Duk wani kerawa wani bangare ne na mu'ujiza da ba za a iya fassarawa ba. Me yasa dubunnan mutane suke zane, yayin da Ivan Aivazovsky ya dauki awa daya don yin zane mai ban sha'awa, amma keɓaɓɓiyar hanyar teku? Me yasa aka rubuta dubunnan littattafai game da kowane yaƙi, yayin da “Yaƙi da Salama” Leo Tolstoy ya samo su, kuma “A cikin Ramin Stalingrad” kawai na Viktor Nekrasov ne? Wanene kuma yaushe wannan walƙiya ta allahntaka, wanda muke kira baiwa, ta zo? Kuma me yasa wannan kyautar take wani lokacin zabi? Mozart, mai yiwuwa, yana ɗaya daga cikin haziƙan mutane waɗanda suka yi tafiya a ƙasarmu, kuma menene baiwa ta ba shi? Rikice-rikice marasa iyaka, rikice-rikice da yaƙin yau da kullun don yanki burodi, da kuma babba, sun ɓace.
A gefe guda kuma, nazarin tarihin rayuwar shahararrun mawaƙan, waɗanda za a tattauna abubuwan da suka shafi rayuwar su a ƙasa, kun fahimci cewa babu wani abu ɗan adam da yake baƙon su har ya fi na talakawa. Kusan kowane mawaki a tarihinsa ba shi da, a'a, har ma da zamewa "ya ƙaunaci matar majiɓincinsa" (ma'ana, mutumin da yake banal ko bai bar ku ku mutu da yunwa ba ko kuma ya cece ku daga sake rubuta bayanan tsawan awanni 12 a rana), "ya ƙaunaci 15 - 'yar shekara ta Gimbiya NN ", ko" ta haɗu da wani mawaƙi mai hazikan XX, wanda, rashin alheri, yana son kuɗi da yawa. "
Kuma zai yi kyau idan ya kasance game da al'adun zamanin. Amma a lokaci guda da mawaƙan, waɗanda abokansu da masu ba su bashi suka yi wa fashin zuwa fata, akwai abokan aikinsu waɗanda suka ba da fa'ida ta hanyar da suka dace, wanda ya haifar da kishin waɗanda ke kewaye da su. Jean-Baptiste Lully, koda bayan da "Sun King" ya rasa sha'awar sa, ya jagoranci rayuwar mawadaci, kodayake bashi da lafiya, attajiri. Yawancin lokuta jita-jita ya la'anta shi, amma bai bar mutuwar Mozart ba, Antonio Salieri ya ƙare rayuwarsa a cikin tsufa mai arziki. Matasan masu kirkirar Italiyanci har yanzu suna karɓar Kyautar Rossini. A bayyane yake, gwanin mawaƙin yana buƙatar ƙa'idar yau da kullun ta hankali da gogewa.
1. Tarihin wasan opera na duniya ya fara ne da Claudio Monteverdi. An haifi wannan fitaccen mawaƙin dan Italiyan a cikin 1567 a Cremona, garin da sanannun mashahuran Guarneri, Amati da Stradivari suka zauna kuma suka yi aiki. Tuni a lokacin ƙuruciya, Monteverdi ya nuna baiwa don haɗawa. Ya rubuta wasan opera Orpheus a cikin 1607. A cikin wata yar karamar rawa mai ban sha'awa, Monteverdi ya sami nasarar sanya wasan kwaikwayo mai zurfi. Monteverdi ne wanda ya fara ƙoƙarin bayyana cikin zuciyar mutum ta hanyar kiɗa. Don yin wannan, dole ne ya yi amfani da kayan aiki da yawa kuma ya tabbatar da kansa a matsayin fitaccen masanin kayan aiki.
2. Wanda ya kirkiro kidan Faransa Jean-Baptiste Lully dan asalin kasar Italia ne, amma Louis na goma sha hudu yana son aikinsa sosai har sai da rana mai tsafi ta nada Lully "mai kula da kida" (yanzu za'a kira mukamin "ministan kida"), ya daukaka shi zuwa masu martaba ya kuma watsa masa kudi. ... Kaico, hatta manyan sarakuna ba su da iko kan kaddara - Lully ta mutu ne sanadiyyar guguwar jini, bayan an buge ta da sandar madugu.
