Bala'in jirgin ruwan "Titanic" ba shine mafi girma ba a tarihin kewayawa. Koyaya, dangane da tasirin tasiri a cikin tunani, mutuwar babban jirgin ruwan teku a wancan lokacin ya zarta duk wasu masifu na teku.
Ko da kafin tafiya ta farko, Titanic ya zama alama ce ta zamanin. An shirya katuwar jirgin ruwa da sabuwar fasaha, kuma an yiwa wuraren fasinjojin ado da kayan alatu na wani otal mai arziki. Ko da a cikin ɗakuna na aji na uku, an ba da kayan more rayuwa. Titanic yana da wurin waha, squash da golf golf, dakin motsa jiki, da nau'ikan hanyoyin cin abinci iri iri, daga gidajen cin abinci na alfarma zuwa mashaya da sanduna na aji uku. Jirgin yana sanye da bulkheads na ruwa mara nauyi, don haka nan da nan suka fara kiran shi maras kyau.
Wani ɓangare na gidajen alatu
Selectedungiyar ta zaɓi wanda ya dace. A waccan shekarun, tsakanin manyan hafsoshi, musamman matasa, akwai sha'awar yaduwa a cikin sana'o'in da suka shafi hakan. Musamman, yana yiwuwa ya wuce jarrabawa don mai kewaya kuma ya sami izinin “”arin”. A kan jirgin Titanic, ba Kyaftin Smith kaɗai ke da irin wannan lasisin ba, har ma da mataimakansa biyu. Dangane da yajin aikin kwal, mahaɗan jirgi a cikin Burtaniya ba su da aiki, kuma masu Titanic sun sami damar ɗaukar mafi kyawun gwaninta. Kuma masu jirgi da kansu suna ɗokin jirgin da ba a taɓa gani ba.
Faɗi da tsayin jirgin yana ba da ra'ayin girman Titanic
Kuma a cikin waɗannan kusan kyawawan halaye, tafiyar farko ta jirgin ta ƙare cikin mummunan bala'i. Kuma ba za a iya cewa "Titanic" yana da lahani ƙirar ƙira ko ƙungiyar ta yi kuskuren bala'i ba. Jirgin ya lalace ta hanyar jerin matsaloli, wanda ɗayansu bashi da mahimmanci. Amma a jimilce, sun bar jirgin ruwan Titanic ya nitse zuwa ƙasa kuma ya ci rayukan fasinjoji dubu ɗaya da rabi.
1. Yayin da ake aikin kera Titanic, anyi hatsari 254 tare da ma'aikata. Daga cikin wadannan, 69 sun fada kan sanya kayan aiki, kuma ma'aikata 158 sun ji rauni a filin jirgin. Mutane 8 sun mutu, kuma a wancan lokacin ana ɗaukarsa karɓaɓɓe - mai kyau mai nuna alama ana ɗaukar mutuwa ɗaya a cikin fam 100,000 na saka hannun jari, kuma ginin "Titanic" ya ci fam miliyan 1.5, wato, mutane 7 suma sun "sami ceto". Wani mutum ya mutu lokacin da aka riga aka fara farautar jirgin ruwan Titanic.
Kafin ƙaddamarwa
2. Kawai don kula da tukunyar jirgi na katuwar jirgin (tsawon 269, faɗi 28 m, sauyawa tan 55,000), ana buƙatar agogon yau da kullun na mutane 73. Sunyi aiki na canje-canje na awanni 4, kuma har yanzu aikin masu ɗora kaya da mataimakan su na da matukar wahala. Jirgin ruwan na Titanic ya kona tan 650 na kwal a rana, ya bar tan 100 na toka. Duk wannan ya motsa ta cikin riƙe ba tare da wani inji ba.
Kafin ƙaddamarwa
3. Jirgin yana da ƙungiyarsa. A yadda aka saba, ya kamata ya ƙunshi mutane shida, amma mawaƙa takwas sun tafi tafiya ta farko. Abubuwan da ake buƙata don cancantar su sun haɗa da sanin sama da waƙoƙi 300 daga jerin na musamman. Bayan ƙarshen abun da aka tsara, jagora ne kawai zai sanya lambar ta gaba. An kashe dukkan mawaƙa Titanic.
