Tabbas, bashi da ma'ana ayi jayayya game da wane gabobi mafi mahimmanci a jikin mutum. Jikin mutum hadadden tsari ne, bangarorin sa suna hade sosai da juna har gazawar dayan su ke haifar da matsaloli ga dukkan kwayar halitta.
Koyaya, koda tare da wannan kogon, fatar ta bayyana daya daga cikin mahimman gabobin jikin mutum. Da farko dai, wannan ba don haɗarin cututtukan fata bane, amma saboda kasancewar waɗannan cututtukan kusan koyaushe bayyane ga kowa da ke kusa da su. Marubucin tatsuniyar kimiyar Ba'amurke kuma, a lokaci guda, mashahurin masanin kimiyya Isaac Asimov ya bayyana kuraje a daya daga cikin littattafansa. Azimov ya kira kuraje a fuskar samartaka daya daga cikin munanan cututtuka ba game da mace-mace ko nakasa ba, amma dangane da tasirin da ke cikin hankalin ɗan adam. Da zaran saurayi ko budurwa, kamar yadda Asimov ya rubuta, yi tunani game da wanzuwar kishiyar jinsi, sassan da ke bayyane a jikinsa, da farko, fuska, mummunan kuraje ne ke damun su. Lalacewar lafiyarsu ba babba ba ce, amma lalacewar halayyar da kuraje ke haifarwa tana da girma.
Tare da rashin girmamawa kamar matasa, suna kula da yanayin fatar mace. Kowane sabon juji yana zama matsala, don maganinsa ana kashe biliyoyin daloli a kan kayan shafawa a duniya. Kuma, galibi, waɗannan kuɗaɗen ba su da ma'ana - ba wai kawai masana kyan kwalliya ba za su iya mayar da hannun agogo baya ba. Yin aikin filastik na iya taimaka na ɗan lokaci, amma gabaɗaya, tsufar fata abu ne da ba za a iya sauyawa ba.
Fata, koda ba a cikin mafi kyaun yanayin kwalliya ba, shine mafi mahimmancin kariya ga jikin mutum daga barazanar da yawa. An rufe shi da cakuda gumi da sabulu, kuma yana kiyaye jiki daga zafin rana, sanyi da kamuwa da cuta. Rashin ko da ɗan ƙaramin ɓangaren fata babbar barazana ce ga dukkan jiki. Abin farin ciki, a cikin likitancin zamani ana amfani da irin waɗannan fasahohin don maido da gaggawa na wuraren fata da suka lalace ko suka cire, wanda har ya basu damar kiyaye bayyanar su. Amma, ba shakka, ya fi kyau kada a wuce gona da iri, amma a san abin da fatar ta ƙunsa, yadda take aiki da yadda za a kula da ita.
1. A bayyane yake cewa jikin mutane daban-daban suna da girma daban-daban, amma a matsakaita, zamu iya ɗauka cewa yankin fatar jikin mutum yakai kimanin 1.5 - 2 m2, kuma nauyin sa ban da subcutaneous mai shine kilogiram 2.7. Dogaro da wuri a jiki, kaurin fatar zai iya bambanta sau 10 - daga 0.5 mm akan ƙwan ido zuwa 0.5 cm akan tafin ƙafa.
2. A cikin fatar jikin mutum tare da yanki na 7 cm2 akwai magudanar jini na mita 6, gwaiwar mai mai 90, gashi 65, jijiyoyi 19,000, gwaiwan gumi 625 da kwaya miliyan 19.
3. Sauƙaƙawa, suna cewa fatar ta ƙunshi layuka biyu: epidermis da dermis. Wani lokacin kuma ana ambaton mai mai yankan hanya. Daga mahangar kimiyya, epidermis ne kawai ke da yadudduka 5 (daga kasa zuwa sama): basal, prickly, granular, shiny and horny. Kwayoyin halitta a hankali suna tashi daga wannan zuwa wancan kuma su mutu. Gabaɗaya, aikin sake sabunta epidermis yana ɗaukar kwanaki 27. A cikin fata, ana kiran ƙananan Layer reticular, kuma na sama ana kiransa papillary.
4. Matsakaicin adadin kwayoyin halitta a fatar mutum ya wuce miliyan 300. Ganin yawan sabuntawar epidermis, jiki yana samar da kwayai biliyan 2 a shekara. Idan ka auna kwayoyin fata wanda mutum ya rasa a tsawon rayuwarsa, zaka samu kusan kilogiram 100.
