Alexander Nikolaevich Radishchev - Marubucin marubuta na Rasha, mawaƙi, masanin falsafa, memba na Hukumar foraddamar da Dokoki a ƙarƙashin Alexander 1. Ya sami babban farin jini saboda babban littafinsa "Tafiya daga St.
Tarihin rayuwar Alexander Radishchev cike yake da abubuwa masu ban sha'awa da yawa daga rayuwar jama'a.
Don haka, a gabanku gajeriyar tarihin Alexander Radishchev.
Tarihin rayuwar Alexander Radishchev
An haifi Alexander Radishchev a ranar 20 ga watan Agusta (31), 1749 a ƙauyen Verkhnee Ablyazovo. Ya girma kuma ya girma cikin babban gida mai yara 11.
Mahaifin marubucin, Nikolai Afanasyevich, mutum ne mai ilimi da tsoron Allah wanda ya san harsuna 4. Mahaifiya, Fekla Savvichna, ta fito ne daga dangin Argamakov masu daraja.
Yara da samari
Alexander Radishchev ya kasance yana ƙuruciyarsa duka a ƙauyen Nemtsovo, lardin Kaluga, inda yankin mahaifinsa yake.
Yaron ya koyi karatu da rubutu daga littafin Psalter, sannan kuma ya karanci Faransanci, wanda ya shahara a wancan lokacin.
A shekara 7, iyayensa suka tura Alexander zuwa Moscow, a cikin kulawar kawun mahaifiyarsa. A gidan Argamakovs, ya yi karatun fannoni daban-daban tare da yaran kawunsa.
Abin mamaki ne cewa malamin Faransanci, wanda ya gudu daga mahaifarsa saboda tsanantawar siyasa, yana da hannu wajen renon yara. A wannan lokacin na tarihin rayuwarsa, a ƙarƙashin tasirin ilimin da ya samu, matashin ya fara haɓaka -ancin tunani a cikin kansa.
Bayan ya kai shekaru 13, kai tsaye bayan nadin Catherine II, an girmama Radishchev ya kasance cikin shafukan masarauta.
Ba da daɗewa ba saurayin ya yi wa sarauniya hidima a abubuwa daban-daban. Shekaru 4 bayan haka, aka tura Alexander, tare da matasa masu martaba 11 zuwa Jamus don yin karatun doka.
A wannan lokacin, tarihin rayuwar Radishchev ya sami damar haɓaka tunaninsa sosai. Komawa Rasha, samari sun kalli gaba tare da ɗoki da himma don bauta don amfanin ƙasashen uba.
Adabi
Alexander Radishchev ya zama mai sha'awar rubutu yayin da yake cikin Jamus. Da zarar ya isa St. Petersburg, sai ya sadu da mamallakin gidan buga littattafai na Zhivopisets, inda daga baya aka buga rubutun nasa.
A cikin labarin nasa, Radishchev ya bayyana rayuwar ƙauye mai cike da launuka cikin launuka, kuma bai manta da ambaton aikin ba. Aikin ya haifar da babban fushi a tsakanin jami'an, amma falsafancin ya ci gaba da rubutu da fassarar littattafai.
An fara buga aikin farko daban daban na Alexander Radishchev a wurare daban-daban.
An kira aikin "Rayuwar Fyodor Vasilyevich Ushakov tare da ƙarin wasu ayyukansa." An sadaukar da shi ga abokin Radishchev a Jami'ar Leipzig.
Wannan littafin ya kuma ƙunshe da ra'ayoyi da maganganu da yawa waɗanda suka saba wa akidar jihar.
A cikin 1789 Radishchev ya yanke shawarar gabatar wa masu binciken rubutun "Tafiya daga St. Petersburg zuwa Moscow", wanda a nan gaba zai kawo masa ɗaukaka da baƙin ciki mai girma.
Yana da ban sha'awa cewa tun da farko masu binciken ba su ga wani abu na tayar da hankali a cikin aikin ba, suna gaskanta cewa littafin jagora ne mai sauƙi. Don haka, saboda gaskiyar cewa hukumar ta yi kasala don bincika zurfin ma'anar "Tafiya", an ba da izinin aika labarin don bugawa.