3. Mai hankali Antonio Vivaldi, kamar yadda kuka sani, ya mutu cikin talauci, an bayyana dukiyarsa ga bashi, kuma an binne mawaƙin a cikin kabari kyauta ga matalauta. Bugu da ƙari, yawancin ayyukansa sun ɓata na dogon lokaci. Sai kawai a cikin 1920s, farfesa na Conservatory na Turin, Alberto Gentili, wanda ke neman ayyukan Vivaldi a duk rayuwarsa, ya gano a cikin tarihin kwalejin gidan San Martino da yawa na muryar, 300 kide kide da wake-wake 19 ta babban mawaƙin. Har yanzu ana samun rubutattun rubuce-rubucen Vivaldi, kuma aikin sadaukar da kai na Al'ummai an sadaukar dashi ne ga littafin Frederico Sardelia "The Vivaldi Affair".
4. Johann Sebastian Bach, wanda ba tare da aikinsa ba hatta ilimin firamare na mai kaɗa fyaɗe ba abin tunani ba ne, a lokacin rayuwarsa bai karɓi ko da ɗari na fitowar yanzu ba a matsayin mawaƙi. Shi, ƙwararren ɗan ƙwaya, koyaushe ya motsa daga gari zuwa gari. Shekarun da Bach ya karɓi albashi mai tsoka ana ɗaukarsa kyakkyawan lokaci ne, kuma basu sami kuskuren ayyukan da ya rubuta akan aiki ba. A Leipzig, alal misali, sun neme shi ayyukan da ba su da tsayi sosai, ba kamar wasan opera ba, kuma suna "tayar da hankali a cikin masu sauraro." A cikin aure biyu, Bach yana da 'ya'ya 20, wanda kawai ke da shi 7. Kawai bayan shekaru 100 da mutuwar mawaƙin, saboda ayyukan mawaƙa da masu bincike, jama'a sun yaba da ƙwarewar Bach.
5. A tsawon shekarun aikin mawakin nan dan kasar Jamus Christoph Willibald Gluck a Faris (1772 - 1779), rikici ya barke, wanda aka yi wa lakabi da "yakin Gluckists da Picchinists". Otherayan gefen kuma mawakin Italiyanci Piccolo Piccini ne ya siffanta ɗayan gefen. Rigimar ta kasance mai sauƙi: Gluck yana ƙoƙari ya gyara wasan opera don kiɗan da ke ciki ya yi biyayya ga wasan kwaikwayo. Magoya bayan wasan opera na gargajiya sun yi adawa, amma ba su da ikon Gluck. Saboda haka, suka sanya Piccini tutarsu. Ya haɗu da wasan kwaikwayo na Italiyanci masu ban dariya kuma bai taɓa jin wani yaƙi ba kafin ya zo Paris. Abin farin ciki, Piccini ya zama lafiyayyen mutum kuma yana da kyakkyawar dangantaka da Gluck.
6. “Mahaifin Symphony da Quartet” Joseph Haydn ya kasance cikin rashin sa'a da mata. Har zuwa shekaru 28, shi, galibi saboda tsananin talauci, ya rayu a matsayin bachelor. Daga nan sai ya kamu da son karamar yarinyar amininsa, amma kusan ranar da Haydn yake shirin neman aurenta, yarinyar ta gudu daga gida. Mahaifin ya ba da mawakin ya auri babbar yarsa, wacce ke da shekara 32. Haydn ya yarda kuma ya faɗa cikin kangin bauta. Matarsa ta kasance mace mai yawan ɓarna da faɗa, kuma, mafi mahimmanci, tana raina abubuwan neman miji da mijinta yake yi, duk da cewa su ne kaɗai ke samun kuɗin shiga na iyali. Mariya tana iya amfani da waƙar da ke ɗauke da takarda a matsayin takarda mai rufewa ko murƙushewa. Haydn da kansa ya ce a lokacin tsufa ba ta damu ba ko ta yi aure ga mai zane ko kuma mai yin takalma. Daga baya, yayin da suke aiki da Yarima Esterhazy, Haydn ya sadu da Antonio da Luija Polzelli, wani mai kyan kuru da mawaƙi ma'aurata. Luigi 'yar shekara 19 ce kawai, amma, ga alama, ta riga ta sami kwarewar rayuwa mai kyau. Ta ba Haydn, wanda ya riga ya kasance ɗan shekara 47, tare da alherinta, amma a cikin hakan ta fara cire kuɗi daga rashin kunya. Shahararrun mutane da wadata sun zo ga Haydn koda kuwa, gabaɗaya, ba a buƙata.