5. Kowane mutum yana da alamun mole da / ko alamun haihuwa a fatarsa. Launinsu daban ya nuna yanayi daban. Mafi sau da yawa, ƙwayoyi suna launin ruwan kasa. Waɗannan su ne dunƙulen ƙwayoyin rai da ke cike da launin launi. Jariri kusan basu da tabo. A jikin kowane baligi, koyaushe akwai dozin dozin da yawa. Manyan ƙwayoyi (fiye da 1 cm a faɗi) suna da haɗari - za su iya rikidewa zuwa ƙari. Koda lalacewar inji na iya zama dalilin sake haihuwa, sabili da haka, yana da kyau a cire manyan ƙwayoyin moles dake jikin mutum a wuraren da suke da haɗari daga mahangar lalacewa.
6. ilsusa da gashi sun samo asali daga epidermis, gyare-gyarensa. Sun kunshi kwayoyin rai a gindi da kuma matattun sel a sama.
7. Redness na fata wanda ya haifar da aiki na jiki ko abubuwan motsa jiki ana kiransa vasodilation. Abunda yake akasin haka - magudanar jini daga fata, mai haifar da pallor - ana kiran sa vasoconstriction.
8. Kira akan hannaye da ƙafafun mutane da ƙahonin da kofato da dabbobin dabbobi abin mamaki ne iri ɗaya. Dukansu samfurin ne na abin da ake kira keratinization na epidermis. Keratin wani abu ne mai jin daɗi, kuma idan aka cika shi da yawa, fatar na rasa laushi da filastik. Ya zama mara kyau kuma mara nauyi, yana haifar da ci gaba.
9. A cikin karni na 19, ana kiran rickets cutar Ingilishi. Avitaminosis a cikin abincin har ma da wealthyan Burtaniya masu wadata ya kasance mai ban tsoro (akwai ma wata ka'ida da ke nuna bambancin ra'ayi da raɗaɗi da baƙon abu ga baƙi a cikin Ingilishi sun bayyana daidai saboda ƙarancin bitamin da haɗarin da ke tare da shi, wanda hakora suka faɗi). Kuma saboda hayakin, mutanen birni na Birtaniyya basu da hasken rana. A lokaci guda, sun tsunduma cikin neman hanyoyin da za a magance larura a ko'ina, amma ba a Ingila ba. Pole Andrzej Snyadecki ya gano cewa bayyanar da hasken rana yana taimakawa ba kawai a cikin rigakafin ba, har ma da maganin rickets. A farkon karni na 20, an gano cewa za a iya maye gurbin hasken rana ta wannan hanyar da fitilar ma'adini. Masanan kimiyyar lissafi sun fahimci cikin fahimta cewa fatar mutum, a ƙarƙashin tasirin mutane, tana samar da wani abu wanda yake hana bayyanar rickets. Likitan Ba'amurke kuma masanin kimiyyar lissafi Alfred Fabian Hess, yana nazarin beraye masu fararen fata da baƙin fata, ya gano cewa ɓerayen baƙar fata suna haɓaka rickets, har ma suna saka musu hasken fitilar ma'adini. Hess ya ci gaba - ya fara ciyar da rukunin kula da farare da bakaken beraye tare da ko dai fitilar ma'adini mai narkewa, ko kuma "fata" mai tsabta. Bayan karbar fata "mai kumburi", berayen baƙar fata sun daina rashin lafiya tare da katako. Don haka aka bayyana cewa a ƙarƙashin tasirin ultraviolet radiation, fatar tana iya samar da bitamin D. Ana samar da ita daga wani abu da ake kira "styrene", wanda a Girkanci yake nufin "m barasa".
10. Masu bincike masu zaman kansu sun gano cewa kashi 82% na alamomi akan kayan shafawa na fata suna dauke da karairayi na karya, wadanda aka maida su kamar kalmomin da ba daidai ba da kuma bayanan karya. Zai yi kyau a yi ma'amala da maganganun da ba su da illa, kamar kashi 95% na mata suna zaban cream na dare "NN". Amma bayan duk, labarai game da asalin 100% na asalin abubuwan da aka haɗa da wannan cream, wanda ke sa shi amintacce, suma ƙarya ne. Man Lavender da Citrus, ganyen rhubarb, mayya, da dafin maciji dukkansu sinadarai ne na halitta, amma an tabbatar da su a kimiyance suna da illa. Sanarwar cewa creams na kwaskwarima yana kare mai shi gaba ɗaya daga tasirin cutarwa na waje shima ba daidai bane. Zai iya zama gaskiya ne kawai idan ma'abocin kirim ya daina ci, sha da numfashi, kuma ya fara sanya matsattsun sutura waɗanda ke rufe jiki gaba ɗaya.
