Yaƙe-yaƙe - Yaƙe-yaƙe 3 tsakanin tsohuwar Rome da Carthage ("Punami", ma'ana, Phoenicians), wanda ya ci gaba a kai a kai a cikin 264-146 BC. Rome ta ci yaƙe-yaƙe, yayin da aka lalata Carthage.
Ganawa tsakanin Rome da Carthage
Bayan da Jamhuriyar Romaniya ta zama babbar iko, ta mallaki dukkanin yankin Penetula na Apennine, ba za ta iya sake nutsuwa ta kalli mulkin Carthage a Yammacin Bahar Rum.
Italiya ta nemi hana Sicily, inda gwagwarmaya tsakanin Helenawa da Carthaginians ta daɗe tana gudana, daga wanda ke biyun ya mallake ta. In ba haka ba, Romawa ba za su iya ba da amintaccen ciniki ba, kamar yadda kuma suna da wasu manyan gata.
Da farko dai, Italiyanci suna da sha'awar sarrafa mashigar Masana. Samun damar mallakar mashigar ruwan nan da nan ta gabatar da kanta: wadanda ake kira "Mamertines" sun kame Messana, kuma lokacin da Hieron II na Syracuse ya fito ya yi gaba da su, sai Mamertines din suka juya zuwa Rome don neman taimako, wanda ya karbe su a cikin hadaddiyar kungiyar.
Wadannan da wasu dalilan ne suka haifar da Yakin Farko na Farko (264-241 BC). Yana da kyau a lura cewa dangane da karfin su, Rome da Carthage suna cikin yanayi daidai daidai.
Thearfin rauni na Carthaginians shine cewa rundunarsu ta ƙunshi yawancin sojoji hayar, amma wannan ya biya ta gaskiyar cewa Carthage yana da ƙarin kuɗi kuma suna da ƙarfi mai ƙarfi.
Yakin farko na Punic
Yakin ya fara a Sicily tare da harin Carthaginian akan Messana, wanda Romawa suka murƙushe. Bayan haka, Italiyanci sun yi yaƙe-yaƙe masu yawa na nasara, suna kame yawancin biranen yankin.
Don ci gaba da samun nasarori akan Carthaginians, Romawa suna buƙatar ingantaccen jirgin ruwa. Don yin wannan, sun tafi ne don wayo ɗaya. Sun sami nasarar gina kayan haɗi a cikin jirgi tare da ƙugiyoyi na musamman waɗanda suka ba da damar hawa jirgin maƙiyi.
A sakamakon haka, ta hanyar irin wadannan gadoji, dakaru na Roman, wadanda suka shahara da shirin yaki, da sauri suka hau kan jiragen ruwan Carthaginian suka shiga fada hannu-da-hannu tare da abokan gaba. Kuma duk da cewa da farko Italiawa sun gaza, amma daga baya irin wadannan dabarun sun kawo musu nasarori da yawa.
A lokacin bazara na 256 BC. e. Sojojin Roman karkashin jagorancin Marcus Regulus da Lucius Long sun sauka a Afirka. A sauƙaƙe sun karɓi iko da wasu abubuwan dabaru da Majalisar Dattawa ta yanke shawarar barin rabin sojojin kawai zuwa Regula.
Wannan shawarar ta zama ta zama sanadin mutuwar Romawa. Carthaginawa sun ci Regulus gaba ɗaya kuma suka kama shi, inda daga baya ya mutu. Koyaya, a cikin Sicily, Italiyanci suna da babbar fa'ida. Kowace rana suna ci gaba da mamaye yankuna da yawa, bayan sun sami muhimmiyar nasara a Tsibirin Aegat, wanda ya lakume wa Carthaginians jiragen yaƙi 120.
Lokacin da Jamhuriyar Rumawa ta mallaki duk hanyoyin teku, Carthage ya yarda da sulke, ta inda dukkan Carthaginian Sicily da wasu tsibirai suka bi ta hannun Romawa. Bugu da kari, bangaren da ya sha kaye ya biya Rome makuden kudade a matsayin rashi.