7. Labarin, sananne a Rasha, cewa Antonio Salieri ya sanyawa Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart guba saboda kishin baiwarsa da nasararsa, an gano shi ne a Italiya kawai a cikin shekarun 1980, lokacin da aka nuna wasan Peter Schaeffer na Amadeus a Italiya. An shirya wasan ne bisa bala'in Alexander Pushkin "Mozart da Salieri" kuma ya haifar da guguwar fushi a Italiya. Gulma game da rikici tsakanin Mozart da Salieri ya bayyana yayin rayuwar marigayin. Salieri, a mafi akasari, ana danganta shi ga rikice-rikice da rikice-rikice. Amma har ma waɗannan jita-jita sun dogara ne akan wasika ɗaya kawai daga Mozart zuwa mahaifinsa. A ciki, Mozart ta koka game da siye da siyarwa game da duk mawaƙan Italianasar Italiya waɗanda ke aiki a Vienna. Dangantaka tsakanin Mozart da Salieri sun kasance, idan ba na 'yan uwantaka ba, sannan kuma sun kasance abokantaka, sun yi farin cikin aiwatar da ayyukan “kishiyar”. Dangane da nasara, Salieri sanannen mawaki ne, madugu kuma malami, attajiri, ran kowane kamfani, kuma ba komai ba, yana lissafin misanthrope. Mozart, wanda ba shi da kuɗi, yana cikin rikice-rikice, ya kasa shirya ayyukansa, ya kamata ya yi wa Salieri hassada.
8. Wanda ya kirkiro mawaka mai launin gashi mai haske Dmitry Bortnyansky, yayin da yake karatu a Italiya, an tattara shi don taimakawa Kasar Uwa. Idaya Alexei Grigorievich Orlov, wanda ya isa Venice a lokacin da Dmitry Stepanovich Bortnyansky ke wurin, ya sa mawaƙin a tattaunawar ɓoye da karamin jakadan Italiya Marutsi. Bortnyansky yayi shawarwari tare da irin wannan nasarar har Orlov ya gabatar dashi ga manyan mutane. Bortnyansky yayi kyakkyawan aiki, har ya kai matsayin dan majalissar jiha na ainihi (manjo janar). Kuma "Idan Ubangijinmu mai ɗaukaka ne a Sihiyona," ya rubuta kafin ya sami matsayin janar.
9. Uba Ludwig van Beethoven yana sha'awar ɗanshi ya bi sawun Mozart. Mawaƙin ɗakin sujada ya yi karatu tare da ƙaramin yaro na wasu awowi a rana. Wani lokaci, don tsoratar da mahaifiyarsa, shi ma ya shirya darussan dare. Koyaya, bayan wasan kwaikwayon farko na ɗansa, Johann Beethoven ya rasa sha'awar ikon sa na kiɗa. Koyaya, babban hankalin da aka ba wa kiɗa ya shafi ilimin gaba ɗaya na Ludwig. Bai taɓa koyon yadda ake ninka lambobi ba kuma ya san alamun rubutu kaɗan na Jamusawa.
10. Labarin da yake cewa lokacin da Niccolo Paganini ya fara fasa igiyar violin sa, kuma ya sami damar kammala aikin sa, yana buga kirtani daya kawai, yana da tushe biyu. A shekarar 1808, mai kidan kidan kida da kade-kade ya zauna a Florence, inda ya kasance mawaki a kotu ga Gimbiya Eliza Bonaparte, 'yar'uwar Napoleon. Ga gimbiya, wacce Paganini ke da kyakkyawar dangantaka mai ma'ana, mawaƙin ya rubuta ayyuka da yawa, daga cikinsu akwai "Scaunar Al'ajabi", an rubuta ta da igiya biyu. Theaunataccen ƙaƙƙarfan abin da ya dace ya bukaci mawaƙin ya rubuta wani abu don kirtani. Paganini ta cika burinta ta hanyar rubutawa da aiwatar da sonata na Napoleon. Anan, a cikin Florence, Paganini ya ɗan makara don bikin. Cikin tsananin sauri, ya fita zuwa ga masu sauraro ba tare da duba kida da goge ba. Masu sauraro sun ji daɗin sauraren “Sonata” na Haydn, ana yin sa, kamar koyaushe, rashin impe. Bayan an gama kide-kide ne aka gano cewa ana kada goge da sautin da ya fi piano sauti - Paganini, yayin aikinsa, ya canza duka yatsun Sonata.