11. Akwai wata yar isasshen zato game da zaman mutum a duniya. Ya dogara ne da ƙwarin fatar mutum don samar da bitamin D kuma ta haka ne yake magance rickets. Dangane da wannan ka'idar, lokacin da suke yin ƙaura daga Afirka zuwa arewa, mutanen da ke da fata mai sauƙi suna da fifiko a kan 'yan'uwan da ke da duhun fata. mai saukin kamuwa da cuta saboda rashin bitamin D. A hankali, mutane masu duhun kai a Arewacin da Yammacin Turai suka mutu, kuma mutane masu launin fata suka zama magabatan yawan mutanen Turai. Da farko kallo, tunanin yana da ban dariya, amma manyan maganganu biyu sunyi magana akan falalar sa. Da farko, mutanen da ke da fata mai kyau da kuma gashi mai farin gashi sun kasance mafi yawan mutanen da ke cikin Turai. Na biyu, yawan mutanen da ke da launin fata a Turai da Arewacin Amurka suna cikin haɗarin rickets fiye da masu launin fata.
12. Ana tantance launin fatar mutum ne ta yawan launin da yake dauke da shi - melanin. Da cikakkiyar magana, melanins babban rukuni ne na launuka masu launin, kuma launin fata yana da tasirin tasirin waɗannan launuka, haɗe cikin ƙungiyar eumelanins, amma yawanci suna aiki da sunan "melanin". Yana ɗaukar hasken ultraviolet da kyau, wanda yawanci yana lalata fata da jiki gaba ɗaya. Kunar rana a sanadin wannan hasken na ultraviolet sam ba alama ce ta samar da melanin a cikin fata ba. Kunar rana a jiki shine mai saurin kumburin fata. Amma da farko fata mai duhu ta mutane tabbaci ne na yawan melanin. Melanin shima yana tantance launin gashin mutum.
13. Fatar jikin mutum tana dauke da sinadarin carotene. Ya yadu kuma yana da launin rawaya (wataƙila sunansa ya fito ne daga kalmar Ingilishi "karas" - "karas"). Mafi yawan carotene akan melanin yana ba fata launin rawaya. Wannan a bayyane yake bayyane a cikin launin fata na wasu mutanen gabashin Asiya. Hakanan kuma, a lokaci guda, fatar kusan mutane iri ɗaya na Gabashin Asiya yana fitar da gumi mai yawa fiye da na Turawa da Amurkawa. Sabili da haka, alal misali, koda daga Koreans masu gumi mai laushi, ba a jin ƙanshi mara daɗi.
14. Fatar ta kunshi gland na gumi kusan miliyan biyu. Tare da taimakonsu, ana daidaita yanayin zafin jiki. Fatar jiki tana bayar da zafi ga yanayin ba tare da su ba, amma wannan tsari yana da karko sosai. Fitar ruwa wani abu ne mai matukar tsada ta fuskar amfani da kuzari, saboda haka, zufa da ke fita daga fata yana ba da damar rage saurin zafin jikin mutum. Fata duhu, da yawan gumi da ke ciki, wanda ke ba wa baƙar fata sauƙi jure wa zafi.
15. Wari mara dadi na gumi a zahiri shine ƙanshin rubabben maiko. An ɓoye shi ta ƙwayoyin cuta, waɗanda ke cikin fata sama da gland. Gumi gabaɗaya ya ƙunshi kusan ruwa ɗaya tare da ƙara gishiri kaɗan. Kuma sabulu, lokacin da aka fitar da shi daga gland, ba shi da ƙanshi - ba ya ƙunshi abubuwa masu canzawa. Warin yana faruwa ne yayin cakuda gumi da sabulu suka fara farfasa kwayoyin cuta.
16. Kusan 1 cikin mutane 20,000 zabiya ce. Irin waɗannan mutane suna da ƙananan ko babu melanin a cikin fata da gashinsu. Fatar Albino da gashi farare ne masu ƙyalƙyali, kuma idanunsu jajaye - maimakon launin launi, jijiyoyin jini na translucent suna ba da launi. Abin sha'awa, galibi ana samun zabiya a tsakanin mutanen da ke da fata mai duhu sosai. Mafi yawan zabiya a kowane mutum yana cikin Tanzania - a can tarin albinos yakai 1: 1,400. A lokaci guda, ana daukar Tanzania da makwabciyarta Zimbabwe kasashen da suka fi hadari ga zabiya. A cikin waɗannan ƙasashe, an yi imanin cewa cin naman zabiya yana warkar da cuta kuma yana kawo sa'a. An biya dubunnan daloli don sassan jikin zabiya. Saboda haka, kai tsaye ana kai yara zabiya makarantun kwana na musamman - hatta danginsu na iya sayarwa ko ci su.