4. Fiye da wayoyi sama da kilomita 300 tare da Titanic, wanda ya ciyar da kayan lantarki, gami da fitilun tantalum dubu dari, fanoni masu karfi 76, dumama 520 a dakunan farko da agoguna 48. Hakanan wayoyi daga maɓallan kiran mai kula sun gudana a kusa. Akwai maɓallan maɓalli guda 1,500.
5. Rashin tuna Titanic ya zama sanadin talla. Haka ne, lallai akwai manyan shuke-shuke 15 a cikin jirgin, amma matse ruwan nasu akwai shakku sosai. Akwai gaske da yawa, amma sun kasance wurare daban-daban, mafi munin duka - suna da ƙofofi. Sun rufe ta ta fuskar halitta, amma kamar kowane kofa, sun kasance raunana a cikin bangon. Amma daskararrun dunƙulen tsawan da ake buƙata ya rage ingancin kasuwanci na jirgin ruwan. Kuɗi, kamar koyaushe, ya sha kashi tsaro. Fitaccen mai kera jirgin Rashar A. N. Krylov ya bayyana wannan ra'ayin da waƙa sosai. Ya aika ƙungiyar ɗalibansa don gina Titanic kuma sun sani game da rashin amincin manyan abubuwa. Saboda haka, yana da cikakken dalili na rubutawa a cikin keɓaɓɓen labarin cewa "Titanic" ya mutu ne daga lalatacciyar rayuwa.
6. Tarihin rayuwar Kyaftin din Titanic Edward John Smith kyakkyawan kwatanci ne na hanyoyin da suka haifar da ƙarshen Masarautar Burtaniya. Drake da sauran 'yan fashin tare da takardu masu ban mamaki, da Cook, wanda ya aika da Shugabannin Manzanni zuwa jahannama, an maye gurbinsu da shugabanni, wanda babban abin shine albashi (sama da fam 1,500 a shekara, kuɗi mai yawa) da kuma kyauta mai haɗari (har zuwa 20% na albashin). Kafin Titanic, Smith ya sanya jiragen ruwansa aƙalla (aƙalla sau uku), ya lalata kayan jigilar (aƙalla sau biyu) kuma ya nutsar da jiragen wasu mutane (an rubuta abubuwa uku). Bayan duk waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru, koyaushe yana gudanar da rubuta rahoto bisa ga abin da bai yi laifin komai ba. A cikin tallan jirgin tashi guda daya tilo na Titanic, an kira shi kyaftin wanda bai sha wahala ko guda ba. Wataƙila, Smith yana da ƙafa mai kyau wajen gudanar da layin White Star, kuma koyaushe yana iya samun yare ɗaya tare da matafiya matafiya.
Kyaftin Smith
7. Akwai isassun jiragen ruwa akan jirgin ruwan Titanic. Akwai ma fiye da su fiye da yadda ya kamata. Gaskiya ne, ba a ƙayyade buƙata da isa ba ta yawan fasinjoji, amma ta dokar ƙa'ida ta musamman "Kan safarar kasuwanci". Dokar ta kasance kwanan nan - ta wuce a cikin 1894. Sanarwar ta ce, a kan jiragen ruwan da ke dauke da tan 10,000 (babu manya a lokacin da aka amince da dokar), dole ne mai wannan jirgin ya mallaki kwale-kwalen da ke da rai wanda nauyinsu ya kai mita 9,625. ƙafa. Mutum daya yana zaune kimanin mita 10. ƙafa, don haka jiragen ruwan da ke cikin jirgin sun dace da mutane 962. A kan "Titanic" girman kwale-kwalen ya kai mita mita 32 327. ƙafa, wanda ya ma fi al'ada. Gaskiya ne, bisa ga takaddar Ma'aikatar Kasuwanci, jirgin na iya ɗaukar mutane 3,547 tare da ma'aikatan. Don haka, a kalla lodi, kashi biyu bisa uku na mutanen da ke cikin jirgin Titanic an bar su ba tare da sarari a cikin kwale-kwalen ceton rayukan ba. A daren mara dadi na 14 ga Afrilu, 1912, akwai mutane 2,207 a cikin jirgin.
