Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750) - Mawaki Bajamushe, mai tsara gabar jiki, madugu kuma malamin kiɗa.
Marubucin wakoki sama da 1000 da aka rubuta a cikin nau'ikan daban-daban na lokacinsa. Kwararren Furotesta, ya kirkiro abubuwa da yawa na ruhaniya.
Akwai abubuwan ban sha'awa da yawa a cikin tarihin rayuwar Johann Bach, wanda zamuyi magana akansa a cikin wannan labarin.
Don haka, a gabanku gajeriyar tarihin Johann Sebastian Bach.
Tarihin Bach
An haifi Johann Sebastian Bach a ranar 21 ga Maris (31), 1685 a cikin garin Eisenach na Jamusawa. Ya girma kuma ya girma a gidan mawaƙi Johann Ambrosius Bach da matarsa Elisabeth Lemmerhirt. Shi ne ƙarami cikin 'ya'ya 8 na iyayensa.
Yara da samari
An san daular Bach da waƙa tun farkon ƙarni na 16, sakamakon haka yawancin magabatan Johann da dangi ƙwararrun masu fasaha ne.
Mahaifin Bach yayi rayuwa ne ta shirya kide kide da wake-wake a coci.
Ba abin mamaki bane cewa shi ne ya zama malamin kiɗa na farko ga ɗansa. Tun yana ƙarami, Johann ya rera waƙa a cikin mawaƙa kuma ya nuna matukar sha'awar fasahar kiɗa.
Bala'i na farko a cikin tarihin rayuwar mawaƙin nan gaba ya faru ne yana da shekara 9, lokacin da mahaifiyarsa ta mutu. Bayan shekara guda, mahaifinsa ma ya mutu, dalilin da ya sa babban ɗan'uwansa Johann Christoph, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ƙwaya, ya karɓi tarbiyyar Johann.
Daga baya Johann Sebastian Bach ya shiga dakin motsa jiki. A lokaci guda, ɗan'uwansa ya koya masa yadda za a yi amfani da kayan masarufi da sashin jiki. Lokacin da saurayin yakai shekaru 15, yaci gaba da karatun sa a makarantar koyon sana'oi, inda yayi karatun shekaru 3.
A wannan lokacin na rayuwarsa, Bach ya binciko ayyukan mawaƙa da yawa, sakamakon haka shi kansa ya fara ƙoƙarin rubuta waƙa. Ayyukansa na farko an rubuta su ne don gabobin jiki da kayan aiki.
Waƙa
Bayan kammala karatun sakandare a cikin 1703, Johann Sebastian ya sami aiki a matsayin mawaƙin kotu tare da Duke Johann Ernst.
Godiya ga kyakkyawan kidan goge, ya sami shahara a cikin gari. Ba da daɗewa ba ya gaji da farantawa manya da jami'ai rai tare da wasansa.
Da yake yana son ci gaba da haɓaka ƙwarewar kirkirar sa, Bach ya yarda ya ɗauki matsayin kwayar halitta a ɗayan cocin. Yin wasa kawai kwana 3 a mako, ya sami albashi mai kyau, wanda ya ba shi damar tsara kiɗa da kuma tafiyar da rayuwa mara kulawa.
A wannan lokacin na tarihin rayuwarsa, Sebastian Bach ya rubuta abubuwa da yawa na kayan aiki. Koyaya, dangantaka mai kyau tare da hukumomin yankin ya tura shi barin garin bayan shekaru 3. Musamman ma, 'yan cocin sun soki shi saboda aikin kirkirar ayyukan alfarma na gargajiya, da kuma ficewa ba tare da izini ba daga birni kan al'amuran mutum.
A cikin 1706 an gayyaci Johann Bach ya yi aiki a matsayin ɗan koli a cikin Cocin St. Blasius, wanda ke Mühluhausen. Sun fara biyan shi mafi girman albashi, kuma matakin kwarewar mawaƙa na gari ya fi na gidan ibada da ya gabata.
Duk shugabannin birni da na coci sun yi matukar farin ciki da Bach. Bugu da ƙari, sun amince su dawo da ɓangaren cocin, suna ba da kuɗi mai yawa don wannan dalili, kuma sun biya shi wani babban kuɗi don yin rubutun cantata "Ubangiji shine Tsar na."
Duk da haka, kimanin shekara ɗaya bayan haka, Johann Sebastian Bach ya bar Mühluhausen, yana komawa Weimar. A cikin 1708 ya karɓi matsayin ɗan ƙaramin kotu, yana karɓar ƙarin albashi mafi girma don aikinsa. A wannan lokacin tarihin sa, hazakarsa ta iya wayewa.
Bach ya yi rubuce-rubuce da yawa na ayyukan fasahohi da na makaɗa, yana ɗokin nazarin ayyukan Vivaldi da Corelli, kuma ya ƙware da sautuka masu ƙarfi da makircin jituwa.
Bayan fewan shekaru kaɗan, Duke Johann Ernst ya kawo shi daga ƙasashen waje ƙididdiga masu yawa daga mawaƙan Italiyanci, waɗanda suka buɗe sabon yanayi a cikin fasaha don Sebastian.
