Gypsies sune mafi girman al'umma a Duniya, ba tare da ƙasarsu ba. Mutane masu launin fata masu duhu baƙar fata ana tsananta musu kusan koyaushe kuma a ko'ina. An fatattake su daga ƙasarsu ta asali ta Indiya, kuma tun daga wannan lokacin Romawa ba su sami wurin yin matsuguni ba. Gypsies din da kansu suna yin ba'a cewa wannan ba hijira da fitina ba ne, Allah ne ya ba su duniya duka su zauna.
Yawancin maganganu marasa kyau game da gypsies, kuma yawancin wannan gaskiya ne. Gypsies - akasari - da gaske basa karkata ga aiki mai amfani kuma galibi ba sa rayuwa a hanyoyin da suka fi dacewa. Ba shi yiwuwa a tuhumi mutanen gaba daya ba tare da shakku ba, kamar yadda ba shi yiwuwa a ce ba tare da shakka ba ko irin wannan halin na kasa ne ko kuma matsin lamba daga waje ne ya kawo shi. Tabbas, tsawon ƙarni da yawa gypsies na iya samun kuɗin shiga kawai ta hanyar aikin da mazauna wurin suka ƙi. A gefe guda kuma, a cikin USSR, inda aka bai wa Gypsies aiki, kuma zai yiwu a tafi gidan yari don rayuwar makiyaya, wasu Gypsies din sun ci gaba da zama a sansanonin makiyaya da kasuwanci na sata.
A bayyane yake cewa Gypsies mutane ne masu tarihin gaske da wahalar gaske. Suna rayuwa aƙalla cikin mawuyacin hali, kuma mafi yawan lokuta maƙiya, suna gudanar da adana al'adunsu kuma galibi suna rayuwa, kusan basa tare da yanayin.
1. Daga mahangar kimiyya, mutane guda daya “Gypsies” babu su - a kabilanci wannan al’ummar tana da bambanci. Koyaya, ya fi sauƙi ga Romawa kansu da waɗanda ke kusa da su su haɗa Romawa zuwa rukuni ɗaya - duk waɗannan Sinti, Manush, Kale da sauransu da wuya su bambanta a salon rayuwarsu.
2. Dangane da rashin fahimtar wasu majiyoyi rubutattu, masana kimiyya suna kokarin tantance asalin Rome ta hanyar kai tsaye, da fasali na yare. Mikhail Zadornov ya nuna misalin yadda zai yiwu a sake gina tarihin mutane daga yaren yare. Dangane da "bincikensa", dukkan mutanen duniya sun samo asali ne daga Rashanci, waɗanda suka bazu ("Watse") ko'ina cikin duniya a lokacin Ice Age. Koyaya, dangane da Roma, ana ɗaukar irin wannan bincike mai tsanani. Dangane da sigar da aka yarda da ita gaba ɗaya, Gypsies bai wuce karni na 3 BC ba. e. sun yi kaura daga Indiya, wanda shi ne mahaifarsu, zuwa yamma, suka isa Farisa da Masar.
3. Gypsies suna zaune ko'ina. Lambar su ta bambanta sosai dangane da ƙasar, amma yana da wuya a sami ƙasar da Gypsies ba za su kasance a ciki ba. Yawancin Romawa suna zaune a Amurka, Brazil, Spain, Bulgaria da Argentina. Rasha, tare da Roma dubu 220, ita ce ta shida a kan wannan jerin. Akwai manyan al'ummomin Roma a Kanada, Serbia, Slovakia da Bosnia da Herzegovina.
4. Duk da cewa mutanen Gypsy asalinsu 'yan Indiya ne, babu wasu Gypsies' yan asalin ƙasar da suka rage a wannan ƙasar - duk a lokaci ɗaya sun koma Farisa. Amma akwai yawan mutanen Gypsy a cikin Indiya - wasu Gypsies sun yi ƙaura daga Farisa. Gypsies a Indiya mutane ne masu nutsuwa da girmamawa - Indiyawa suna girmama mutanen da fatar jikinsu ma ta fi nasu sauƙi. Kuma akwai kuma gypsies na ƙarya a Indiya. Turawan Ingila da suka mallaki Indiya ba su yi ƙoƙari don gano ko waɗanne irin mutane waɗannan ko waɗanan Indiyawa ba ne. Ganin mabarata ko masu launin fata masu duhu akan titi, saboda neman yin wata sana'a, sai Turawan Burtaniya suka yi kwatankwacin abin tare da Mahaifiyar (Gypsy din ma ya ambaci Conan Doyle a cikin "Kala mai kyau") - gypsies! Wannan shine yadda kalmar 'gypsies' ta fara zuwa wakiltar wasu mashahuran Indianan Indiya.