8. Inshora "Titanic" yakai $ 100. A kan wannan adadin, kamfanin na Atlantic ya dauki nauyin biyan dala miliyan 5 idan ya samu asarar jirgin gaba daya. Kudaden ba kadan bane - a duk fadin duniya a cikin jiragen ruwa na 1912 sun inshorar kimanin dala miliyan 33.
9. "Nisan tsayawa" na jirgin - nisan da "Titanic" ya yi bayan sauyawa daga "gaba gaba" zuwa "cikakken baya" kafin tsayawa - ya kai mita 930. Jirgin ya dauki sama da mintuna uku kafin ya tsaya cak.
10. Wadanda abin ya shafa "Titanic" na iya kasancewa da yawa, in ba don yajin aikin masu hakar kwal na Burtaniya ba. Saboda ita, zirga-zirgar jirgin ruwan ya dushe rabin jiki har ma a cikin waɗancan kamfanonin jigilar kayayyaki waɗanda ke da nasu ajiyar kwal. White Star Lane na ɗaya daga cikinsu, amma tikiti na jirgin farko na Titanic an siyar da shi a hankali - fasinjojin da ke cikin jirgin har yanzu suna tsoron zama masu garkuwar yajin. Saboda haka, fasinjoji 1,316 ne kawai suka hau saman jirgin - 922 a Southampton da 394 a Queenstown da Cherbourg. Jirgin ruwan ya wuce rabin kaya.
A Southampton
11. An sayar da tikiti na jirgin ruwan Titanic na farko a farashin mai zuwa: gida mai daraja ta daya - $ 4 350, wurin zama aji na daya - $ 150, aji na biyu - $ 60, aji na 3 - daga 15 zuwa 40 daloli tare da abinci. Har ila yau, akwai gidaje na alatu. Adon da kayan ɗakunan, har ma a aji na biyu, sun kasance kyawawa. Don kwatankwacin, farashi: ƙwararrun ma'aikata masu ƙwarewa sannan sun sami kusan $ 10 a mako, manyan ma'aikata kusan rabin. A cewar masana, dala ta fadi a farashin sau 16 tun daga wannan lokacin.
Falon Farko Na Farko
Babban matakala
12. An kawo abinci zuwa Titanic ta kekunan shanun: tan 68 na nama, kaji da wasa, tan 40 na dankali, kifi tan 5, kwai 40,000, kwalaben giya dubu 20, kwalaben giya 1,500 da tan na sauran abinci da abin sha.
13. Babu wani dan Rasha da ke cikin jirgin ruwan Titanic. Akwai batutuwa da yawa na Daular Rasha, amma sun kasance ko dai wakilai ne na ƙetaren ƙasa ko yahudawa waɗanda ke rayuwa a waje da Paungiyar Kwarin Gaggawa.
14. A ranar 14 ga Afrilu, ofishin gidan waya na Titanic sun yi biki - ma'aikata biyar sun yi bikin ranar haihuwar 44 na takwaransu Oscar Woody. Shi, kamar abokan aikinsa, bai tsira daga bala'in ba.
15. Arangama ta "Titanic" da dusar kankara ta faru ne a ranar 14 ga Afrilu da karfe 23:40. Akwai sigar hukuma ta yadda ta gudana, da ƙarin ƙarin da kuma wasu waɗanda ke ba da bayanin ayyukan ma'aikatan da halayyar jirgin. A zahiri, Titanic, wanda kallonsa ya ga dutsen kankara mintina kaɗan da suka gabata, ya buge shi da gaske kuma ya ci ramuka da yawa a gefen tauraronsa. Wuraye biyar suka lalace lokaci daya. Masu zanen kaya ba su dogara da irin wannan lalacewar ba. An fara kwashe mutanen nan da nan bayan tsakar dare. Tsawon awa daya da rabi, ya ci gaba cikin tsari, sannan firgici ya fara. Da karfe 2:20 na safe, jirgin Titanic ya rabe biyu ya nitse.