Yakin basasa a Carthage
Nan da nan bayan kammalawar zaman lafiya, Carthage ya shiga cikin gwagwarmaya mai wahala tare da sojojin haya, wanda ya ɗauki fiye da shekaru 3. A lokacin tawayen, sojojin haya na Sardiniya suka wuce zuwa gefen Rome, saboda godiyarsu da Romewan suka hada Sardinia da Corsica daga Carthaginians.
Lokacin da Carthage ya yanke shawarar mayar da yankunanta, Turawan Italiyan suka yi barazanar fara yaƙi. Bayan lokaci, Hamilcar Barca, shugaban jam'iyyar Pathaginian Patriotic Party, wanda ya dauki yaki da Rome ba makawa, ya mallaki kudu da gabashin Spain, yana kokarin rama asarar Sicily da Sardinia.
An kafa runduna mai shirin yaƙi, wanda ya haifar da tsoro a Daular Rome. A sakamakon haka, Romawa suka nemi Carthaginians ba su ƙetare Kogin Ebro ba, kuma sun yi ƙawance da wasu biranen Girka.
Yakin Punic na Biyu
A shekara ta 221 kafin haihuwar Yesu. Hasdrubal ya mutu, sakamakon haka Hannibal, ɗaya daga cikin maƙiyan makiyan Rome, ya maye gurbinsa. Ta amfani da damar da ake da ita, Hannibal ya afkawa garin Sagunta, yana kawance da Italia, ya kuma kwace shi bayan kawanyar da aka yi na watanni 8.
Lokacin da Majalisar Dattijai ta ƙi ba da Hannibal, sai aka ayyana Yakin Punic na Biyu (218 BC). Shugaban Carthaginian ya ƙi yin yaƙi a Spain da Afirka, kamar yadda Romawa suke fata.
Madadin haka, Italiya ta zama cibiyar tsakiyar tashin hankali, bisa shirin Hannibal. Kwamandan ya sanya wa kansa burin isa Rome ta kowane hali da lalata ta. A saboda wannan ya dogara da tallafi daga kabilun Gallic.
Ya tara babbar runduna, Hannibal ya tashi zuwa sanannen kamfen ɗin yaƙi da Rome. Ya sami nasarar ketare Pyrenees tare da sojoji dubu 50 da mahayan dawakai 9,000 a hannunsa. Bugu da kari, yana da giwayen yaki da yawa, wadanda ke da matukar wahalar jure duk wahalar yakin.
Daga baya, Hannibal ya isa tsawan Alps, ta inda yake da wahalar gaske. A lokacin miƙa mulki, ya rasa kusan rabin mayaƙan. Bayan haka, sojojinsa sun fuskanci kamfen mai wahala daidai ta hanyar Apennines. Koyaya, Carthaginians sun sami nasarar ci gaba da cin nasara tare da Italiya.
Kuma duk da haka, yana zuwa Rome, kwamandan ya lura cewa ba zai iya karɓar garin ba. Lamarin ya kara tabarbarewa ne kasancewar kawayen sun kasance masu biyayya ga Rome, ba sa son wucewa zuwa bangaren Hannibal.
Sakamakon haka, 'yan Carthaginians sun yi gabas, inda suka lalata yankunan kudu sosai. Romawa sun guji buɗe yaƙe-yaƙe tare da sojojin Hannibal. Madadin haka, sun yi fatan kassara makiya, wanda ya kasance yana karancin abinci a kowace rana.
Bayan hunturu kusa da Geronius, Hannibal ya koma Apulia, inda shahararren yakin Cannes ya gudana. A cikin wannan yaƙin, Romawa sun sha mummunan rauni, sun rasa sojoji da yawa. Bayan haka, Syracuse da yawancin kawayen Rome na kudancin Rome sun yi alkawarin shiga kwamandan.
Italiya ta rasa ikon mallakar muhimmin gari na Capua. Duk da haka, mahimman ƙarfafawa ba su zo Hannibal ba. Wannan ya haifar da gaskiyar cewa Romawa sun fara ɗaukar matakin a hankali a hannunsu. A cikin 212, Rome ta karɓi ikon Syracuse, kuma bayan shekaru kaɗan, duk Sicily tana hannun Italiya.
Daga baya, bayan doguwar kewaye, Hannibal ya tilasta barin Capua, wanda ya ba da ƙarfi ga ƙawayen Rome. Kuma kodayake Carthaginians yana samun nasarori akan abokan gaba lokaci-lokaci, ikonsu yana raguwa kowace rana.
