Da zarar mun zauna cikin zuciyarmu,
Siberia zata kasance a ciki har abada!
Matsayi mafi mahimmanci a rayuwa
M, taiga shekaru!
Halin yana nan da nan nan da nan!
Kuma ana jarraba mutane a aikace!
Kuna ma tunani daban a cikin Siberia
Kuna iya faɗin ikon theasar Uba!
(V. Abramovsky)
Siberia ra'ayi ne mai fadi a cikin kowane ma'anar kalmar. Tundra, taiga, steppe-steppe, steppe da hamada sun bazu akan wani yanki mai girman gaske. Akwai wuri don tsoffin biranen da manyan kayan masarufi na zamani, hanyoyin zamani da ragowar tsarin ƙabilu.
Wani ya tsorata Siberia, wani ya ji a gida, kawai ya wuce Ural ridge. Mutane sun zo nan don yi musu hukunci da kuma neman mafarkai. Sun canza Siberia, sannan kuma suka fahimci cewa duk waɗannan canje-canjen kayan shafawa ne, kuma miliyoyin murabba'in kilomita kilomita masu faɗin wurare daban-daban har yanzu suna rayuwa iri ɗaya da suka rayu shekaru dubbai da suka gabata.
A nan ne labaran da ke nuna girman Siberia. A shirye-shiryen nadin sarautar Sarauniya Elizabeth Petrovna, an aika da jakadu a duk fadin Rasha don kawo kyawawan girlsan mata daga cikin mutanen da ke zaune a ƙasar zuwa babban birni. Akwai shekara guda da rabi da suka rage game da nadin sarauta, akwai isasshen lokaci, har ma da ƙididdigar buɗewar Rasha. Ba kowa bane ya jimre da aikin kawo mahalarta zuwa gasar ƙabilar Rasha ta farko. Shugaban sashin fada Shakhturov, wanda aka aika zuwa Kamchatka, ya cika aikin bisa ƙa'ida - ya bar Kamchadalka a babban birnin. Kawai yanzu ya kawo su kamar shekaru 4 bayan nadin sarauta. Kuma sanannen ɗan ƙasar nan na Fridtjof Nansen, yana duban taswirar kafin tafiyarsa zuwa Siberia, ya lura cewa idan za a yi majalisar dokokin Norway bisa ƙa'idojin lardin Yenisei, to tana da wakilai 2.25.
Siberia ƙasa ce mai kazanta amma mai arziki. Anan, a cikin kaurin duniya, ana ajiye dukkan tebur na lokaci-lokaci, kuma a cikin adadi na kasuwa. Gaskiya ne, yanayi yana da matuƙar ƙin barin dukiyarta. Yawancin ma'adanai ana cire su ne daga permafrost da dutse. Don gina masana'antar wutar lantarki - ja dam ɗin a ƙetaren kogin, inda ɗayan bankin ba a bayyane ba. Shin kuna gabatar da abinci tsawon wata shida? Haka ne, mutane na iya fita daga Susuman na tsawon watanni shida ta jirgin sama kawai! Kuma kawai a Magadan. Kuma 'yan Siberiyya ba sa ɗaukar irin wannan rayuwar a matsayin abin birgewa. Kamar, yana da wuya, ee, kuma wani lokacin sanyi, da kyau, da kyau, ba kowa bane a cikin wuraren shakatawa da manyan birai ...
Ya cancanci yin ajiyar wuri. Yankin kasa, Siberia yanki ne tsakanin Urals da Far East. Wato, bisa ƙa'ida, Kolyma, misali, ko Chukotka ba Siberia bane, amma Gabas mai nisa. Wataƙila, ga waɗanda ke zaune a waɗannan yankuna, irin wannan rarrabuwa yana da mahimmanci, amma ga yawancin mazaunan yankin Turai na Rasha, Siberia shine duk abin da ke tsakanin Urals da Tekun Pacific. Bari mu fara da wannan rashin fahimtar yanayin kasa. 
