Lev Semyonovich Pontryagin (1908-1988) - Masanin lissafi na Soviet, ɗayan manyan masanan lissafi na karni na 20, masanin kimiyya na USSR Academy of Sciences. Lashe lambar yabo ta Lenin, Stalin Prize na digiri na 2 da kuma Tarayyar Soviet ta Tarayyar Soviet.
Ya ba da gagarumar gudummawa ga algebraic da bambancin topology, ka'idar oscillation, lissafin bambancin ra'ayi, ka'idar sarrafawa. Ayyukan makarantar Pontryagin suna da tasirin gaske akan ci gaban ka'idar sarrafawa da ƙididdigar bambancin ra'ayi a duk duniya.
Akwai abubuwan ban sha'awa da yawa a cikin tarihin rayuwar Pontryagin, wanda zamuyi magana akansa a cikin wannan labarin.
Don haka, a gabanku gajeriyar tarihin Lev Pontryagin.
Tarihin rayuwar Pontryagin
An haifi Lev Pontryagin a ranar 21 ga Agusta (3 ga Satumba) 1908 a Moscow. Ya girma kuma ya girma cikin dangin aiki mai sauki.
Mahaifin lissafi, Semyon Akimovich, ya kammala karatu daga aji 6 na makarantar garin, bayan haka ya yi aiki a matsayin akawu. Uwa, Tatyana Andreevna, ta yi aiki azaman suturar sutura, yayin da take da ƙwarewar ƙwaƙwalwa mai kyau.
Yara da samari
Lokacin da Pontryagin yake da shekaru 14, sai ya kasance cikin haɗari. Sakamakon fashewar primus, ya sami mummunan kuna a fuskarsa.
Yanayin lafiyarsa na cikin mawuyacin hali. Sakamakon konewar, kusan ya daina gani. Kokarin da likitoci suka yi na dawo da idanun matashin ya zama abin ya faskara.
Haka kuma, bayan aikin tiyatar, idanun Leo sun yi ƙuna sosai, sakamakon abin da ya sake gani.
Ga mahaifin, masifar ɗan ta kasance raunin gaske, wanda ba zai iya murmurewa ba. Shugaban dangin nan da nan ya rasa ikon yin aiki kuma a 1927 ya mutu sakamakon bugun jini.
Mahaifiyar da mijinta ya mutu ta yi iya kokarinta don farantawa danta rai. Ba tare da ingantaccen ilimin lissafi ba, ita, tare da Lev, sun fara karatun ilimin lissafi don shirya shi don shiga jami'a.
A sakamakon haka, Pontryagin ya sami nasarar cin jarabawa a jami’ar ga sashen kimiyyar lissafi da lissafi.
A cikin tarihin Lev Pontryagin, akwai wani abin ban sha'awa da ya faru a ɗayan laccocin. Lokacin da daya daga cikin furofesoshin yake bayyana wa daliban wani maudu'in, tare da karin bayani a kan allo, ba zato ba tsammani sai aka ji muryar wani makaho Leo: "Farfesa, ka yi kuskure a zane!".
Kamar yadda ya bayyana, makaho Pontryagin "ya ji" tsarin haruffa akan zane kuma nan take ya hango cewa akwai kuskure.
Aikin kimiyya
Lokacin da Pontryagin ya kasance kawai a cikin shekarar sa ta biyu na jami'a, ya riga ya shagaltu da ayyukan kimiyya.
A lokacin da yake da shekaru 22, mutumin ya zama mataimakin farfesa a sashen Algebra a jami'ar kasarsa, sannan ya kare a Cibiyar Nazarin Lissafi da Makanikai na Jami'ar Jihar Moscow. Shekaru 5 bayan haka, an ba shi digirin na Doctor na Kimiyyar Jiki da Lissafi.
A cewar Lev Pontryagin, yana matukar son ilimin lissafi domin magance muhimman matsalolin al'umma.
A wannan lokacin, tarihin rayuwar masanin kimiyya yayi nazarin ayyukan Henri Poincaré, George Birkhoff da Marston Morse. Tare da abokan aikin sa, sau da yawa yakan taru a gida don karantawa da yin sharhi game da ayyukan waɗannan marubutan.
A cikin 1937, Pontryagin, tare da abokin aikinsa Alexander Andronov, sun gabatar da aiki a kan tsarikan tsarin da ke da aikace-aikace. A cikin wannan shekarar, an buga labarin mai suna "Rough Systems" mai shafi 4 a cikin Rahotannin Kwalejin Kimiyyar Kimiyya ta USSR, wanda a kan hakan ne aka samar da wata babbar ka'idar tsarin tsayayyarwa.
Lev Pontryagin ya ba da gagarumar gudummawa ga ci gaban topology, wanda a wancan lokacin ya shahara sosai a duniyar kimiyya.
Lissafin ilimin lissafin ya sami damar iya bayyana cikakkiyar dokar duality ta Alexander kuma, a kan asalin ta, ya inganta ka'idar haruffa na kungiyoyi masu ci gaba (Pontryagin characters). Bugu da kari, ya sami babban sakamako a ka'idar homotopy, kuma ya gano haɗin kai tsakanin ƙungiyoyin Betti.
