Kwari kwari abokai ne na mutum a cikin lokaci da sarari, cikin baƙin ciki da farin ciki, cikin lafiya da mutuwa. Tsoffin Masarawa suna bautar beetara, kuma zuriyarsu ta zamani suna fama da mummunan mamayar ƙauyuka. Kakanninmu sun yi kokarin tserewa daga sauro da kwalta, wani lokaci muna yin korafi game da abubuwan da ba su da amfani na zamani. Kyankyasai ya wanzu a duniya tun kafin ma mutane, kuma, a cewar masana kimiyya, za su tsira har ma da yakin nukiliya na duniya wanda ɗan adam zai ɓace.
Kwari basu da iyaka iri-iri. Anungiyoyin tururuwa masu haɗari da gizo-gizo masu tsananin son kai suna cikin aji ɗaya. Butteraƙan malam buɗe ido mai banƙyama da babban karkanda na iya jan abubuwa sau da yawa fiye da na kansu - su ma dangi ne, duk da cewa suna nesa. Kwarin sun hada da sauro mai tashi, da kuma cututtukan da basa motsi da kansu kwata-kwata.
A ƙarshe, layin rarrabuwa mafi mahimmanci yana gudana tare da layin mai amfani-mai cutarwa. Duk yadda mai son motsa jiki da kwararrun masana kimiyyar halittu ke kokarin shawo kan kowa cewa ana bukatar dukkan kwari, dukkan kwari suna da mahimmanci, yana da matukar wahalar yin wannan game da fitattun wakilan wannan ajin. Don tserewa da kawar da cutar daga fara, kwarkwata, kwari, sauro da sauran kwari, dole ne ɗan adam ya biya miliyoyin rayuka da albarkatun da ba za a iya tsammani ba. Yieldara yawan amfanin gona daga ƙwarin ƙudan zuma yana da kyau idan ba ɓarna ta lalata shi ba.
1. Akwai kwari da yawa duka dangane da yawan su da bambancin jinsin su wanda bayanai kan manyan kwari da kanana suke canzawa koyaushe. Zuwa yau, babban wakilin wannan aji ana ɗaukar shi ɗan kwaro ne mai suna Phobaeticus chani, wanda ke rayuwa a tsibirin Kalimantan a Indonesia. Tsawon jikinsa yakai cm 35.7. Mafi ƙarancin kwari shine m (parasite wanda ke rayuwa a cikin wasu kwari) Dicopomorpha echmepterygis. Tsawon sa shine 0.139 mm.
2. Sananne ne cewa tsawon shekarun masana'antar Soviet Union da yawa sun sayi kayan masana'antu a ƙasashen waje. Amma dole ne in yi wasu, a kallon farko, ba sayayya mafi mahimmanci ba. Don haka, a cikin 1931, aka siyo wasu tsuntsaye masu kyau na jinsin Rodolia a cikin Misira. Wannan kwata-kwata bai dace da kashe kudaden musaya ba - yakamata 'yan mata su adana' ya'yan itacen Abkhaz. Noman 'ya'yan itacen citrus ba tsohuwar masunta ba ce a Abkhazia; sun fara shuka tangerines da lemu ne kawai a cikin 1920s. Ba tare da kuskure ba - tare da shukokin da aka siya a Ostiraliya, sun kuma kawo mafi munin makiyi na 'ya'yan itacen citrus - aphid da ake kira da tsutsa ta Australia A Ostiraliya, godiya ga haihuwar mata, yawan mazaunanta ba shi da iyaka. A cikin USSR, ba tare da abokan gaba ba, aphids ya zama ainihin annoba. Rodolia an yi kiwonta a cikin wani greenhouse a Leningrad kuma aka sake ta cikin lambunan. Shanu sun yi ma'amala da tsutsa yadda ya kamata har su kansu sun fara mutuwa saboda yunwa - ba su san wani abincin duniya ba a waɗannan wuraren.
3. esudan zuma ba wai kawai ba ne, har ma da zuma da tsefe da yawa ba. Sananne ne na dogon lokaci saboda yawan zafin da kudan zuma yake bayarwa na kusan dukkanin amfanin gonar shukoki yana ƙaruwa. Koyaya, yawan karuwar da aka samu daga gorar pollinators yawanci ana kiyasta zuwa dubun kashi. Don haka, Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka a cikin 1946 ta kiyasta karuwar yawan amfanin gona a gonar da wata hive daya a kowace kadada a kashi 40%. Irin wannan adadi ne masu binciken Soviet suka buga. Amma lokacin da a cikin 2011 aka gudanar da gwajin "tsabta" a cikin Uzbekistan, lambobin sun sha bamban. Bishiyoyi da aka keɓe daga ƙudan zuma sun ba da amfanin ƙasa sau 10 - 20 sau ƙasa da ƙudan zuma. Yawan amfanin gona ya banbanta hatta akan rassan bishiyar.
