Martin Luther (1483-1546) - masanin ilimin tauhidi, wanda ya fara kawo sauyi, wanda ya jagoranci fassarar Baibul zuwa harshen Jamusanci. Daya daga cikin kwatancen Furotesta, Lutheranism, an sanya masa suna. Oneaya daga cikin waɗanda suka assasa harshen adabin Jamusanci.
Akwai abubuwan ban sha'awa da yawa a cikin tarihin rayuwar Martin Luther, wanda zamu fada game da shi a cikin wannan labarin.
Don haka, ga takaitaccen tarihin Luther.
Tarihin rayuwar Martin Luther
An haifi Martin Luther a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, 1483 a garin Saxon na Eisleben. Ya girma kuma ya girma a cikin gidan baƙauye na Hans da Marguerite Luther. Da farko, shugaban gidan yayi aiki a ma'adinai na jan ƙarfe, amma daga baya ya zama mai fashin arziki.
Yara da samari
Lokacin da Martin yake kimanin watanni shida, shi da danginsa suka zauna a Mansfeld. A cikin wannan garin dutsen ne Luther Sr. ya inganta yanayin tattalin sa.
Tun yana ɗan shekara 7, Martin ya fara zuwa makarantar da ke yankin, inda a koyaushe malamai ke cin zarafinsa da kuma azabtar da shi. Tsarin ilimi a cikin makarantar ilimi ya bar abin da ake so, sakamakon haka mai kawo canji a nan gaba ya sami damar mallakan karatun firamare kawai, sannan kuma ya koyi wasu 'yan addu'oi.
Lokacin da Luther yake dan shekara 14, ya fara zuwa makarantar Franciscan a Magdeburg. Bayan shekaru 4, iyayen sun dage cewa ɗansu ya je jami'a a Erfurt. A shekarar 1505 ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin Liberal Arts, daga nan ya fara karatun aikin lauya.
A lokacin da ya kebe, Martin ya nuna matukar sha'awar ilimin tauhidi. Ya bincika rubuce-rubuce iri-iri na addini, gami da na shugabannin coci masu iko. Bayan ya bincika Baibul, mutumin ya kasance da farin ciki mara misaltuwa. Abin da ya koya daga wannan littafin ya juyar da tunaninsa na duniya.
A sakamakon haka, yana da shekara 22, Martin Luther ya shiga gidan zuhudu na Augustiniya, duk da zanga-zangar mahaifinsa. Aya daga cikin dalilan wannan aikin shine mutuwar kwatsam na babban amininsa, tare da fahimtar zunubinsa.
Rayuwa a gidan sufi
A wurin sufi, Luther ya yi wa manyan malamai hidima, ya raunata agogo a kan hasumiyar, ya share tsakar gida, kuma ya yi wasu ayyuka. Abin birgewa ne cewa wasu lokuta sufaye suna tura shi birni don rokon sadaka. Anyi haka ne don mutumin ya rasa girman kansa da girman kai.
Martin bai yi gangancin yin rashin biyayya ga masu ba shi shawara ba, kusan cika duk umarnin. A lokaci guda, ya kasance mai matsakaiciyar abinci, tufafi, da hutawa. Kimanin shekara guda daga baya, ya karɓi liyafar cin abincin zuhudu, kuma shekara ɗaya bayan haka aka naɗa shi malami, ya zama ɗan’uwa Augustine.
A cikin 1508, Luther aka tura shi koyarwa a Jami'ar Wittenberg, inda ya karanta ayyukan St. Augustine cikin himma. A lokaci guda, ya ci gaba da karatu mai zurfi, yana burin zama likita na ilimin addini. Don ƙarin fahimtar Nassosi, sai ya yanke shawarar sanin yaren baƙin.
Lokacin da Martin yake kimanin shekaru 28, ya ziyarci Rome. Wannan tafiye-tafiyen ya yi tasiri a kan tarihin rayuwarsa. Ya gani da idanunsa duk irin lalacewar malaman addinin Katolika, wadanda suka tsunduma cikin zunubai iri-iri.
A 1512 Luther ya zama likitan ilimin tauhidi. Ya koyar, yayi waazi kuma yayi aiki a matsayin mai kulawa a gidajen ibada guda 11.
Gyarawa
Martin Luther yayi karatun Littafi Mai-Tsarki sosai, amma koyaushe yana ɗaukar kansa mai zunubi ne kuma mai rauni dangane da Allah. Bayan lokaci, ya gano wata fahimta ta daban game da wasu littattafan Sabon Alkawari wanda Bulus ya rubuta.
Ya zama a bayyane ga Luther cewa mutum na iya samun adalci ta wurin bangaskiya mai ƙarfi ga Allah. Wannan tunanin ya ba shi ƙarfin gwiwa kuma ya taimaka wajen kawar da abubuwan da suka gabata. Maganar cewa mumini yana samun gaskatawa ta hanyar bangaskiya ga rahamar Maɗaukaki, Martin ya ci gaba a cikin tarihin rayuwarsa ta 1515-1519.
