunskaya kuma tana da babban tasiri akan Landan. Tare da wannan yarinyar, wacce asalinta 'yar Rasha ce, Landan ta rubuta littafi game da soyayya "Rubutun Campton da Weiss".
14. A lokacin rani na 1902 London ta tafi Afirka ta Kudu ta hanyar wucewa ta cikin Landan. Tafiyar bata yi tasiri ba, amma marubucin bai bata lokaci ba. Ya sayi tufafi marasa kyau kuma ya tafi Gabas ta Tsakiya don bincika ƙasan Landan. A can ya share tsawon watanni uku ya rubuta littafin "Mutanen Abyss", yana ɓoye lokaci zuwa lokaci a cikin ɗakin haya daga wani mai bincike mai zaman kansa. A cikin hoton motar daga Gabas ta Tsakiya, ya koma New York. Halin da abokan aikin Burtaniya da abokai na Amurka suka nuna game da wannan aikin an nuna shi ta hanyar maganar daya daga cikin mutanen da suka hadu, wanda nan da nan ya lura: babu wata riga kofa a Landan, kuma an maye gurbin masu dakatarwar da bel din fata - daga mahangar talakawan Amurka, mutum ne mai kaskantar da kai.
15. Ba a ganuwa daga waje, amma muhimmiyar rawa a cikin shekaru goman da suka gabata na rayuwar Landan ta Japan ce ta taka shi. Marubucin ya ɗauke shi aiki a matsayin ɗan gida yayin tafiyar shekaru biyu a kan Snark. Japanesean ƙaramin Jafananci ya yi kama da samari kamar London: ya ɗauki ilimin da ƙwarewa kamar soso. Nan da nan ya kware sosai a ayyukan bawa, sannan ya zama mai taimaka wa marubucin, kuma lokacin da Landan ta sayi filin, ya fara sarrafa gidan. A lokaci guda, Nakata yayi aikin fasaha mai yawa daga kaifin fensir da sayen takarda zuwa nemo littattafan da suka dace, ƙasidu da talifofin jarida. Daga baya, Nakata, wanda London ta ɗauka kamar ɗa, ya zama likitan hakori tare da taimakon kuɗi na marubucin.
16. London ta shagaltu sosai da harkar noma. A cikin kankanin lokaci, ya zama kwararre kuma ya fahimci dukkan bangarorin wannan masana'antar, daga yaɗuwar amfanin gona zuwa yanayin al'amuran a kasuwar Amurka. Ya inganta kiwo, ya wadatar da filaye, ya share filayen noman ciyawa wanda ya cika da ciyayi. Ingantaccen shanu, an gina silo, kuma an samar da tsarin ban ruwa. A lokaci guda, ma'aikata sun sami masauki, tebur da albashi na kwana takwas. Wannan, ba shakka, ana buƙatar kuɗi. Asara daga noma a wasu lokuta takan kai dala dubu 50 a wata.
17. Dangantakar London da Sinclair Lewis ta kasance mai son sani, a cikin farin jinin da Landan ta yi a matsayin matalauta mai son marubuci. Don samun ɗan kuɗi kaɗan, Lewis ya aika da filaye da yawa zuwa Landan don labarai na gaba. Ya so ya sayar da filayen akan $ 7.5. London ta zaɓi filaye biyu kuma cikin aminci ya aika Lewis $ 15, wanda ya sayi wa kansa riga. Bayan haka, wasu lokuta Landan ta fada cikin rikici na kirkire-kirkire saboda bukatar yin rubutu cikin sauri da yawa, an siye daga Lewis makircin labaran "The Prodigal Father", "Matar da ta ba da ranta ga Mutum" da "Dan Dambe a cikin Tailcoat" a kan $ 5. Makircin "Mista Cincinnatus" ya tafi na 10. Har yanzu daga baya, bisa ga makircin Lewis, labarin "Lokacin da duk duniya ta kasance matashi" da labarin "The Fiighter Beast" an rubuta su. Samun sabuwar London shine makircin littafin kisan kai ofis. Marubucin bai san yadda za a kusanci wani shiri mai ban sha'awa ba, kuma ya yi rubutu game da shi ga Lewis. Ya aika wa abokin aikinsa cikakkiyar kyauta game da littafin kyauta. Kaico, London bata da lokacin gamawa.
18. Ana iya kirga kwanakin karshe na rayuwar Jack London daga 18 ga Agusta, 1913. A wannan rana, gidan, wanda ya gina fiye da shekaru uku, ya ƙone kurmus makonni biyu kafin a motsa shi. Gidan Wolf, kamar yadda London ta kira shi, gidan sarauta ne na gaske. Jimlar girman harabar sa ya kai muraba'in mita 1,400. m. London ta kashe $ 80,000 akan ginin Wolf House. Kawai a cikin sha'anin kuɗi, ba tare da la'akari da ƙarin ƙimar da aka ƙaru don kayan gini da ƙarin albashi ga magina ba, wannan ya kusan dala miliyan 2.5. Sanarwa guda kawai game da wannan adadin ta jawo suka mai ban tsoro - marubuci wanda ya kira kansa mai ra'ayin gurguzu, ya gina wa kansa gidan sarauta. Bayan wutar a Landan, wani abu kamar ya fashe. Ya ci gaba da aiki, amma duk cututtukansa sun ta'azzara lokaci guda, kuma ya daina jin daɗin rayuwa.
19. Nuwamba 21, 1916 Jack London ya gama tattara kayansa - zai tafi New York. Har zuwa yamma, ya yi magana da 'yar'uwarsa Eliza, suna tattaunawa kan ƙarin shirye-shirye don haɓaka aikin noma a kan garken. A safiyar Nuwamba 22, bayin suka farka Eliza - Jack yana kwance a gado a sume. Akan teburin gefen gadon akwai kwalaben morphine (London ta sauƙaƙa jin zafi daga uremia) da atropine. Mafi yawan magana sun kasance bayanan kula daga littafin rubutu tare da lissafin yawan guba na guba. Likitoci sun dauki dukkan matakan ceto a wannan lokacin, amma hakan bai yi nasara ba. Da ƙarfe 19 Jack Jack ɗan shekara 40 ya gama bala'in tafiyarsa ta duniya.
20. A cikin Emerville, wani yanki na Auckland, inda aka haife shi kuma a yankin da ya shafe yawancin rayuwarsa, magoya bayansa sun dasa itacen oak a shekara ta 1917. Wannan itaciya, wanda aka dasa a tsakiyar filin, har yanzu yana girma. Magoya bayan London suna jayayya cewa daga wurin da aka dasa itacen oak ne Jack London ya gabatar da daya daga cikin jawabansa game da tsarin jari hujja. Bayan wannan jawabin, an kama shi a karo na farko saboda dalilai na siyasa, kodayake bisa ga takaddun 'yan sanda, an tsare shi ne saboda tayar da hankali ga jama'a.
