Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860) - Bajamushen falsafa, ɗayan manyan masu tunani na rashin tunani, misanthrope. Ya kasance yana sha'awar roman roman roman roman, yana da son sufanci, yayi magana sosai game da aikin Immanuel Kant, sannan kuma yana yaba da ra'ayin falsafa na Buddha.
Schopenhauer yayi la'akari da duniyar da ake ciki "mafi munin duniya", wanda ya sami laƙabi da "Falsafa na rashin tsammani" 
Schopenhauer yana da tasiri sosai akan shahararrun masu tunani da yawa, gami da Friedrich Nietzsche, Albert Einstein, Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Leo Tolstoy da sauransu.
Akwai labarai masu ban sha'awa da yawa a cikin tarihin Schopenhauer, wanda zamuyi magana akansa a cikin wannan labarin.
Don haka, a gabanka ɗan gajeren tarihin Arthur Schopenhauer ne.
Tarihin Schopenhauer
An haifi Arthur Schopenhauer a ranar 22 ga Fabrairu, 1788 a garin Gdansk, wanda ke kan yankin Commonwealth. Ya girma kuma ya girma a gidan masu wadata da ilimi.
Mahaifin mai tunanin, Heinrich Floris, dan kasuwa ne wanda ya ziyarci Ingila da Faransa kan kasuwanci, kuma ya kasance mai son al'adun Turai. Mahaifiyata, Johanna, shekarunta 20 ne da mijinta. Tana cikin rubuce-rubuce kuma ta mallaki salon adabi.
Yara da samari
Lokacin da Arthur yake kimanin shekaru 9, mahaifinsa ya dauke shi zuwa Faransa don ziyarci abokansa. Yaron ya zauna a wannan ƙasar tsawon shekaru 2. A wannan lokacin, mafi kyawun malamai suna karatu tare da shi.
A cikin 1799 Schopenhauer ya zama ɗalibai a makarantar motsa jiki ta Runge, inda aka horar da yaran manyan jami'ai. Baya ga fannoni na gargajiya, wasan kicin, zane-zane an koyar a nan, kazalika da kiɗa da rawa. Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce, a wannan lokacin a cikin tarihin rayuwarsa, saurayin ya riga ya iya Faransanci sosai.
Yana ɗan shekara 17, Arthur ya sami aiki a kamfanin kasuwanci da ke Hamburg. Koyaya, nan da nan ya fahimci cewa kasuwanci ba komai bane.
Ba da daɗewa ba mutumin ya sami labarin mutuwar mahaifinsa, wanda ya nitse a cikin wani ruwa bayan ya faɗo daga taga. Akwai jita-jita cewa Schopenhauer Sr. ya kashe kansa saboda yiwuwar fatarar kuɗi da matsalolin lafiya.
Arthur ya sha wahala mutuwar mahaifinsa sosai, ya kasance cikin baƙin ciki na dogon lokaci. A shekarar 1809 ya sami nasarar shiga sashen likitanci a jami'ar Göttingen. Daga baya, ɗalibin ya yanke shawarar canja wurin zuwa Fannin Falsafa.
A cikin 1811 Schopenhauer ya zauna a Berlin, inda yake yawan halartar laccoci daga masana falsafa Fichte da Schleiermacher. Da farko, ya saurara da kyau ga ra'ayoyin mashahuran masanan, amma ba da daɗewa ba ya fara sukar su kawai, amma kuma ya shiga cikin rikici tare da masu koyarwa.
A wancan lokacin, tarihin rayuwar Arthur Schopenhauer ya fara zurfafa bincike kan kimiyyar halitta, gami da ilmin sunadarai, ilmin taurari, kimiyyar lissafi da ilmin dabbobi. Ya halarci kwasa-kwasan waƙoƙin Scandinavia, kuma ya karanta rubuce-rubucen Renaissance kuma ya yi nazarin falsafar zamanin da.
Mafi wahala ga Schopenhauer shine doka da tiyoloji. Duk da haka, a 1812 Jami'ar Jena ta ba shi lambar Doctor na Falsafa a ɓoye.
Adabi
A cikin 1819, Arthur Schopenhauer ya gabatar da babban aikin rayuwarsa baki daya - "Duniya a Matsayin So da Wakilci." A ciki, ya bayyana dalla-dalla hangen nesansa na ma'anar rayuwa, kadaici, kiwon yara, da sauransu.