4. Dragonflies suna cinye sauro, amma yawan sauro yawanci yana da yawa ta yadda mutum baya jin sauƙin bayyanar dodo. Amma a cikin tsibirin Barabinskaya (wani yanki mai dausayi a yankin Omsk da Novosibirsk), mazauna yankin suna zuwa filin ko aikin lambu ne kawai lokacin da garkunan mazari suka bayyana, wanda ke watsa sauro yadda ya kamata.
5. An gano mummunan abokin gabar dankalin turawa, watau Colorado dankalin turawa, a 1824 a tsaunukan Rocky America. Halitta ce mara lahani kwata-kwata, tana ciyar da abincin dare mai ci gaban daji. Tare da ci gaban aikin noma, ƙwaron dankalin turawa na Colorado ya ɗanɗana dankali. Tun a ƙarshen 1850s, ya kasance bala'i ga manoman Amurka. A cikin shekaru goma da rabi, ƙwaron dankalin turawa na Colorado ya shiga Turai. A cikin USSR, an fara ganin sa a cikin 1949 a Transcarpathia. Babban mamayewa na Soviet Union da ƙwaro dankalin turawa na Colorado ya faru a lokacin zafi, rani rani na 1958. Dubun dubatar ƙwaro sun ƙetare kan iyaka ba ta iska kawai ba, har ma ta teku - bakin tekun Baltic a yankin Kaliningrad da Jihohin Baltic sun cika da ƙwaro.
6. Wata karamar tururuwa daga jinsin halittar Formica (wadannan tururuwa ce wadanda suka fi yaduwa a cikin dazuzzuka masu lalata bishiyoyi) suna lalata kwari daban-daban miliyan guda a kowace rana. Gandun dajin, wanda a cikinsa akwai irin wadannan tururuwa masu yawa, yana samun kariya daga kwari. Idan da wani dalili tururuwa sun yi ƙaura ko sun mutu - galibi saboda ciyawar da ke ƙonawa - kwari sukan kai hari kan bishiyoyi marasa kariya tare da saurin ban mamaki.
7. Ana daukar fara a matsayin daya daga cikin mawuyacin kwari tun zamanin da. Wannan kamannin ciyawar ba ta da haɗari ga 'yan Adam kai tsaye, amma yawan ɓarna da ake yi na haifar da yunwa mai yawa. Babba, biliyoyin mutane, taron fara da yawa suna iya lalata ƙasashe gaba ɗaya, suna cin komai a cikin tafarkinsu. Ko manyan rafuka ba sa dakatar da su - layuka na farko na cunkoson jirgin kuma suna ƙirƙirar jirgin ruwa ga wasu. Aruruwa da yawa sun dakatar da jiragen ƙasa kuma suka harbo jirage. An bayyana dalilan bayyanar irin wadannan garken a cikin 1915 daga masanin kimiyyar Rasha Boris Uvarov. Ya ba da shawarar cewa lokacin da aka wuce wani ƙofar lambobi, rayuwa mara lahani mara daɗi ita kaɗai ke canza tafarkin ci gaban su da halayyar su, ta zama babbar fara. Gaskiya ne, wannan tunanin bai taimaka sosai wajen yaƙi da fara ba. Ingantaccen hanyar sarrafa farar fata ya bayyana ne kawai tare da haɓaka ilimin sunadarai da jirgin sama. Koyaya, koda a cikin karni na 21, abu ne mai yuwuwa koyaushe a dakatar da shi, gano yankin da kuma lalata tarin fara.
8. 'Yan Australia, suna kokarin hayayyafa da wani abu mai amfani a nahiyarsu, fiye da sau daya sun hau rake. Yakin basasa tare da bunnies nesa ba kusa ba ne da yaƙin Australiya kawai da sojojin yanayi. A farkon karni na 19, an kawo wani nau'in cactus na pear mai dausayi zuwa ƙaramar ƙasa. Shuka tana son yanayin Australia. Australiyawan suna son ƙarancin murtsattsen ci gaban da kuma karkorsa, yana mai da shi cikakken shinge. Koyaya, bayan 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, dole ne suyi tunani game da shi: cacti bred kamar zomaye a da. Ari ga haka, ko da zai yiwu a tumɓuke su, ƙasar ta kasance ba ta zama kango ba. Mun yi ƙoƙari duka bulldozers da herbicides - a banza. Wannan nau'in kwalliyar pear an ci nasara ne kawai tare da taimakon kwari. An kawo kaktoblastis malam buɗe ido daga Kudancin Amurka. Plantedwai na wannan malam buɗe ido an dasa su akan cacti, kuma a cikin shekaru 5 kawai an warware matsalar. A matsayin alamar godiya ga wutar, an kafa abin tarihi.