Pontryagin ya nuna kyakkyawar sha'awa ga ka'idar oscillations. Ya sami damar gano abubuwa da yawa a cikin asymptotics na shakatawa oscillations.
Bayan 'yan shekaru bayan ƙarshen Babban Yaƙin rioasa (1941-1945), Lev Semyonovich ya zama mai sha'awar ka'idar tsara atomatik. Daga baya ya sami nasarar cire ka'idar wasannin daban-daban.
Pontryagin ya ci gaba da "goge" ra'ayoyin sa tare da daliban sa. Daga qarshe, godiya ga aikin gama gari, masana lissafi sun sami damar kirkirar ka'idar ingantaccen iko, wanda Lev Semenovich ya kira babban nasarar duk ayyukansu.
Godiya ga lissafin, masanin kimiyya ya sami damar samo abin da ake kira matsakaicin ka'ida, wanda daga baya aka fara kiransa - ka'idar Pontryagin matsakaiciya.
Saboda nasarorin da suka samu, an ba ƙungiyar matasa masana kimiyyar jagorancin Lev Pontryagin kyautar Lenin (1962).
Ayyukan tarbiya da zamantakewa
Pontryagin ya mai da hankali sosai ga tsarin koyar da ilimin lissafi a cibiyoyin ilimi.
A ra'ayinsa, ya kamata 'yan makaranta su koyi mafi mahimman hanyoyin amfani da lissafi wanda zai iya zama masu amfani a rayuwarsu ta gaba. Bai kamata yara su sami ilimi mai zurfi ba, tunda ba za su amfane su da rayuwar yau da kullun ba.
Hakanan, Lev Pontryagin ya ba da shawarar gabatar da kayan ta hanyar fahimta. Ya ce babu wani magini da zai yi magana game da 2 "dunkule -len tagulla" (ko kuma suturar suttura game da "ɓangaren masana'anta masu haɗewa"), amma kawai a matsayin slabs iri ɗaya (sassan yashi).
A lokacin 40-50s, Pontryagin ya sake neman ya barrantar da masana kimiyya da aka danne. Godiya ga kokarin sa, aka saki masana lissafi Rokhlin da Efremovich.
An sha zargin Pontryagin da ƙyamar Semitism. Koyaya, masanin lissafin ya bayyana cewa duk irin waɗannan maganganun da aka yi masa ba komai bane face ɓatanci.
Tuni a cikin tsufa, Lev Pontryagin ya soki ayyukan da suka shafi juya rafin Siberia. Ya kuma sami tattaunawa game da kuskuren lissafi game da matakin Tekun Caspian a taron masana lissafi na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta USSR.
Rayuwar mutum
Na dogon lokaci, Leo ba zai iya cimma nasara ba a kan kansa. Mahaifiyar tana kishin ɗanta saboda zaɓaɓɓunsa, sakamakon haka ta yi magana game da su kawai ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba.
A saboda wannan dalili, Pontryagin ba kawai ya yi aure a makare ba, har ma ya jimre da gwaji mai tsanani a cikin auren biyu.
Matar farko ta masanin lissafi ita ce masaniyar ilimin halittu Taisiya Samuilovna Ivanova. Ma'auratan sun halatta dangantakar su a 1941, kasancewar sun rayu tare tsawon shekaru 11.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce kasancewar bai taɓa rubuta takaddar ba a da, Lev Semyonovich ya rubuta Ph.D. rubuce-rubuce game da matarsa kan ilimin ƙirar fure, ya damu ƙwarai game da kariyarta. Lokacin da Taisiya ta yi nasarar kare kanta, Pontryagin ya yanke shawarar cewa yanzu zai iya rabuwa da ita "da lamiri mai tsabta".
A shekarar 1958, mutumin ya sake yin aure tare da Alexandra Ignatievna. Ya ƙaunaci matarsa sosai kuma koyaushe yana ƙoƙari ya ba ta kulawa sosai.
Duk da cewa Pontryagin makaho ne, bai taba bukatar taimakon kowa ba. Ya bi tituna da kansa, galibi yana faɗuwa da rauni. A sakamakon haka, akwai tabo da yawa da yawa a fuskarsa.
Haka kuma, a tsakiyar karnin da ya gabata, Lev Semenovich ya koyi wasan tsere da wasan kankara, kuma ya yi iyo a cikin kayak.
Shekarun da suka gabata da mutuwa
Pontryagin bai taba da hadadden abu ba saboda makaho ne. Bai yi gunaguni game da rayuwarsa ba, sakamakon haka abokansa ba su gan shi a matsayin makaho ba.
Shekaru da dama kafin rasuwarsa, masanin ya yi rashin lafiya tare da tarin fuka da ciwon huhu. Bisa ga shawarar matarsa, ya zama mai cin ganyayyaki. Mutumin ya bayyana cewa kawai cin ganyayyaki ya taimaka masa ya jimre da rashin lafiya.
Lev Semenovich Pontryagin ya mutu a ranar 3 ga Mayu, 1988 yana da shekara 79.
Hotunan Pontryagin