11. Gioacchino na Rasha, yana da shekara 37, ya kasance mashahuri, mai arziki da shahararren mai tsara wasan opera a duniya. Dukiyarsa ta kai miliyoyi. An kira mawaki "Italian Mozart" da "Sun na Italiya". A lokacin da ya fara aiki, ya daina rubuta wakokin da ba na zamani ba, yana mai takaita da sautunan coci da koyarwa. An gabatar da bayanai daban-daban game da irin wannan fitowar daga babban mawaƙin daga kerawa, amma babu ɗayansu da ya sami tabbataccen bayani. Abu daya tabbatacce ne: Gioacchino Rossini ya bar wannan duniyar, yana da wadata fiye da takwarorinsa, waɗanda suke aiki a wurin waƙa har zuwa kabari. Tare da kudaden da mawakin ya yi wasicci da shi, an kafa wani gidauniya a garin mawakin mai suna Pesaro, an kafa kyautuka ga matasa mawaka da masu ba da labarin, kuma inda Rossini ya ji daɗin farin jini sosai, an buɗe gidan kula da tsofaffi.
12. Franz Schubert an san shi a lokacin rayuwarsa a matsayin marubucin waƙa dangane da baitocin mashahuran mawaƙan Jamusawa. A lokaci guda, ya rubuta opera 10 waɗanda ba su ga matakin ba da kuma waƙoƙin motsa jiki 9 da ƙungiyar mawaƙa ba ta taɓa yi ba. Bugu da ƙari, ɗaruruwan ayyukan Schubert sun kasance ba a buga su ba, kuma an ci gaba da samun rubuce-rubucensu shekaru da yawa bayan mutuwar mawaƙin.
13. Shahararren mawaki kuma mai sukar kida Robert Schumann ya sha wahala daga cutar schizophrenia tsawon rayuwarsa. An yi sa'a, bunkasar cutar ta faru ba zato ba tsammani. Koyaya, idan rashin lafiya ya fara bayyana kansa, yanayin mawaƙin ya zama babba. Ya yi ƙoƙari da yawa don kashe kansa, bayan haka shi da kansa ya je asibitin mahaukata. Bayan ɗayan waɗannan ƙoƙarin, Schumann bai bar asibitin ba. Yana da shekaru 46.
14. Franz Liszt ba a shigar da shi makarantar Conservatory ta Paris ba - ba ta yarda da baƙi ba - kuma matakin Faransanci na sana'ar mawaƙa da fiya ya fara ne da wasan kwaikwayo a wuraren gyaran gashi. Masu sha'awar baiwa ta ɗan Hungary mai shekaru 12 sun ba shi waka a gidan Opera House na Italiya, wanda ke da ɗayan mawaƙa mafi kyau. A lokacin daya daga cikin lambobin bayan bangaren da saurayi Ferenc ya buga kaɗaici, ƙungiyar makaɗa ba ta shiga akan lokaci - mawaƙa sun saurari wasan saurayi mai kyan gani.
15. Shahararriyar opera "Madame Butterfly" ta Giacomo Puccini ta dauki matsayin ta na yanzu nesa ba kusa ba. Wasan farko na Madame Butterfly, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 17 ga Fabrairu, 1904 a Teatro alla Scala a Milan, bai yi nasara ba. A cikin watanni biyu mawaƙin ya sake yin aiki sosai, kuma tuni a cikin Mayu, Madame Butterfly ta sami babban nasara. Koyaya, wannan ba ƙwarewar Puccini ba ce ta farko cikin sake ayyukan kansa. Tun da farko, lokacin da yake nuna opera "Tosca", sai ya sanya sabuwar aria wacce aka rubuta a cikinta - shahararriyar mawakiyar Darkla, wacce ta taka rawar gani, tana son rera wakarta ta aria, kuma ta samu.