9. Kusan dukkan tsuntsaye suna cin kwari, kuma kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na nau'in tsuntsaye, kwari sune nau'ikan abinci kawai. Daga cikin kifin da ke cikin ruwa, kashi 40% na nau'ikan suna ciyar da kwari da tsutsa kawai. Dabbobi masu shayarwa suna da ƙungiyar kwari masu yawa. Ya haɗa da shinge, moles da shrews. Ana amfani da kusan nau'in kwari 1,500 don abinci da mutane. Haka kuma, a cikin kasashe daban-daban, ana iya daukar kwari iri daya a matsayin abincin yau da kullun da abinci mai ban sha'awa. Ana daukar fara a matsayin jagora wajen dafa abinci. Irin ƙwaro, pupae da larvae na butterflies, ƙudan zuma, wasps, tururuwa, ciyawar ciyawa da crickets suma sun shahara.
10. Duk da yalwar kayan aiki na wucin gadi, da yawa nau'ikan kayan halittu da aka samo daga kwari har yanzu basu samo cikakkun nau'ikan analogues na wucin gadi ba. Waɗannan sune, da farko, siliki (silkworm), zuma da kakin zuma (ƙudan zuma) da shellac (kayan inshora masu inganci waɗanda ake samu daga wasu nau'in aphids).
11. Wasu kwari suna da daraja a matsayin masu kida. A tsohuwar Girka da Rome, masu arziki suna ajiye cicada da yawa a gidajensu. Ana yin kwarkwata a cikin China, Japan da sauran ƙasashen Asiya. Ana ajiye kwarkwan filin waƙa a cikin keji a Italiya.
12. Kwari na iya zama masu tarawa. Butterflies sun fi shahara a wannan girmamawa. Girman wasu tarin abubuwan ban mamaki ne. Thomas Witt Museum na Tarihi yana cikin Munich. Fiye da butterflies miliyan 10 ana ajiye su a cikin asusu. A cikin tarin Baron Rothschild, wanda aka ba da gudummawa ga Gidan Tarihi na Burtaniya, akwai kofi miliyan 2.25.
13. Kamar kowane abu mai tarawa, butterflies suna zuwa da farashi. Akwai ƙwararrun masanan malam buɗe ido, ko dai bin umarni daga masu tattarawa ko aiki a cikin yanayin farauta kyauta. Wasu daga cikinsu suna zuwa neman samfuran da ba safai ba har zuwa Afghanistan, inda yakin ke gudana a rabin karnin da ya gabata. Kasuwa don tattara butterflies kusan kusan a cikin inuwa ne. Wani lokaci ana kammala ma'amaloli da aka kammala kawai, ba tare da ambaton nau'in malam buɗe ido da aka siyar ba - kusan dukkanin manyan malam buɗe ido ana kiyaye su ta dokokin muhalli. Mafi girman farashin da aka biya don malam buɗe ido shine $ 26,000. Haka kuma an san cewa kusanci ga darajar butterflies yayi kama da kusanci da darajar tambarin wasiƙa mai tarin - ana ƙimanta kwafi waɗanda suka bambanta da takwarorinsu - tare da tsarin asymmetrical na fuka-fuki, launuka "ba daidai ba", da dai sauransu.
14. Terms na iya gina manyan gidaje. Tsayin mafi girman rubutaccen tsaunin tsaho ya kasance mita 12.8. Toari da sashin ƙasa, kowane tudun ƙaya yana kuma da benaye na ƙasa. Wasu nau'ikan kwalliya ba sa iya yin ruwa na dogon lokaci. Sabili da haka, suna haƙa rami mai zurfi don zuwa ruwan karkashin kasa. A baya can, tudun duwatsu masu tsawa a cikin hamada ana ɗauke da nau'ikan alamomi na kusancin ruwan ƙasa. Koyaya, ya zama cewa tururuwa masu taurin kai na iya zurfin zurfin ƙasa zuwa zurfin mita 50.
15. Har zuwa karni na ashirin da daya, zazzabin cizon sauro ya kasance mafi munin cutar rashin yaduwar cuta ga mutane. Hakan ya samo asali ne daga cizon sauro na mata, wanda kwayoyin halittar parasitic unicellular suka shiga jinin mutum. Malaria ba ta da lafiya tun a cikin karni na III BC. e. Sai kawai a ƙarshen karni na 19 ya yiwu a iya tabbatar da dalilin cutar da kuma yadda take yaduwa. Har yanzu, ba a sami damar yin rigakafin cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro ba. Hanya mafi inganci ta yaki da zazzabin cizon sauro ita ce zubar da sauro. Anyi wannan a cikin USSR, Amurka da ƙasashen Turai. Koyaya, a cikin ƙasashe waɗanda ke kusa da mahaɗar, gwamnatoci ba su da kuɗin yin wannan babban aiki, saboda haka, a yau sama da rabin miliyan na mutuwa daga zazzabin cizon sauro ana yin su a shekara. Cutar da Alexander the Great, Genghis Khan, Christopher Columbus, Dante da Byron suka mutu, kuma yanzu haka tana ci gaba da yanka mutane da dubbai.