16. An kashe mutane 1496. An yarda da wannan adadi gabaɗaya, kodayake ƙididdiga na canzawa - wasu fasinjojin basu fito don jirgin ba, amma ba a share su ba daga lissafin, za a iya samun "hares", wasu sun yi tafiya a ƙarƙashin sunan da aka ɗauka, da dai sauransu. 710 mutane sun sami ceto. Ma'aikatan jirgin sun yi aikinsu: daya cikin biyar ne suka rayu, kodayake galibi daya cikin uku daga cikin wadanda ke cikin jirgin Titanic ya tsira.
17. Wadanda suka jikkata na iya kasancewa kadan ne ko kuma an kauce musu baki daya in ba don umarnin da ya faru na Kyaftin Smith ya ci gaba da tafiya ba. Idan har jirgin ruwan na Titanic ya kasance a wurin, da ruwa ba zai shigo cikin hanzarin ba da sauri, kuma da alama jirgin zai iya ci gaba da tafiya har zuwa fitowar rana. A kan motsi, ƙarin ruwa ya shiga cikin ɓangarorin da ambaliyar ta cika fiye da famfunan da suke turo su. Smith ya bayar da umarnin nasa ne a matsin lamba daga Joseph Ismay, shugaban layin White Star. Ismay ya tsere kuma bai sha horo ba. Da ya isa New York, abu na farko da ya yi shi ne ba da umarni cewa babu wani jirgin kamfaninsa da zai tafi balaguro ba tare da jiragen ruwa ba, yawan kujerun da suka dace da yawan fasinjoji da ma'aikata. Wayayyen da ya ci rayuka dubu ɗaya da rabi ...
18. Binciken bala'in Titanic ya faru duka a Ingila da Amurka. Duk lokutan da kwamitocin binciken suka zo ga yanke hukunci cewa akwai take hakki, amma babu wanda zai hukunta: masu laifin sun mutu. Kyaftin Smith ya yi watsi da shirin rediyo mai hatsari. Masu ba da rediyo ba su ba da na ƙarshe ba, kawai suna ta telegram ne game da dusar kankara (jirage kawai suna kwance a cikin gantali, wanda yake da haɗari sosai), suna cikin aikin watsa saƙon sirri a $ 3 kowace kalma. Abokin kaftin William Murdock ya yi rawar gani ba daidai ba, a yayin da dusar kankara ta buge kan wani tanki. Duk waɗannan mutanen sun huta a saman teku.
19. Yawancin dangin fasinjojin da suka mutu a jirgin na Titanic sun yi nasarar cin nasarar da'awar na diyya, amma a yayin daukaka kara kudaden na ta raguwa a hankali ba tare da haifar da babbar illa ga masu mallakar Titanic ba. Koyaya, darajar kasuwancin su ta riga ta ɓata.
20. An fara gano tarkacen jirgin "Titanic" a shekara ta 1985 ta wani Ba'amurke mai bincike Robert Ballard, wanda ke neman jiragen ruwa wadanda suka nutse bisa umarnin sojojin ruwan Amurka. Ballard ya ga cewa keɓaɓɓen bakan jirgin ya makale a ƙasan, sauran kuma sun faɗi yayin nutsewar. Mafi girman sashi na bayan jirgi yakai mita 650 daga baka. Researcharin bincike ya nuna cewa ɗaga shahararren jirgi a tarihin kewayawa bai kasance cikin tambaya ba: kusan dukkanin sassan katako an lalata su ta microbes, kuma ƙarfe ya sami mummunar lalata.
Titanic a ƙarƙashin ruwa