Bach yana da dukkan sharuɗɗa don aiki mai fa'ida, an ba shi dama don amfani da ƙungiyar makaɗa ta Duke. Ba da daɗewa ba ya fara aiki a kan Littafin Organ, tarin abubuwan gabatarwa. A wannan lokacin, mutumin ya riga ya sami suna a matsayin mai ƙwaƙƙwaran ƙwayoyin cuta da harpsichordist.
A cikin tarihin rayuwar Bach, an san shari'ar mai ban sha'awa da ta faru da shi a wannan lokacin. A cikin 1717 shahararren mawaƙin Faransa Louis Marchand ya zo Dresden. Babban mawaƙan mawaƙan cikin gida ya yanke shawarar shirya gasa tsakanin kyawawan halaye guda biyu, wanda duka biyun suka amince da shi.
Koyaya, "duel" da aka daɗe ana jira bai taɓa faruwa ba. Marchand, wanda ya ji wasan Johann Bach washegarin da ya gabata kuma ya ji tsoron gazawa, ya hanzarta barin Dresden. A sakamakon haka, an tilasta Sebastian yin wasa shi kaɗai a gaban masu sauraro, yana nuna ƙwarewar aikinsa.
A cikin 1717 Bach ya sake yanke shawarar canza wurin aikinsa, amma duke ba zai bar ƙaunataccen mawaƙinsa ya tafi ba har ma sun kame shi na ɗan lokaci don buƙatun da akai na yin murabus. Duk da haka, dole ne ya daidaita da tafiyar Johann Sebastian.
A karshen wannan shekarar, Bach ya hau kujerar Kapellmeister tare da Yarima Anhalt-Ketensky, wanda ya fahimci abubuwa da yawa game da kiɗa. Yariman ya yaba da aikinsa, sakamakon hakan ya biya shi kyauta kuma ya ba shi damar ingantawa.
A wannan lokacin, Johann Bach ya zama marubucin sanannen Brandenburg Concertos da Well-Tempered Clavier sake zagayowar. A cikin 1723 ya sami aiki a matsayin mai canto na St Thomas Choir a cikin cocin Leipzig.
A lokaci guda, masu sauraro sun ji kyakkyawan aikin Bach "St. John Passion". Ba da daɗewa ba ya zama "darektan kiɗa" na duk majami'un birnin. A tsawon shekaru 6 da ya yi a Leipzig, mutumin ya wallafa kewaya 5 na shekara-shekara, 2 daga cikinsu ba su tsira ba har zuwa yau.
Bugu da kari, Johann Sebastian Bach ya hada ayyukan duniya. A cikin bazara na 1729 an ba shi amanar jagorancin Collegium of Music - taron jama'a.
A wannan lokacin, Bach ya rubuta shahararren "Coffee Cantata" da "Mass in B ƙananan", wanda aka ɗauka a matsayin mafi kyawun aiki a tarihin duniya. Don yin aikin ruhaniya, ya tsara "Babban Mass a cikin ƙaramin B" da "St. Matthew Passion", ana ba shi taken masarautar Yaren mutanen Poland da Saxon.
A cikin 1747 Bach ya sami gayyata daga masarautar Prussia Frederick II. Mai mulkin ya nemi mawaki ya gabatar da kayan masarufi bisa fasahar zane da ya gabatar.
A sakamakon haka, maestro nan take ya hada fugue mai murya 3, wanda daga baya ya kara shi da zagaye na bambancin ra'ayi akan wannan jigo. Ya kira sake zagayowar "Kyautar Musika", bayan haka ya gabatar da shi kyauta ga sarki.
A tsawon shekarun tarihinsa na kirkire-kirkire, Johann Sebastian Bach ya wallafa rubuce-rubuce sama da guda 1000, da yawa daga cikinsu ana yin su yanzu a manyan wurare a duniya.
Rayuwar mutum
A ƙarshen shekarar 1707, mawaƙin ya auri ɗan uwansa na biyu Maria Barbara. A wannan auren, ma'auratan sun haifi yara bakwai, uku daga cikinsu sun mutu tun suna kanana.
Abin sha'awa, 'ya'yan Bach guda biyu, Wilhelm Friedemann da Carl Philipp Emanuel, daga baya suka zama ƙwararrun mawaƙa.
A watan Yulin 1720, Maria ta mutu ba zato ba tsammani. Kimanin shekara guda bayan haka, Bach ya sake auren mai gabatar da kara na Anna Magdalena Wilke, wanda ke da shekaru 16 ƙarami. Ma'auratan suna da yara 13, wanda 6 daga cikinsu suka rayu.
Mutuwa
A cikin shekarun karshe na rayuwarsa, Johann Bach bai ga komai ba, don haka ya ci gaba da tsara kida, yana ba surukinsa umarni. Ba da daɗewa ba an yi masa tiyata 2 a gaban idanunsa, wanda hakan ya haifar da makantar da mai hankali.
Yana da ban sha'awa cewa kwanaki 10 kafin mutuwarsa, ganin mutumin ya dawo na wasu awanni, amma da yamma sai buguwa ta same shi. Johann Sebastian Bach ya mutu a ranar 28 ga Yuli, 1750 yana da shekara 65. Dalilin da zai iya haifar da mutuwa na iya zama rikitarwa bayan tiyata.
Hotunan Bach