Kamar wannan
1. Ci gaban Siberia ya ci gaba cikin saurin tafiya. Ta hanyar kokarin wasu mutane kalilan, a halin yanzu, Russia ta isa Tekun Pacific a cikin shekaru 50, da Tekun Arctic a cikin wasu shekaru 50. Kuma waɗannan ba nasarori bane na balaguron mutum. An kafa shinge tare da hanyoyin, mutane sun zauna, an tsara hanyoyin gaba.
2. Finland ana kiranta da waƙa “ofasar tafki dubu”. A cikin Siberia, kawai a kan yankin bogin Vasyugan akwai tabkuna 800,000, kuma har yawansu yana ƙaruwa koyaushe saboda ci gaba da fadada yankin. Za a iya ɗaukar dausayin Vasyugan a matsayin turke don ruwan sama mai ruwan sama: akwai kilomita 4003 ruwa da tan biliyan biliyan na peat a zurfin mita 2.5 kawai.
3. Siberia tana da cibiyoyi 4 daga cikin 5 masu karfin wutar lantarki a Rasha: Sayano-Shushenskaya da Krasnoyarsk masu samar da wutar lantarki a Yenisei, da Bratsk da Ust-Ilimskaya na samar da wutar lantarki a Angara. Generationarfin zafin jiki ya fi kyau. Manyan da suka fi karfi su ne tashoshin Siberia guda biyu: Surgutskaya-1 da kuma mafi karfi a cikin kasar Surgutskaya-2.
GRES Surgutskaya-2
4. Rukuni na biyu na 19 da farkon karni na 20 sun batar da masu ilimin kasa da tarihi na kasar Rasha akan wata takaddama mara ma'ana game da ko Rasha tana girma tare da Siberia ko kuma ita kanta Rasha tana tafiya zuwa gabas, suna daidaita manufar Siberia. Tsawon shekaru, wannan tattaunawar kamar ba ta da amfani kuma ba ta da amfani kamar tattaunawar tsakanin Westernizers da Slavophiles a ɗan lokaci kaɗan. Kuma sakamakon su ɗaya ne: Bolsheviks sun zo, kuma yawancin mahalarta tattaunawar (waɗanda suka yi sa'a) dole ne su shiga cikin aiki mai fa'ida ta zamantakewar jama'a.
D.I. Mendeleev ya ba da shawarar kwatanta Russia a cikin wannan mahangar
5. Ko da a farkon karni na 20, gwamnatin jihar a cikin yankuna Arctic a bakin Yenisei yayi kama da wannan. Sau ɗaya a cikin kowane yearsan shekaru, wani ɗan sanda mai yawan mukamai da yawa ya zo yankin sansanin Samoyed (wanda aka sa sunan duk mutanen arewa). An tattara Samoyeds don wani nau'in zaɓe, inda ba ta wanki ba, don haka ta hanyar birgima an tilasta musu zaɓar shugaba. Yawancin lokaci ɗayan tsofaffi ne na al'umma, wanda ke magana da Rasha fiye da ƙasa da haƙuri. Wannan shugaban ya sami damar kashe watanni shida duk bayan shekara biyu a tafiya kudu don biyan harajin zabe. Shugaban bai karɓi albashi ba ballantana ma an cire shi daga harajin zaɓen. Sauran membobin ƙabilar kuma ba su karɓi komai daga harajin ba. Kuma adadin harajin ya kasance 10 rub 50 kopecks - kuɗi mai yawa a waɗancan wurare.