17. Bayanin zamanin da wanda yanzu yake haifar da dariya cewa wankan jiki yana da illa (wasu sarakuna da sarauniya an wanke su sau biyu kawai a rayuwarsu, da sauransu), ba daidai ba, suna da wani tushe. Tabbas, tabbatarwar sashinsu tazo daga baya. Ya zama cewa ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta suna rayuwa akan fatar da ke lalata ƙwayoyin cuta. Da zaton fatar ba ta da lafiya, waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta na iya shiga cikin jiki. Amma ba shi yiwuwa a cimma cikakkiyar lafiyar fata ta hanyar yin wanka ko wanka, don haka zaku iya wanke kanku ba tare da tsoro ba.
18. A ka'ida, ya kamata jikin mutanen da ke da duhun fata ya fi zafi fiye da jikin mutanen da ke da fararen fata. Aƙalla, lissafin zahiri zalla ya nuna cewa jikin wakilan ƙabilar Negroid ya kamata ya sha kashi 37% cikin ɗumi. Wannan, a ka'idar, a waɗancan yankuna na canjin yanayi inda yakamata ya haifar da zafin rana tare da sakamakon da ya dace. Koyaya, binciken, kamar yadda masana kimiyya ke rubutawa, "bai ba da sakamako maras tabbas ba." Idan bakaken jikin zasu sha wannan yawan zafin, dole ne su bayar da gumi mai yawa. Baƙi sun fi gumi sama da mutane masu launin fata, amma bambancin ba shi da mahimmanci. A bayyane, suna da tsarin ɓoye gumi daban.
19. Mutane masu launin shuɗi suna rayuwa a Duniya. Wannan ba wata tsere bace ta musamman. Fatar na iya canza launin shuɗi saboda dalilai da yawa. A cikin Andes na Chile, can baya a cikin 1960s, an gano mutane suna zaune a tsawo sama da mita 6,000. Fatar jikinsu tana da shudi mai launin shudi saboda karin sinadarin haemoglobin - haemoglobin da bai wadatar da iskar oxygen ba yana da launi mai launin shudi, kuma a tsaunukan tsaunuka saboda ƙarancin ƙarfi akwai ƙarancin oxygen don numfashin ɗan adam. Fatar na iya zama shuɗi saboda wani maye gurbi da ya faru. Tsawon karni da rabi, dangin Fugate suna zaune a Amurka, duk membobinta suna da shuɗin fata. Zuriyar baƙon Faransa sun shiga cikin auratayya masu nasaba sosai, amma duk childrena rareansu sun gaji halin da iyayensu basu da shi. Babban abin mamakin shine yadda aka yiwa zuriyar Fugate bincike mai zurfi na likitanci, amma ba a sami wata cuta ba. Daga bisani, a hankali suna cakuduwa da mutane tare da fata ta yau da kullun, kuma rashin daidaituwa ta kwayoyin halitta ya ɓace. A ƙarshe, fata na iya canza launin shuɗi daga shan azurfa mai haɗuwa. Ya kasance ɓangare na shahararrun magunguna da yawa. Ba'amurke Fred Walters, ya zama shuɗi bayan ya cinye azurfa mai haɗuwa, har ma ya nuna fatarsa don kuɗi a bainar jama'a. Gaskiya ne, ya mutu daga sakamakon shan azurfa mai haɗuwa.
20. Matsalar fata baya dogara da kasancewar sinadarin collagen ko yawansa. Collagen yana nan a kowace fata, kuma matse shi ya dogara da yanayin ƙwayoyin collagen. A cikin ƙaramin fata, suna cikin wani yanayi karkatacce, sannan fatar tana cikin wani yanayi mai na roba. Kwayoyin Collagen suna kwance tsufa. kamar dai “miƙa” fata ne, yana mai da shi rauni sosai. Sabili da haka, tasirin kwalliya na collagen, wanda galibi ake yabawa a tallan kayan shafawa, kawai ya shafi lokacin da cream ɗin da ake shafawa a fuska ya ɗan matse fata. Collagen baya ratsa fata, kuma bayan cire cream, sai ya koma yadda yake a da. Elemental petroleum jelly yana da irin wannan tasirin ga collagen. Hakanan ya shafi gaɓoɓɓen gaye, amma idan aka yi amfani da shi a waje, ba ya ma da tasirin matsi.