5. Abubuwan da ake fassara game da Roma ana fassara su daban a cikin kasashe daban-daban. Sanannen abu ne cewa a cikin Rasha da USSR an yaba da rawar Gypsies da son rawar su. Halin da ake ciki game da Roma ba shi da kyau, amma an yi imanin cewa "duk da cewa suna raira waƙa da rawa da kyau". A cikin ƙasashen Turai, ana ɗaukar kiɗan gypsies a matsayin mummunan halaye - masu burodi, suna rawa kuma suna raira waƙa.
6. Mazaunin Burtaniya mai suna Smith yana da asali da asalin asalin Burtaniya. Lokacin da hukumomin Burtaniya suka fara kokarin kosar da Roma da wata wayewa, sai suka fara daukar sunan Smith. A Turanci “smith” maƙeri ne. Inda akwai maƙeri, akwai dawakai, inda akwai dawakai, akwai gypsies. Kuma Smith shine ɗayan sunaye waɗanda akafi sani a Ingila, fara a farkon karni na 19, gano duk mai ƙarancin Smiths. Duk da kokarin da gwamnati tayi, gypsies makiyaya a Burtaniya suna rayuwa har zuwa yau, kawai sun canza dawakan su zuwa gidajen tafi da gidanka.
7. Saurin da Romawa suka watsu cikin Turai yana birgewa. Hujja ta farko daga gare su ta faro ne daga shekara ta 1348, lokacin da Romawa suka zauna a cikin yankin da ake kira Serbia a yanzu. Kuma tuni a tsakiyar karni na gaba, sansanonin kwalliyar kwalliya sun zama sanannu game da yanayin gari a Barcelona da Tsibirin Birtaniyya.
8. Da farko dai, Turawan sun kasance suna abokantaka da Roma. Sun nuna musu takardu, wadanda ake zargin hukumomin masu addini da na ruhaniya ne suka bayar, in da aka ba wa Romawa damar yin bara da yawo. An gaya wa Romawa marasa karatu cewa an tilasta musu tuba, ta hana su zama a cikin gidaje masu tsayayye. An yi lissafin lokacin tuba. Koyaya, da sauri gypsies sun sami suna don ƙwararrun ɓarayi, kuma lokacin sa'a ya kare su sau ɗaya. Tun daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 15, aka fara tsananta musu.
9. Ba da sauri ba, tsananta wa Romawa ya kawo dalilin addini. Tabbas, a wani wuri a cikin matattakalar wuta tana ƙonewa, a inda mutane ke zagaye, suna magana cikin yare mai wuyar fahimta, suna rawa da raye-raye masu ban mamaki ga kiɗa mai ban mamaki - me zai hana ba mayya Asabar ba? Kuma gypsies sun horar da dabbobi da kyau kuma sun san abubuwa da yawa game da magani kuma ba ganye ba. Irin wannan ilimin da ƙwarewar suma an danganta su ga matsafa da mayu.
10. A duniyance, Romawa za su iya hadewa a kasashen Turai, in ba don tsarin gungun masana'antar ba. Membobin bita ko ƙungiyoyi waɗanda suka sami horo na musamman zasu iya yin wata sana'a. Samuwar sabbin maƙeran giji, masu jan kaya, masu kayan ado, masu ƙera takalmi, da dai sauransu, ya shafi buƙatun ƙungiyoyin, kuma da farko Romawa sun tsinci kansu cikin ɓangaren da ke gefe.
11. A tsakiyar zamanai, wanda a yanzu ake masa kallon zalunci - dubunnan mutane da suka hallara don zartar da hukuncin kisan gilla a gaban jama'a, da sauransu - An kori Gypsies daga ƙasashensu. Don haka suka isa Amurka da Ostiraliya. A cikin Sweden, Ingila, da wasu ƙasashen Jamusawa, akwai dokokin da ke ba da umarnin aiwatar da kisan na Roma, amma saboda rayuwar makiyaya ta ƙarshen, ba safai ake amfani da su ba. Kuma a cikin karni na 20, gwamnatin Hitler ta kashe Romawa kusan 600,000 kawai ta hanyar asalin ƙasa.