6. Yankin kudancin Siberia ya kasance, kamar yadda yake, ya hau kan layukan jirgin kasa biyu - Trans-Siberian (mafi tsayi a duniya) da kuma layin Baikal-Amur. Mahimmancinsu yana bayyane kasancewar Transsib, wanda aka kammala gininsa a cikin 1916, da BAM, wanda aka ƙaddamar a cikin 1984, suna aiki a iyakar iyawarsu kusan tun farkon rayuwarsu. Bugu da ƙari, ana yin zamani da inganta ingantattun layi biyu. Don haka, kawai a cikin 2002 an ƙaddamar da zaɓar lantarki na Transsib. A cikin 2003, an ba da umarnin hadadden ramin Severomuisky a BAM. Daga ra'ayi game da zirga-zirgar fasinja, ana iya ɗaukar Trans-Siberian Railway a matsayin katin ziyartar Siberia. Balaguron jirgin ƙasa akan hanyar Moscow-Vladivostok yana ɗaukar kwanaki 7 kuma a cikin sigar kayan alatu yakai kimanin 60,000 rubles. Jirgin kasan ya ratsa dukkan manyan biranen Siberia kuma ya ratsa dukkan manyan kogunan Rasha, daga Volga zuwa Yenisei, ya ratsa Tafkin Baikal ya ƙare tafiyarsa zuwa gaɓar Tekun Fasifik. Tare da gabatarwar sabunta tafiya, jirgin Rossiya ya zama sananne tare da baƙi.
7. Hakanan zaka iya ratsa Siberia daga gabas zuwa yamma ta mota. Tsawon hanyar Chelyabinsk - Vladivostok kusan kilomita 7,500. Ba kamar babbar hanyar jirgin ƙasa ba, hanyar tana bi ta cikin wuraren daji, amma tana shiga duk manyan biranen. Wannan na iya zama matsala - hanyoyin wucewa ba su da yawa a cikin Siberia, don haka dole ne ku zagaya cikin birane tare da ɗan farin ciki na cunkoson ababen hawa da wasu hanyoyi masu banƙyama. Gabaɗaya, ingancin titin mai gamsarwa ne. A cikin 2015, ɓangaren tsakuwa na ƙarshe ya wargaje. Abubuwan more rayuwa sun bunkasa sosai, tashoshin gas da gidajen shakatawa suna da nisan kusan kilomita 60 daga juna. A karkashin yanayi na yau da kullun, a lokacin bazara, tafiyar dare zai ɗauki kwanaki 7 - 8.
8. Akwai lokutan da dubunnan baƙi suka ƙaura zuwa Siberia bisa son rai. Don haka, a cikin shekarun 1760s, aka zartar da wani tsari na musamman, wanda ya baiwa baƙi damar zama a Rasha duk inda suke so, tare da baiwa mazauna wurin fa'ida mai yawa. Sakamakon wannan bayyani shine sake tsugunar da Jamusawa kusan 30,000 zuwa Rasha. Da yawa daga cikinsu sun zauna a yankin Volga, amma aƙalla 10,000 sun tsallaka Urals. Matsayin ilimi na jama'a ya kasance siriri sosai har ma ataman na Omsk Cossacks ya zama Bajamushe EO Schmidt. Abinda ya fi ban mamaki shi ne sake tsugunar da sanduna 20,000 zuwa Siberia a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 da 20. Makoki game da nuna ƙarfi na tsarism da zaluntar ƙasa da ke cikin babbar al'ummar Poland sun ƙare daidai lokacin da ya bayyana cewa an ba wa mazauna Siberia ƙasa, an keɓe su daga haraji, kuma sun ba da tafiye-tafiye.
9. Kowa ya san cewa ya fi sanyi a Siberia fiye da duk inda mutane suke. Alamar takamaiman ita ce -67,6 ° С, wacce aka rubuta a cikin Verkhoyansk. Ba a san shi sosai ba cewa tsawon shekaru 33, daga 1968 zuwa 2001, Siberia ta riƙe rikodin alama na matsin yanayi a saman duniya. A tashar meteorological Agata a cikin Krasnoyarsk Territory, an rubuta matsa lamba na 812.8 milimita na mercury (matsakaicin al'ada shine 760). A cikin karni na 21, an kafa sabon tarihi a Mongolia. Kuma garin Trans-Baikal na Borzya shine mafi kyawun rana a Rasha. Rana na haskakawa a cikin sa'o'i 2797 a shekara. Mai nuna alama na Moscow - 1723 hours, St. Petersburg - 1633.