Bayan wani lokaci, Romawa suka kame Spain duka, bayan haka ragowar sojojin Carthaginian suka koma Italiya; birni na ƙarshe na Carthaginian, Hades, ya mika wuya ga Rome.
Hannibal ya fahimci cewa da kyar zai iya cin wannan yaƙin. Magoya bayan zaman lafiya a Carthage sun shiga tattaunawa tare da Rome, wanda ba ya ba da sakamako ba. Hukumomin Carthagin sun kira Hannibal zuwa Afirka. Yakin da aka yi na Zama ya hana Carthaginawa fatan karshe na nasara kuma ya kai ga ƙarshen zaman lafiya.
Rome ta umarci Carthage ya lalata jiragen ruwan yaƙi, ya yi watsi da wasu tsibirai a cikin Tekun Bahar Rum, kada ya yi yaƙi a wajen Afirka, kuma kada ya yi yaƙi a Afirka kanta ba tare da izinin Rome ba. Bugu da kari, bangaren da aka rasa ya zama tilas ya biya makudan kudade ga wanda ya yi nasara.
Yakin Punic na Uku
Bayan ƙarshen Yaƙin Punic na biyu, ƙarfin Daular Rome ya ƙaru sosai. Hakanan, Carthage ya bunkasa sosai ta fuskar tattalin arziki, saboda kasuwancin ƙasashen waje. A halin yanzu, wata ƙungiya mai tasiri ta bayyana a Rome, suna neman halakar Carthage.
Bai kasance da wahala a sami dalilin fara yakin ba. Sarkin Masidissa na Numidiya, yana jin goyon bayan Romawa, ya nuna halin tashin hankali kuma ya nemi kwace wani yanki na ƙasar Carthagin. Wannan ya haifar da rikici na makamai, kuma duk da cewa an kayar da Carthaginians, amma gwamnatin Rome ta ɗauki ayyukansu a matsayin ƙaren ƙa'idodin yarjejeniyar kuma ta ayyana yaƙi.
Don haka Yakin Punic na Uku ya fara (shekaru 149-146. Carthage ba ya son yaƙi kuma ya yarda ya faranta wa Romawa rai ta kowace hanya, amma sun aikata rashin gaskiya ƙwarai da gaske: sun gabatar da wasu buƙatu, kuma lokacin da Carthaginians suka cika su, sai su kafa sabon yanayi.
Har ta kai ga cewa Italiawa sun umarci Carthaginians su bar garinsu su zauna a wani yanki na daban kuma nesa da teku. Wannan shine hakurin ƙarshe na haƙƙin Carthaginians, waɗanda suka ƙi yin biyayya da irin wannan umarnin.
A sakamakon haka, Romawa suka fara kewaye birnin, wanda mazaunansa suka fara kera jiragen ruwa da kuma ƙarfafa ganuwar. Hasdrubal ya karɓi babban umarni akan su. Mazauna da aka kewaye sun fara fuskantar ƙarancin abinci, yayin da aka shigar da su cikin zobe.
Daga baya wannan ya haifar da tashi daga mazauna da miƙa wuya ga wani muhimmin ɓangare na ƙasashen Carthage. A cikin bazara na 146 BC. Sojojin Rome sun shiga garin, wanda aka ƙwace cikin cikakken iko bayan kwanaki 7. Romawa suka kori Carthage sannan suka banka mata wuta. Wani abin birgewa shine sun yayyafa ƙasa a cikin garin da gishiri don kada wani abu ya tsiro a kanta.
Sakamakon
Rushewar Carthage ya ba Rome damar faɗaɗa ikonsu a kan dukkanin tekun Bahar Rum. Ya zama mafi girman yankin Bahar Rum, wanda ya mallaki ƙasashen Yammaci da Arewacin Afirka da Spain.
Yankunan da aka mamaye sun zama lardunan Roman. Zuwan azurfa daga ƙasashen da aka lalata birnin ya ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban tattalin arziki kuma hakan ya sa Rome ta zama mafi ƙarfi a cikin tsohuwar duniya.
Hotunan Yaƙin Punic