12. An daina bin dokokin Rome gabaɗaya a ƙarshen karni na 19. An yi imanin cewa kawar da waɗannan dokoki ya fara haɗawa da Romawa cikin al'ummomin ƙasashen da suke zaune. Koyaya, aikace-aikace ya nuna cewa akwai keɓaɓɓun shari'o'in haɗakarwa na ainihi, kuma gabaɗaya Romaan Rome sun ci gaba da jagorancin rayuwarsu ta yau da kullun.
13. 'Yan Roma sun shiga Rasha a tsakiyar karni na 19 daga Jamus ta Poland. Yawancin Gypsies da yawa sun yi aiki a cikin sojojin Rasha, suna mamaye wuraren da ba yaƙi. Sun yi aiki a matsayin ango, sirdi, maƙeri, da dai sauransu. Duk da haka, a cikin babban yanayin tsabtace jiki, ana ɗaukar irin wannan hidimar abin kunya.
14. Duk da yawan rashin yarda da addinin Islama ga Al'ummai, Abun mamaki Ottomans sun haƙura da Romawa. Gaskiya ne, wannan haƙuri ya shafi Romawa masu zaman kansu kawai waɗanda ke aikin hannu waɗanda ke da alaƙa da aikin ƙarfe - maƙera, maƙeran bindiga, da kayan adon dutse. Sun biya ƙasa da haraji fiye da Krista, kuma masu kera bindiga ba su da haraji kwata-kwata. Gypsies sun musulunta cikin sauki. Bayan rugujewar Daular Ottoman, irin wannan halin na taushi ya bar Gypsies a gefe - jama'ar gari da aka 'yantar, ba su iya isa ga Turkawa ba, suka ruga don ɗaukar fansa a kan Gypsies. An azabtar da su a fili kuma an kashe su. Wadanda suka yi sa'a sun zama bayi. Dangane da tallan jaridu, a tsakiyar ƙarni na 19 a Moldova da Hungary, an sayar da su cikin mutane da yawa.
15. Ana kiran gidan motsa jiki na gypsy wardo. Yana da murhu, tufafi, gado - duk abin da kuke buƙata na rayuwa. Koyaya, idan yanayi ya yarda, Gypsies sun gwammace su kwana a Bender - haɗuwa da tanti da yurts na mutanen arewa makiyaya. Yara an haife su kuma sun mutu ne kawai a cikin Bender - kada a haɗa alaƙar vardo da isowar mutum cikin rayuwa ko tashi daga gare ta. Yanzu kayan kwalliya sun zama masu tarin tsada - an biya dubunnan daloli a gare su.
16. Hanya mafi nasara don hade Roma ta kasance a Tarayyar Soviet. Gaskiya ne, bayanan hukuma akan kashi 90% na Romawa da aka zaunar basu da aminci, amma tabbas akwai Romawa da yawa da suka zauna. Akwai gonaki na gama gari, yara sun halarci makarantu kuma sun ci gaba da karatunsu, gypsies suna cikin sojoji. Har ila yau, akwai bulala - gypsies ana iya yanke musu hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru da yawa saboda rashin lafiya ko ɓoye-ɓoye. Bayan rugujewar USSR, aiki na yau da kullun kan haɗin kan manoma ya daina, amma Romawa ba su koma ga hanyar rayuwarsu ta da ba. Yanzu kusan 1% na gypsies na Rasha suna yawo.
17. Bayan rugujewar USSR da shigowar tsoffin ƙasashe masu ra'ayin gurguzu cikin Unionungiyar Tarayyar Turai, Romawa sun zama ainihin bala'i ga ƙasashen "tsohuwar" Turai. Dubun dubatar gypsies sun cika titunan manyan biranen Turai. Gypsies suna yin bara, zamba da sata. Idan a cikin Rasha 'yan Roma suna da hannu cikin fataucin miyagun ƙwayoyi, to a cikin Turai wannan kasuwancin yana sarrafa shi ta hanyar tsarin kabilanci mafi tsanani, don haka Romawa ba su da talauci.
18. Ko Romawa sun haɗu sun riƙe da yawa daga tsohuwar al'adu, musamman game da dangantakar iyali. Tabbas shugaban iyali shine miji. Wasu yara maza da mata iyayensu suka ɗauke su. A baya, ana yin hakan lokacin da yaran suka kai shekaru 15 - 16, yanzu suna ƙoƙari su ɗauki ango ko amarya ma tun da farko - hanzari ya taɓa gypsies ɗin. Gaskiyar cewa amarya budurwa ce dole ne a nuna ta tare da taimakon takardar. Babu shekarun aure a hukumance, ko kuma bambancin shekarun matasa na taka rawa - bikin auren wani yaro dan shekara 10 da yarinya mai shekaru 14 ba zai yiwu ba, kuma akasin haka.