Lokacin da Paparoma Leo X ya bayar da bijimi don yafewa da siyarwa da ni'ima a damin shekarar 1517, masanin tauhidi ya fusata da fushi. Ya kasance mai yawan sukar rawar da coci ke takawa wajen ceton rai, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin shahararrensa Theabibai 95 na sesarfafa Cinikin Cin Hanci.
Labarin bayyanar labaran ya bazu ko'ina cikin ƙasar. A sakamakon haka, Paparoma ya kira Martin don yin tambayoyi - rikicin Leipzig. Anan Luther ya maimaita cewa malamai ba su da ikon tsoma baki cikin harkokin gwamnati. Hakanan, coci bai kamata tayi aiki a matsayin matsakanci tsakanin mutum da Allah ba.
“Mutum yana ceton ransa ba ta hanyar Coci ba, amma ta wurin bangaskiya,” masanin tauhidin ya rubuta. A lokaci guda, ya nuna shakku game da rashin kuskuren malaman Katolika, wanda ya tayar da fushin Paparoman. A sakamakon haka, Luther ya gamu da lissafi.
A cikin 1520 Martin a bayyane ya ƙone papal bias na fitarwarsa. Bayan wannan, yana kira ga duk rioan ƙasar su yi yaƙi da mamayar paparoma.
A matsayinsa na ɗaya daga cikin sanannun 'yan bidi'a, Luther ya fara fuskantar tsanantawa mai tsanani. Koyaya, magoya bayansa sun taimaka masa ya tsere ta hanyar yin ƙarya game da sace shi. A zahiri, an saka mutumin a ɓoye a Wartburg Castle, inda ya fara fassara Littafi Mai Tsarki zuwa Jamusanci.
A cikin 1529, Furotesta na Martin Luther ya yadu a cikin jama'a, ana ɗaukarsa ɗayan ginshiƙan Katolika. Duk da haka, bayan fewan shekaru, wannan yanayin ya kasu zuwa Lutheranism da Calvinism.
John Calvin shine babban mai kawo canji na biyu bayan Luther, wanda babban ra'ayin shi shine kaddara makomar mutum daga Mahalicci. Watau ƙaddara wasu ba tare da wani sharaɗi ba zuwa ga hallaka, wasu kuma zuwa ceto.
Ra'ayi game da yahudawa
Halin Martin game da yahudawa ya canza a duk rayuwarsa. Da farko ya sami 'yanci, ya kasance mai ƙiyayya da yahudawa, har ma ya zama marubucin rubutun "An haifi Yesu Almasihu Bayahude ne." Ya yi fatan karshe cewa yahudawa, da suka ji wa'azin sa, za su iya yin baftisma.
Koyaya, lokacin da Luther ya fahimci cewa abubuwan da yake tsammani a banza suke, sai ya fara kallon su da kyau. Bayan lokaci, ya wallafa littattafai kamar su "Kan Yahudawa da Karyarsu" da "Tattaunawar Tebur", inda ya soki yahudawa.
A lokaci guda kuma, mai kawo canji ya yi kira da a lalata majami'u. Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce, irin wannan roƙon da Martin ya yi ya ba da juyayi tsakanin Hitler da magoya bayansa, waɗanda, kamar yadda kuka sani, musamman sun ƙi jinin yahudawa. Ko da sanannen Kristallnacht, Nazis sun kira bikin ranar haihuwar Luther.
Rayuwar mutum
A shekara ta 1525, wani mutum mai shekaru 42 ya auri wata tsohuwar zuhudu mai suna Katharina von Bora. Yana da ban sha'awa cewa yana da shekaru 16 fiye da zaɓaɓɓensa. A cikin wannan ƙungiyar, ma'auratan suna da yara 6.
Ma'auratan suna zaune ne a gidan sufi na Augustinian da aka watsar. Sun yi rayuwa mai tawali'u, suna wadatar da abin da suke da shi. Kofofin gidansu a bude suke koyaushe don mutanen da ke buƙatar taimako.
Mutuwa
Har zuwa ƙarshen zamaninsa, Luther ya ba da lokaci ga wa'azin karatu da rubutu. Saboda karancin lokaci, yakan manta abinci da bacci, wanda daga karshe ya ji kansa.
A cikin shekarun karshe na rayuwarsa, mai kawo sauyi ya yi fama da cututtuka masu ɗorewa. Martin Luther ya mutu a ranar 18 ga Fabrairu, 1546 yana da shekara 62. An binne shi a farfajiyar cocin inda ya taɓa taɓa shahararrun shahararrun zane 95.
Martin Luther ne ya dauki hoton