Koyaya, babu gidan buga takardu da yake son buga wannan aikin. Sakamakon haka, Alexander Radishchev, tare da mutane masu tunani iri ɗaya, suka fara buga littafin a gida.
Soldididdigar farko na Tafiya an siyar da shi nan take. Aikin ya haifar da rikici a cikin jama'a kuma ba da daɗewa ba ya ƙare a hannun Catherine the Great.
Lokacin da matar sarki ta karanta labarin, sai ta haska wasu kalmomin marasa kyau. A sakamakon haka, aka kame dukkan bugun kuma aka kona shi a cikin wuta.
Ta hanyar umarnin Ekaterina Radishchev aka kama, kuma daga baya aka tura shi ƙaura zuwa Irkutsk Ilimsk. Koyaya, har a can ma ya ci gaba da rubutu da tunani game da matsalolin ɗabi'ar ɗan adam.
Ayyukan zamantakewa da ƙaura
Kafin badakalar da ke tattare da buga Travel daga St.Petersburg zuwa Moscow, Alexander Radishchev ya rike manyan mukamai daban-daban.
Mutumin ya yi aiki na tsawon shekaru a sashen kasuwanci da masana'antu, sannan ya koma kwastam, inda a cikin shekaru goma ya hau mukamin shugaba.
Ya kamata a lura cewa bayan kamawa, Radishchev bai musanta laifinsa ba. Koyaya, ya damu da gaskiyar cewa an yanke masa hukuncin kisa, yana mai tuhumar shi da cin amanar ƙasa.
An kuma zargi marubucin da zargin "cin zarafin lafiyar sarki." Catherine ce ta ceci Radishchev daga mutuwa, wanda ya maye gurbin hukuncin tare da yin gudun hijira na shekaru goma zuwa Siberia.
Rayuwar mutum
A cikin shekarun tarihin rayuwarsa, Alexander Radishchev ya yi aure sau biyu.
Matarsa ta farko ita ce Anna Rubanovskaya. A cikin wannan ƙungiyar, suna da yara shida, biyu daga cikinsu sun mutu a ƙuruciya.
Rubanovskaya ta mutu yayin haihuwar ta shida a shekarar 1783 tana da shekaru 31.
Lokacin da aka tura wulakantaccen marubucin zuwa gudun hijira, kanwar matar marigayi mai suna Elizabeth ta fara kula da yaran. Bayan lokaci, yarinyar ta zo Radishchev a Ilimsk, tare da 'ya'yanta 2 - Ekaterina da Pavel.
A cikin gudun hijira, Elizabeth da Alexander sun fara rayuwa a matsayin mata da miji. Daga baya sun sami ɗa namiji da mata biyu.
A cikin 1797 Alexander Nikolaevich ya zama bazawara a karo na biyu. Bayan dawowarta daga gudun hijira, Elizaveta Vasilyevna ya kamu da mura a hanya a bazarar 1797 kuma ya mutu a Tobolsk.
Shekarun da suka gabata da mutuwa
An saki Radishchev daga gudun hijira gabanin lokacin da aka tsara.
A cikin 1796, Paul I, wanda aka san yana da mummunar dangantaka da mahaifiyarsa Catherine II, yana kan gadon sarauta.
Sarki, duk da mahaifiyarsa, ya ba da umarnin sakin Alexander Radishchev yadda ya ga dama. Yana da kyau a lura cewa masanin falsafar ya sami cikakkiyar afuwa da dawo da haƙƙoƙinsa tuni a lokacin mulkin Alexander I a cikin 1801.
A wannan lokacin na tarihin rayuwarsa, Radishchev ya zauna a St. Petersburg, yana haɓaka dokoki a cikin kwamiti mai dacewa.
Alexander Nikolaevich Radishchev ya mutu a ranar 12 ga Satumba (24), 1802 yana da shekara 53. Akwai jita-jita iri-iri game da dalilan mutuwarsa. Sun ce ya kashe kansa ne ta hanyar shan guba.
Koyaya, to, ba a bayyana yadda mamacin zai iya yin jana'izar a cikin cocin ba, tunda a cikin Orthodoxy sun ƙi yin jana'izar don kashe kansu kuma gaba ɗaya suna yin wasu ayyukan jana'izar.
Takaddar hukuma ta ce Radishchev ya mutu ne saboda cin abinci.