19. Babu masu shaye shaye a bukukuwan aure na gypsy, kodayake ana shirya biki na kwana uku sosai da girma. Gypsies suna shan giya ne kawai a kansu, kuma waɗanda aka keɓance musamman suna lura da yanayin baƙi, waɗanda ke saurin cire baƙin baƙin daga teburin.
20. Gypsy Timofey Prokofiev bayan rasuwarsa ya zama Jarumi na Tarayyar Soviet - ya shiga cikin "Saukar Olshansky", lokacin da mutane 67 suka hana kai hare-hare na dukkan rundunar sojojin Jamus ta Nikolaev kwana biyu. Prokofiev, kamar sauran abokan aikin sa, ya faɗi cikin yaƙi.
21. Wataƙila guitar mai kirtani bakwai ba ƙirƙirar gypsies ba ne, amma ya sami farin jini saboda jita-jita. Yawancin roman Rasha waɗanda aka ɗauka na gargajiya sune ko dai aro daga Gypsies ko kuma suna ɗaukar tasirin kiɗan Gypsy. Kidan sarki Kusturica da Petar Bregovich shima yayi kamanceceniya da na giya.
22. Saboda rashin natsuwa da rashin daɗin zama na Rome, kusan babu Romawa tsakanin manyan mashahuran kimiyya, al'ada, fasaha ko wasanni. Wataƙila sun kasance, amma asalinsu na ɓoye yana da ma'ana a ɓoye. Bayan duk wannan, har ma a yanzu da babbar murya wani ya ce "Ni gypsy ne!" zai sa yawancin wadanda suke wurin su so su bincika abubuwan walat ɗin su. Sananne ne cewa Elvis Presley da Charlie Chaplin suna da kwayar jinin gibi. Wadanda suka kafa sanannen rukunin "Gypsy Kings" sune gypsies. A cikin USSR / Russia, mawaƙi kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Nikolai Slichenko yana da farin jini sosai. Amma wadanda suka fi shahara sune kirkirarrun labarai irin su Esmeralda, Carmen, Gypsy na Aza ko kuma babban gypsy na USSR, Budulai.
23. Wani nau'in kokarin musamman na gypsies don yanci, yanci - tatsuniyoyi ne wanda marubuta marasa aiki suka ƙirƙira. Halin Rome a cikin al'umma an tsara shi sosai kuma yana kewaye da shi da yawa taboos. Kuma a waje da jama'a, rayuwar gypsy ba za a iya tsammani ba - fitarwa daga sansanin ana ɗaukar hukuncin mafi tsananin azaba. Hakanan akwai 'yan quirks kaɗan. Duk sansanin suna zuwa da gudu don ganin haihuwar, kuma gypsy zai je wurin likitan mata ne kawai a kan ciwon mutuwa.
24. Babban ƙarfin “baron” (a zahiri, “baro” - “shugaba”) iri ɗaya ne. Baro shine, kamar yadda yake, wakilin hukuma ne na Roma, wanda aka ba izini don sadarwa tare da hukuma ko sauran al'ummomi. Wasu daga cikin Gypsies ba su da ma'amala sosai a wajen sansanin - ba su san yaren sosai, ba sa fahimtar takardu, ko kuma kawai ba sa iya karatu da rubutu. Bayan haka, a madadinsu, baro yayi magana, wanda aka kawo masa kilogiram na kayan adon zinare da sauran halayen alatu da ƙarfi don ƙarfi. Koyaya, akan batutuwa masu mahimmanci, abin da ake kira ne ke yanke shawara. "Kris" - shawara daga mafi iko maza.
25. Halin da Romawa suke dauka game da ilmantarwa yana canzawa a hankali. Idan an tura yara a baya ne kawai saboda matsin lamba daga hukumomin gwamnati, yanzu matasa Roma suna yin karatu da yardan rai. Abin farin ciki, a yawancin ƙasashen Turai suna da fa'idodi masu yawa. Gabaɗaya, Romawa suna kula da yara da kyau, yayin rufe idanunsu ga gaskiyar cewa yara na iya zama da datti ko sutura mara kyau.