16. Ludwig van Beethoven, Franz Schubert, shahararren mawakin Austrian Anton Bruckner, mawakin Czech, Antonín Dvořák da wani dan Austrian Gustav Mahler sun mutu bayan kammala aikin su na Symphonies na Tara.
17. Yafi kowa sani wanda ake kira. Mungiyar Mighty Handful ƙungiya ce ta mawaƙan Rasha, waɗanda suka haɗa da Modest Mussorgsky, Alexander Borodin, Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov da sauran mawakan ci gaba. Ayyukan "Belyaevsky Circle" ba sananne bane sosai. Amma a ƙarƙashin kulawar mashahurin mai ba da tallafi Mitrofan Belyaev, kusan dukkanin mawaƙan Rasha sun haɗu tun daga 1880s. Akwai maraice maraice na mako-mako da ake gudanarwa, a cikin maganganun zamani. tafiye-tafiye na raye-raye, bayanan kula an buga su a sikelin masana'antu sosai. Kawai a cikin Leipzig, Belyaev ya wallafa bayanan da mawallafan Rasha suka fitar cikin ingantaccen inganci a cikin juz'i na 512, wanda ya ci masa kuɗi har miliyan rubles. Mai aikin hakar gwal na Rasha bai bar mawaƙa ba har ma bayan mutuwarsa. Gidauniyar da gidan buga takardu da ya kafa sun kasance karkashin jagorancin Rimsky-Korsakov, Anatoly Lyadov da Alexander Glazunov.
18. Mashahurin operetta na shahararren mawakin Austrian nan Franz Lehár “The Merry Widow” wataƙila bai ga hasken rana ba. Daraktan gidan wasan kwaikwayon na Vienna "an der Wien", wanda Lehar ke gabatar da aikinsa, ya wulakanta wasan, duk da cewa ya biya kuɗin karatun da kuma wasan kwaikwayon. Saitunan da sutturar an yi su ne daga waɗanda ake da su; dole ne su maimaita a cikin dare. Har ya kai ga cewa a ranar farko, ya gabatar da za a biya Lehar don ya ki amincewa da wasan kwaikwayon kuma kada ya tozarta gidan wasan kwaikwayon da wani wasan kwaikwayo mara kyau. Mawaƙin ya riga ya shirya don yarda, amma masu yin wasan sun tsoma baki, waɗanda ba sa son ɓata aikinsu. Nunin ya fara. Tuni aikin farko ya katse da tafawa sau da yawa. Bayan na biyu, sai aka tashi tsaye - masu sauraro sun kira marubucin da 'yan wasan. Babu wani abu da ke jinkirtawa, tare da Lehar da masu yi, darektan wasan kwaikwayo ya fita don yin ruku'u.
19. Bolero, wanda ya riga ya zama waƙoƙin kiɗa ta mawaƙin Faransanci Maurice Ravel a cikin karni na 20, a zahiri, aiki ne na musamman da aka ba da izini. Shahararriyar 'yar rawa Ida Rubinstein a cikin shekarar 1920 ta bukaci (irin hakkokin da take da shi ta nema daga Ravel, tarihi bai yi shiru ba) don tsara aikin mawakin Sifen din nan Isaac Albeniz “Iveria” don raye-raye. Ravel ya gwada shi, amma da sauri ya fahimci cewa ya fi masa sauƙi ya rubuta kiɗan da yake buƙata da kansa. Wannan shine yadda aka haifi "Bolero".
20. A farkon fara aikin sa, marubucin "Silva" da "Circus Princess" Imre Kalman sun rubuta "mai tsanani" waƙa - symphonies, waƙoƙin symphonic, opera, da dai sauransu. Masu sauraro ba su karɓe su ba da murna. Ta hanyar shigar da mawakin Hungary da kansa, ya fara rubuta operettas duk da dadin dandano - ba sa son symphonies na, zan koma rubuta operettas. Sannan kuma nasara ta zo masa. Waƙoƙi daga operettas na mai waƙoƙin Hungary sun zama tituna da gidan rawar dare washegari bayan fara wasannin. Operetta "Hollanda" ta yi wasanni sama da 450 a Vienna. wani lamari ne mai matukar wuya ga masu rubutawa: dangin Kalman sun zauna a Vienna a cikin gidan sarauta na gaske tare da buɗe gidan. karbar kowane baƙi kowace rana.