10. Daga cikin manyan taiga a arewacin Plateau ta Siberia ta Tsakiya ta tashi Putorana Plateau. Wannan tsarin kimiyyar kasa ne wanda ya samo asali sakamakon tashin wani bangare na dunkulen kasa. An shirya wurin ajiyar yanayi a sararin samaniya. Daga cikin shimfidar shimfidar wuri na Putorana Plateau akwai shimfidar duwatsu masu bangarori shida, tabkuna, rafuka, kogin, dutse daji-tundra da tundra. Yankin plateau gida ne da ke dauke da nau'ikan nau'ikan dabbobi da tsuntsaye wadanda ba a cika samunsu ba. Yankin plateau sanannen jan hankalin 'yan yawon bude ido ne. Shirye-shiryen balaguro daga Norilsk daga 120,000 rubles.
11. A cikin Siberia akwai manyan abubuwa guda biyu da suka nuna rashin dacewar mutum. Wannan ita ce hanyar ruwa ta Ob-Yenisei, wacce aka gina a karni na 19 da kuma hanyar da ake kira "Matacciyar Hanyar" - hanyar jirgin Salekhard-Igarka, wacce aka kafa a 1948-1953. Makomar ayyukan duka suna da kamanceceniya. An aiwatar da su sashi. Jirgin ruwa yana gudana tare da tsarin ruwa na hanyar Ob-Yenisei, kuma jiragen ƙasa suna gudu tare da layin polar. A duka arewa da kudu, an buƙaci ƙarin aiki don kammala ayyukan. Amma duka gwamnatin tsarist a cikin karni na 19 da kuma hukumomin Soviet a cikin karni na 20 sun yanke shawarar adana kuɗi kuma ba su ba da kuɗi ba. A sakamakon haka, duk hanyoyin biyu sun lalace kuma sun daina wanzuwa. Tuni a cikin karni na 21, ya zama cewa ana buƙatar layin dogo. An kira shi hanyar Latitudinal Arewa. An tsara kammala ginin
2024 shekara.
12. Akwai sanannen jumla daga AP Chekhov game da yadda shi, ya ratsa ta Siberia, ya hadu da wani mutum mai gaskiya, kuma ya zama Bayahude. An hana ƙaura Yahudawa zuwa Siberia, amma akwai aiki mai wuya a cikin Siberia! Yahudawan da suka taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin gwagwarmayar neman sauyi sun ƙare a Siberia cikin ƙuƙumma. Wasu ɓangare daga cikinsu, bayan sun 'yantar da kansu, sun kasance nesa da manyan biranen. Farawa a cikin 1920s, hukumomin Soviet sun ƙarfafa yahudawa don matsawa zuwa Siberia ta hanyar keɓance yanki na musamman don wannan. A cikin 1930 an ayyana ta a matsayin yankin ƙasa kuma a cikin 1934 aka kafa Yankin Nationalasar Yahudawa. Koyaya, yahudawa basuyi gwagwarmaya musamman zuwa Siberia ba, mafi yawan tarihin yahudawa a yankin mutane 20,000 ne kawai. A yau, kusan yahudawa 1,000 suna zaune a Birobidzhan da kewayenta.
13. An samo mai na farko akan sikanin masana'antu a Siberia a shekarar 1960. Yanzu, lokacin da manyan yankuna suka cika da injunan hako mai, yana iya zama alama cewa babu buƙatar neman wani abu a cikin Siberia - sanda sanda a ƙasa, ko mai zai gudana, ko gas zai gudana. A zahiri, duk da kasancewar alamu da yawa da ke tabbatar da kasancewar "baƙin zinariya", daga balaguron farko na masu binciken ƙasa har zuwa gano wani yanki na mai, tsawon shekaru 9 na aiki tukuru ya wuce. A yau, kashi 77% na albarkatun mai na Rasha da 88% na iskar gas suna cikin Siberia.