16. Fashin mai na Psilopa, ko kuma ɗan tsutsarsa, matattarar mai ce ta microscopic. Wannan kuda yana sanya larvae din sa kawai a kududdufin mai. A yayin ci gaba, tsutsa tana cire abinci daga mai, ta bazu cikin ƙananan abubuwan da ake buƙata.
17. "Tasirin malam buɗe ido" kalma ce ta kimiyya da masana kimiyya suka aro daga marubucin almara na kimiyya Ray Bradbury. A cikin labarinsa "Kuma Thunder Has Ranged," ya bayyana halin da ake ciki a cikin mutuwar mutuwar malam buɗe ido a baya ya haifar da mummunan sakamako a nan gaba. A cikin masana kimiyya, Edward Lorenz ne ya yada kalmar. Ya gina daya daga cikin karatuttukan nasa ne game da tambayar shin kada fuka-fukan fuka-fukin reshe a Brazil zai iya haifar da mahaukaciyar guguwa a Amurka. A wata ma'ana mafi fadi, ana amfani da kalmar don nuna cewa ko da ƙananan tasiri kaɗan akan tsarin rikice rikice na iya haifar da babban sakamako ba da izini ba ga kowane ɓangare na wannan tsarin ko kuma gabaɗaya. A cikin sanannen taro, kalmar "may" ta fita daga ma'anar, kuma manufar tasirin malam buɗe ido ta rikide zuwa "komai yana shafar komai."
18. A shekarar 1956, masanin kimiyyar nan dan kasar Brazil Warwick Kerr ya kawo kasarsa daga Afirka wasu dozin gimbiyar Afirka da yawa. Kudancin Amurka ba ta taɓa samun ƙudan zuma ba. Sun shigo da na Turai, amma basu jure yanayin yanayi mai zafi ba. Shawarwarin tsallakawa tare da su ƙudan zuma masu ƙarfi na Afirka ya yi daidai, amma an fahimci hakan cikin ruhun rahusa na fina-finan Amurka game da mummunan kuskuren masana kimiyya waɗanda ke son mafi kyau ... Bayan ƙetarewa, mun sami ƙarfi, mugaye, ƙudan zuma masu kyakkyawan tsari a sarari. Bugu da ƙari, ko dai bisa kuskure, ko kuma saboda sakaci, an sake sabbin mutanan. Masu kiwon zuma da manoma na kasar Brazil, wadanda suka saba da kaskancin kudan zumansu, sun firgita da masu shigowa, wadanda suka afkawa mutanen da ba sa so da sauri, kuma taron da ke kai harin ya fi na kudan zuma "na gida" girma. An kashe mutane da dama da daruruwan dabbobi. Gwanin farfesa Kerr da sauri ya kori ƙudan zumar da ya fara dusar ƙanƙara ya bazu arewa, ya isa Amurka. Bayan lokaci, sun koyi yadda ake sarrafa su, kuma Brazil ta zama jagorar duniya wajen samar da zuma. Da kuma sanannen sanannen mai kirkirar ƙudan zuma da ke makale wa Kerr.
19. Kwari sun san mutum tun fil azal, don haka ba abin mamaki ba ne cewa mutane sun lura da magungunan magani na wasu daga cikinsu. Abubuwan san zuma na kudan zuma, dafin da kuma propolis sanannu ne. Cutar dafin dafin ya yi nasarar magance amosanin gabbai. Aborigines na Australiya suna yin ɗayan nau'in tururuwa a cikin nau'in shayi, wanda suke amfani dashi don ceton kansu daga ƙaura. An warkar da raunuka masu rauni ta hanyar barin tsutsa a cikin su - sun ci naman da abin ya shafa. An yi amfani da gidan yanar gizo azaman suturar bakararre.
20. Shuke-shuke na yau da kullun za a iya gurɓata ta daban-daban, wani lokacin yawancin jinsunan kwari. Melons da gourds sunyi kwari 147 na kwari daban-daban, clover - 105, alfalfa - 47, apple - 32. Amma akwai manyan masu fada aji a cikin masarautar shuka. Angrakum sequipedala orchid ya tsiro a tsibirin Madagascar. Furanta yana da zurfin zurfin da kawai nau'ikan butterflies ɗaya ne zasu iya kaiwa gawar - Macrosila morgani. A cikin waɗannan malam buɗe ido, proboscis ya kai tsawon 35 cm.
