Nikolay Ivanovich Lobachevsky (1792-1856) - Masanin lissafi dan kasar Rasha, daya daga cikin wadanda suka kirkiro geometry ba Euclidean, adadi a ilimin jami'a da ilimin jama'a. Jagora na Kimiyya a Kimiyya.
Ya kwashe shekaru 40 yana koyarwa a Jami'ar Kazan ta Imperial, gami da shekaru 19 a matsayin shugabanta.
Akwai labarai masu ban sha'awa da yawa a cikin tarihin rayuwar Lobachevsky, wanda zamuyi magana akansa a cikin wannan labarin.
Don haka, a gabanku gajeriyar tarihin Nikolai Lobachevsky.
Tarihin rayuwar Lobachevsky
Nikolai Lobachevsky an haife shi a ranar 20 ga Nuwamba (1 ga Disamba), 1792 a Nizhny Novgorod. Ya girma kuma ya girma a gidan wani jami'i, Ivan Maksimovich, da matarsa, Praskovya Alexandrovna.
Baya ga Nikolai, an haifi wasu 'ya'ya maza biyu a cikin dangin Lobachevsky - Alexander da Alexey.
Yara da samari
Nikolai Lobachevsky ya rasa mahaifinsa tun yana ƙaramin yaro, lokacin da ya mutu da mummunar cuta yana ɗan shekara 40.
A sakamakon haka, dole ne uwar ta goya ta goyi bayan yara uku ita kaɗai. A cikin 1802, matar ta aika da dukkan 'ya'yanta maza zuwa gidan motsa jiki na Kazan don "kiyaye jihar raznochinsky."
Nikolai ya sami babban matsayi a duk fannoni. Ya kasance musamman masani a kan ainihin ilimin kimiyya, da kuma nazarin harsunan waje.
A wannan lokacin ne na tarihin rayuwarsa Lobachevsky ya fara nuna matukar sha'awar ilimin lissafi.
Bayan kammala karatun sakandare, Nikolai ya ci gaba da karatu a Jami'ar Kazan. Baya ga ilimin lissafi na zahiri da lissafi, ɗalibin ya kasance yana son ilimin sunadarai da ilimin kimiyyar magunguna.
Kodayake ana ɗaukar Lobachevsky ɗalibi mai ƙwazo, wani lokacin yakan shagaltar da abubuwa daban-daban. Akwai sanannen lamari lokacin da shi, tare da abokan aikinsa, aka saka su a cikin ɗakin azabtarwa don ƙaddamar da roka da aka yi a gida.
A shekarar karshe ta karatunsa, sun ma so korar Nikolai daga jami'a saboda "rashin biyayya, ayyukan wuce gona da iri da kuma alamun rashin tsoron Allah."
Koyaya, Lobachevsky har yanzu yana iya kammala karatunsa da girmamawa daga jami'a kuma ya sami digiri na biyu a kimiyyar lissafi da lissafi. An bar ɗalibin mai hazaka a jami'a, kodayake, sun nemi cikakkiyar biyayya daga gare shi.
Aikin kimiyya da koyarwa
A lokacin rani na 1811, Nikolai Lobachevsky, tare da abokin aiki, sun lura da tauraron mai wakar. A sakamakon haka, bayan 'yan watanni ya gabatar da dalilinsa, wanda ya kira - "Ka'idar elliptical motsi na jikin sama."
Bayan wasu shekaru, Lobachevsky ya fara koyar da ɗaliban lissafi da lissafi. A shekara ta 1814 aka kara masa matsayi zuwa tsangayar lissafi, kuma bayan shekaru biyu ya zama babban malami.
Godiya ga wannan, Nikolai Ivanovich ya sami damar koyar da ƙarin algebra da trigonometry. A wannan lokacin, ya sami damar nuna kwarewar kungiya sosai, sakamakon haka ne aka nada Lobachevsky a matsayin shugaban tsangayar ilimin lissafi da lissafi.
Amfani da babban iko tsakanin abokan aiki da ɗalibai, masanin lissafi ya fara sukar tsarin ilimi a jami'a. Ya kasance mara kyau game da gaskiyar cewa ainihin ilimin kimiyya ya koma baya, kuma babban abin da aka mai da hankali akan ilimin tauhidi.
A wancan lokacin na tarihin sa, Nikolai Lobachevsky ya kirkiro wani littafi na ainihi akan ilimin lissafi, inda yayi amfani da tsarin ma'auni. Bugu da kari, a cikin littafin, marubucin ya yi ficewa daga kundin tsarin rayuwar Euclidean. Masu tacewa sun soki littafin, sun hana shi bugawa.
Lokacin da Nicholas na hau mulki, ya cire Mikhail Magnitsky daga mukamin wakili na jami'ar, ya sanya a maimakon Mikhail Musin-Pushkin. Wannan sanannen sananne ne game da taurin kansa, amma a lokaci guda ya kasance mai adalci kuma mai matsakaicin addini.
A cikin 1827, a cikin zaɓen sirri, Lobachevsky an zaɓi rector na jami'ar. Musin-Pushkin ya bi da lissafi cikin girmamawa, yana ƙoƙari kada ya tsoma baki cikin aikinsa da tsarin koyarwa.