14. Siberia tana da gadoji na musamman da yawa. A cikin Norilsk, an jefa babbar gada ta arewa a duniya a ƙetaren Kogin Norilskaya. An gina gadar mai tsawon mita 380 a shekarar 1965. Mafi fadi - mita 40 - gada a Siberia ta haɗu da bankunan Tom a Kemerovo. An kafa gadar metro tare da jimlar tsawon fiye da kilomita biyu tare da ɓangaren sama kusan mita 900 a cikin Novosibirsk. Bayanin ruble 10 yana nuna gadar Commungiyoyin Sadarwar Krasnoyarsk, tsawonta ya kai kilomita 2.1. An gina gadar ta hanyar amfani da pontoon daga tubalin da aka shirya a bakin tekun. Kudaden ruble 5,000 na nuna gadar Khabarovsk. Yankin gada na biyu a Krasnoyarsk ya wuce mita 200, wanda shine rikodin ga dukkan ƙarfe gadoji. Tuni a cikin karni na 21, gadar Nikolaevsky a Krasnoyarsk, gadar Bugrinsky a Novosibirsk, gadar Boguchansky a cikin yankin Krasnoyarsk, gadar da ke kan Yuribey a Yamalo-Nenets Automoous Okrug, gada a Irkutsk da gada Yugorsky an buɗe a Siber.
Gadar da aka dakatar da kebul a gefen Ob
15. Tun ƙarni na 16 Siberia ta kasance wurin ƙaura ga duk masu aikata laifuka, na masu laifi, na siyasa, da na "masu ra'ayin jama'a". Ta yaya kuma za a kira Bolsheviks ɗaya da sauran masu neman sauyi waɗanda suka je Trans-Urals don abin da ake kira "kwace", "exes"? Bayan duk wannan, an gwada su bisa ƙa'ida a ƙarƙashin abubuwan laifi. Kafin ikon Soviet, har ma a cikin shekarun farko, gudun hijira hanya ce kawai don aika mutumin da aka yanke masa hukunci zuwa gidan wuta, daga gani. Sannan kuma USSR ta buƙaci katako, zinariya, kwal da ƙari da yawa daga kyaututtukan yanayin Siberia, kuma lokutan sun kasance masu tsauri. Abinci da tufafi, sabili da haka, rayuwar su, dole ne ayi aiki dasu. Yanayin bai yi kadan ba ya rayu. Amma sansanonin Siberia da Kolyma ba sansanonin wargazawa ba ne - bayan duk, wani dole ne ya yi aiki. Gaskiyar cewa yawan mutuwar fursunonin Siberiya ba na kowa ba ne ya zama abin shaida shi ne da yawancin waɗanda suka tsira daga Bandera da sauran mayaƙan 'yanci na gandun daji a sansanonin. A cikin 1990s, mutane da yawa sunyi mamakin ganin cewa akwai eldersan tsirarun dattawan Yukren da Khrushchev ya saki daga Siberia, kuma da yawa daga cikinsu sun riƙe rigar ta Jamus.
16. Koda labarin da yafi kowane rikici a game da Siberia ba zai iya yi ba tare da ambaton Baikal ba. Siberia na musamman ne, Baikal na musamman ne a dandalin murabba'i. Wani babban tafki wanda yake da banbanci, amma yayi kyau da shimfidar wurare, tsaftataccen ruwa (a wasu wurare zaka iya ganin kasa a zurfin mita 40) kuma iri-iri na flora da fauna dukiyoyi ne da dukiyar Russia. Kashi ɗaya cikin biyar na dukkan ruwa mai daɗi a duniya yana mai da hankali ne a cikin zurfin Tafkin Baikal. Baikal ya ba da gudummawa ga wasu tabkuna dangane da yankin fuskar ruwa, Baikal ya zarce duk tafkunan ruwa na duniya a cikin girma.
Akan Baikal
17. Babban kyautar yanayi tare da ma'ana mara kyau ba ma yanayin sanyi ba ne, amma gnaw - sauro da matsakaici. Ko da a lokacin da yafi kowane zafi zafi, dole ne ka sanya sutura cikin dumi, kuma a cikin wuraren daji gaba daya suna ɓoye gawar ƙarƙashin tufafi, safar hannu da gidan sauro. Matsakaicin sauro 300 da matsakaitan matsakaita 700 suna kaiwa mutum hari a cikin minti ɗaya. Hanya guda daya ce tak ke fitowa daga tsakiyar iska - iska, kuma zai fi dacewa da sanyi. A cikin Siberia, ta hanya, galibi akwai ranakun hunturu a tsakiyar lokacin bazara, amma babu ranakun bazara a tsakiyar lokacin sanyi.