Lokacin ƙirƙirar wannan aikin, masanin falsafar ya jawo hankali daga ayyukan Epictetus da Kant. Marubucin ya nemi tabbatar wa da mai karatu cewa abu mafi mahimmanci ga mutum shi ne mutuncin ciki da jituwa da kai. Ya kuma yi jayayya cewa lafiyar jiki na jiki shine kawai dalilin samun farin ciki.
A cikin 1831 Schopenhauer ya buga littafin "Eristics or the Art of Winning Discusses", wanda a yau baya rasa farin jini da aiki a bayyane. Mai tunani yana magana ne game da dabaru don taimaka muku samun nasara cikin tattaunawa tare da mai tattaunawa ko ƙungiyar mutane.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce, marubuci ya bayyana a sarari yadda za a yi daidai, koda kuwa kun yi kuskure. A cewarsa, ana iya samun nasara a takaddamar idan aka gabatar da hujjoji daidai.
A cikin aikin "A kan rashin mahimmanci da baƙin cikin rayuwa" Arthur ya gaya cewa mutane suna cikin ƙangin sha'awar kansu. Kowace shekara bukatunsu suna girma, sakamakon haka duk motsawar da ta gabata tana haifar da sabuwar, amma mafi ƙarfi.
Littafin "The Metaphysics of Sexual Love" ya cancanci kulawa ta musamman, wanda ke bayyana ra'ayoyin ɗabi'a na Schopenhauer. Baya ga soyayya ta jima'i, ana yin la'akari da batutuwa da suka shafi mutuwa da tsinkaye a nan.
Arthur Schopenhauer ya rubuta ayyuka masu mahimmanci da yawa, gami da "Kan nufin cikin yanayi", "Dangane da ɗabi'a" da "Akan 'yancin zaɓe".
Rayuwar mutum
Schopenhauer ba shi da kyan gani. Shi gajere ne, mai wuyan-kafada, kuma yana da babban shugaban da ba daidai ba. A dabi'ance, ya kasance misanthrope, ba ƙoƙarin fara tattaunawa ba har ma da ɗan kishiyar.
Koyaya, daga lokaci zuwa lokaci, Arthur har yanzu yana magana da 'yan matan da yake jan hankalinsu da jawabansa da tunaninsa. Bugu da ƙari, wani lokacin yakan yi kwarkwasa tare da matan kuma ya kasance cikin nishaɗin nishaɗi.
Schopenhauer ya kasance tsohon yayi. Ya kasance mai kaunar 'yanci, tuhuma da watsi da mafi sauƙin rayuwa. Ya sanya lafiyar farko, wanda ya ambata a cikin rubuce-rubucensa.
Abin lura ne cewa masanin falsafar ya sha wahala daga mummunan zato. Zai iya tabbatar wa kansa cewa suna son saka masa guba, fashi ko kashe shi, alhali kuwa ba wani dalilin da ya sa hakan.
Schopenhauer ta mallaki katafaren laburare sama da littattafai 1,300. Kuma kodayake yana son karatu, amma yana sukar karatun, tunda mai karatu ya ari tunanin wasu mutane, kuma bai debo ra'ayoyi daga kansa ba.
Mutumin ya raina "masana falsafa" da "masana kimiyya" waɗanda a yanzu kuma sai kawai suka tsunduma cikin ambato da ayyukan bincike. Ya inganta tunani mai zaman kansa, tunda ta haka ne kawai mutum zai iya ci gaba kamar mutum.
Schopenhauer ya ɗauki kiɗa a matsayin mafi girman fasaha kuma ya busa sarewa a duk rayuwarsa. A matsayinsa na polyglot, ya san Jamusanci, Italiyanci, Spanish, Faransanci, Ingilishi, Latin da Girkanci na Da, kuma ya kasance mai sha'awar waƙoƙi da adabi. Musamman yana son ayyukan Goethe, Petrarch, Calderon da Shakespeare.
Mutuwa
Schopenhauer ya bambanta da ƙwarewar lafiya kuma kusan bai taɓa yin rashin lafiya ba. Sabili da haka, lokacin da ya fara samun bugun zuciya mai sauri da ɗan sauƙi a bayan ƙashin ƙirji, bai mai da wani muhimmanci ga wannan ba.
Arthur Schopenhauer ya mutu a ranar 21 ga Satumba, 1860 daga ciwon huhu yana da shekara 72. Ya mutu yana zaune a kan shimfiɗar gida. Ba a buɗe jikinsa ba, tunda mai ilimin falsafa, a lokacin rayuwarsa, ya nemi yin hakan.
Schopenhauer Hotuna