A cikin sabon matsayin nasa, Nikolai Lobachevsky ya aiwatar da sauye-sauye a fannoni daban-daban. Ya ba da umarnin sake tsara ma'aikata, gina gine-ginen ilimi, da kuma dakunan gwaje-gwaje da kayan aiki, wuraren duba abubuwa da sake cika laburaren.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce, Lobachevsky yayi abubuwa da yawa da hannunsa, ɗaukar kowane aiki. A matsayin rector, ya koyar da ilimin lissafi, algebra, ka'idar yiwuwa, makanikai, kimiyyar lissafi, ilimin taurari da sauran ilimin kimiyya.
Namiji zai iya maye gurbin kusan kowane malami, idan ba hakan ba saboda dalilai ɗaya ko wata.
A wannan lokacin tarihin rayuwar, Lobachevsky ya ci gaba da aiki tuƙuru a kan abubuwan da ba na Euclidean ba, wanda ya tayar da sha'awarsa.
Ba da daɗewa ba, masanin lissafi ya kammala daftarin farko na sabuwar ka'idarsa, yana ba da jawabi "A Takaitaccen Bayyanar da Ka'idojin Geometry." A farkon 1830s, an soki aikinsa akan geometry ba Euclidean ba.
Wannan ya haifar da gaskiyar cewa ikon Lobachevsky ya girgiza a gaban abokan aikinsa da ɗalibansa. Duk da haka, a cikin 1833 an zabe shi a matsayin shugaban jami'ar a karo na uku.
A cikin 1834, a kan yunƙurin Nikolai Ivanovich, an fara buga mujallar "Bayanan Kimiyya na Jami'ar Kazan", inda ya buga sabbin ayyukansa.
Koyaya, duk furofesoshin St. Petersburg har yanzu suna da mummunan ra'ayi game da ayyukan Lobachevsky. Wannan ya haifar da gaskiyar cewa bai taɓa iya kare rubutun nasa ba.
Yana da kyau a lura cewa Musin-Pushkin ya goyi bayan shugaban, sakamakon haka matsin lamba akan sa ya dan ragu.
Lokacin da sarki ya ziyarci jami'a a 1836, ya yi farin ciki da yanayin al'amura, sakamakon hakan ya ba Lobachevsky umarnin girmamawa na Anna, digiri na 2. Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce cewa wannan umarnin ya ba wa mutum damar karɓar gadon gado.
Bayan shekaru biyu, Nikolai Ivanovich an ba shi sarauta kuma an ba shi rigar makamai tare da lafazin - "don aiyuka a cikin sabis da kuma kimiyya."
Lobachevsky ya shugabanci Jami'ar Kazan yayin tarihin rayuwarsa daga 1827 zuwa 1846. A karkashin jagorancin sa na gwaninta, cibiyar ilimi ta zama daya daga cikin ingantattu kuma ingantattu cikin Rasha.
Rayuwar mutum
A cikin 1832 Lobachevsky ya auri yarinya mai suna Varvara Alekseevna. Yana da ban sha'awa cewa zaɓaɓɓen ɗayan lissafin ya girmi shekaru 20 da shi.
Masu tarihin rayuwa har yanzu suna jayayya game da ainihin adadin yaran da aka haifa a cikin dangin Lobachevsky. Dangane da rikodin waƙa, yara 7 sun tsira.
Shekarun da suka gabata da mutuwa
A cikin 1846, Ma'aikatar ta cire Lobachevsky daga mukamin rector, bayan haka aka nada Ivan Simonov sabon shugaban jami'ar.
Bayan haka, baƙar fata ta zo cikin tarihin Nikolai Ivanovich. Yayi matukar lalacewa har saida aka tilasta mishi saida gidan matarsa da dukiyarta. Ba da daɗewa ba ɗan farinsa Alexei ya mutu da cutar tarin fuka.
Jim kadan kafin mutuwarsa, Lobachevsky ya fara rashin lafiya sau da yawa kuma baya gani sosai. Shekara guda kafin rasuwarsa, ya buga aikinsa na ƙarshe "Pangeometry", wanda aka rubuta a ƙarƙashin ƙarancin mabiyansa.
Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky ya mutu a ranar 12 ga Fabrairu (24), 1856, ba tare da karɓar yabo daga abokan aikinsa ba. A lokacin mutuwarsa, tsaransa ba sa iya fahimtar ainihin ra'ayoyin baiwa.
A cikin kimanin shekaru 10, ƙungiyar masana kimiyya ta duniya za su yaba da aikin masanin lissafi na Rasha. Za a fassara rubuce-rubucensa zuwa duk manyan yarukan Turai.
Karatun Eugenio Beltrami, Felix Klein da Henri Poincaré sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen amincewa da ra'ayoyin Nikolai Lobachevsky. Sun tabbatar a aikace cewa yanayin ilimin Lobachevsky bai sabawa juna ba.
Lokacin da duniyar kimiyya ta fahimci cewa akwai wani madadin na Euclidean geometry, wannan ya haifar da samuwar wasu ra'ayoyi na musamman na lissafi da lissafi.