18. A Siberia, an haifi ɗayan ɓoyayyun abubuwa masu ban al'ajabi a tarihin sarakunan Rasha kuma yaci gaba da wanzu ba tare da warware su ba. A cikin 1836, an yi wa wani tsoho ƙaura zuwa lardin Tomsk, wanda aka tsare a cikin lardin Perm a matsayin mai ɓoye. Ana kiransa Fyodor Kuzmich, Kozmin ya ambaci sunan mahaifinsa sau ɗaya kawai. Dattijon ya yi rayuwa mai adalci, ya koya wa yara karatu da rubutu da Dokar Allah, kodayake yayin kamun ya bayyana cewa bai iya karatu da rubutu ba. Daya daga cikin Cossacks, wanda ya yi aiki a St. Petersburg, ya amince da Sarki Alexander I a Fedor Kuzmich, wanda ya mutu a 1825 a Taganrog. Jita-jita game da wannan ya bazu tare da saurin walƙiya. Dattijon bai taba tabbatar da su ba. Ya jagoranci rayuwa mai aiki: ya yi rubutu tare da sanannun mutane, ya sadu da shugabannin coci, ya warkar da marasa lafiya, ya yi tsinkaya. A cikin Tomsk, Fyodor Kuzmich ya ji daɗin babban iko, amma ya nuna hali mai kyau. Tafiya cikin gari, Leo Tolstoy ya sadu da dattijo. Akwai dalilai masu yawa a cikin goyon baya da kuma adawa da sigar cewa Fyodor Kuzmich shine Sarki Alexander I, wanda yake ɓoyewa daga hargitsi na duniya. An ci gaba da bincike - a shekarar 2015, an shirya wani taro baki daya a Tomsk, wanda ya samu halartar masu bincike daga ko’ina cikin Rasha da kasashen waje.
goma sha tara.A ranar 30 ga Yuni, 1908, Siberia ta buga gaban duk manyan jaridun duniya. A cikin zurfin taiga, fashewar wani abu mai karfi ta tsawa, ana iya jin amon sa a ko'ina cikin duniya. Ana tattauna abubuwan da ke haifar da fashewar har yanzu. Sashin fashewar meteorite ya dace sosai da alamun da aka gano, saboda haka galibi ana kiran abin da ake kira Tunguska meteorite (kogin Podkamennaya Tunguska yana gudana ta yankin cibiyar fashewar). Sau da yawa ana tura wakilan balaguron kimiyya zuwa wurin da abin ya faru, amma ba a samo alamun wani baƙon kumbon sama ba, wanda masu bincike da yawa suka yi imani da shi.
20. Masana kimiyya-kwararru da masu son koyo suna ci gaba da jayayya game da fadada ƙasar Rasha zuwa Siberia cikin lumana ko kuma tsari ne na mulkin mallaka tare da duk sakamakon da zai biyo baya ta hanyar hallaka indan asalin ƙasar ko kuma kore su daga wuraren zamansu. Matsayi a cikin takaddama galibi baya dogara da hakikanin abubuwan da suka faru na tarihi, amma a kan yarda da siyasa na masu jayayya. Hakanan Fridtjof Nansen, yana hawa kan jirgin ruwa a cikin Yenisei, ya lura cewa yankin ya yi kama da Amurka, amma Rasha ba ta sami nata Cooper ba don bayyana kyanta game da asalin makarkashiyar. Bari mu ce Rasha tana da isasshen Coopers, ba isassun labaru. Idan da gaske Rasha ta yi yaƙi a cikin Caucasus, to waɗannan yaƙe-yaƙe sun nuna a cikin adabin Rasha. Kuma idan babu kwatancen yaƙe-yaƙe na ƙananan ɓarkewar Rasha tare da dubunnan sojojin Siberia tare da hukuncin da zai biyo baya, hakan na nufin faɗaɗa Rasha zuwa gabas ta kasance cikin kwanciyar hankali.
