Daren St. Bartholomew - kisan gillar da aka yi wa Huguenots a Faransa, wanda Katolika suka shirya a daren 24 ga Agusta, 1572, a jajibirin ranar St. Bartholomew. '
Dangane da yawan masana tarihi, kusan mutane 3,000 sun mutu a cikin Paris kawai, yayin da aka kashe kusan Huguenots 30,000 a cikin ɓarna a cikin Faransa.
An yi imanin cewa St. Bartholomew Night ya tsokane ta Catherine de Medici, wanda ke son ƙarfafa zaman lafiya tsakanin ɓangarorin biyu masu adawa. Koyaya, Paparoman, ko sarkin Spain Philip II, ko kuma Katolika masu kishin Katolika a Faransa, ba su yarda da manufar Catherine ba.
Kisan ya faru ne kwanaki 6 bayan auren diyar masarauta Margaret tare da Furotesta na Navarre. Kisan gillar ya fara ne a ranar 23 ga watan Agusta, kwanaki kadan bayan yunƙurin kisan Admiral Gaspard Coligny, soja da shugaban siyasa na Huguenots.
Huguenot. 'Yan Calvin
Huguenot sune 'yan Darikar Furotesta na Faransa masu bin Calvin (mabiya mai kawo canji Jean Calvin). Yana da kyau a lura cewa yaƙe-yaƙe tsakanin Katolika da Huguenots an yi shekaru da yawa. A cikin shekaru 50, akidar Calvin ta yadu a yammacin kasar.
Yana da mahimmanci a lura da ɗaya daga cikin rukunan koyarwar Calvinism, wanda aka karanta kamar haka: "Allah ne kaɗai yake yanke hukunci a gaba wanda zai sami ceto, saboda haka mutum baya iya canza komai." Don haka, 'yan Calvin suka yi imani da kaddarar allahntaka, ko, a cikin sauƙaƙan lafazi, cikin ƙaddara.
Sakamakon haka, 'yan Huguenot suka sauke nauyinsu kuma suka' yantar da kansu daga damuwa na yau da kullun, tun da Mahalicci ya riga ya ƙaddara komai. Bugu da kari, ba su dauki wajibcin bayar da zakka ga coci ba - zakkar abin da suke samu.
Kowace shekara yawan 'yan Huguenots, waɗanda a cikinsu akwai manyan masu mukamai da yawa, ya ƙaru. A cikin 1534, sarki Francis na I ya sami takardu a ƙofar ɗakunansa waɗanda suka soki da ba'a ga imanin Katolika. Wannan ya haifar da fushi a cikin sarki, wanda sakamakonsa aka fara tsananta wa Calvinist a cikin jihar.
'Yan Huguenot sun yi gwagwarmayar neman' yancin gudanar da ibada ga addininsu, amma daga baya yakin ya rikide ya zama wani babban rikici tsakanin dangin siyasa na neman sarauta - 'yan Bourbon (Furotesta), a gefe guda, da Valois da Guises (Katolika), a daya bangaren.
'Yan Bourbons sune' yan takara na farko bayan Valois zuwa gadon sarauta, wanda ya iza wutar yaƙin su. A daren St. Bartholomew mai zuwa daga 23 zuwa 24 ga Agusta 1572 sun zo kamar haka. A karshen wani yakin kuma a shekarar 1570, an sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya.
Duk da cewa 'yan Huguenots ba su yi nasara a yaƙi ba, gwamnatin Faransa ba ta da sha'awar shiga cikin rikicin soja. A sakamakon haka, sarkin ya amince da sulhu, tare da yin rangwame ga mabiya Calvin.
Tun daga wannan lokacin, 'yan Huguenot suna da' yancin gudanar da aiyuka ko'ina, ban da Paris. An kuma basu damar rike mukaman gwamnati. Sarki ya sanya hannu kan wata doka da aka ba su kagarai 4, kuma shugabansu, Admiral de Coligny, ya sami kujera a majalisar masarauta. Wannan yanayin ba zai iya faranta wa mahaifiyar sarki ba, Catherine de Medici, ko kuma, bisa ga haka, Gizam.
Amma duk da haka, da fatan samun zaman lafiya a Faransa, Catherine ta yanke shawarar aurar da 'yarta Margaret ga Henry na IV na Navarre, wanda yake Huguenot ne mai daraja. Don bikin aure mai zuwa na sabbin ma'aurata, baƙi da yawa daga ɓangaren ango, waɗanda suke 'yan Calvin ne, suka hallara.
Bayan kwana huɗu, bisa umarnin Duke Heinrich de Guise, an yi ƙoƙari kan rayuwar Admiral Coligny. Duke ya rama François de Guise, wanda aka kashe shekaru da yawa da suka gabata bisa umarnin babban hafsan. A lokaci guda, yana jin haushi cewa Margarita ba ta zama matarsa ba.
Koyaya, wanda ya harbi Coligny kawai ya ji rauni, sakamakon abin da ya sami damar tsira. Huguenot din sun bukaci gwamnati da ta hukunta duk wanda ke da hannu a yunkurin kisan. Saboda tsoron ramuwar gayya daga Furotesta, sai mukarraban sarkin suka shawarce shi da ya kawo ƙarshen uguan Huguenot ɗin gaba ɗaya.
Kotun masarauta tana da ƙyamar mabiya addinin Calvin. Iyalan da ke mulki a Valois sun ji tsoron kare lafiyar su, kuma da kyakkyawan dalili. A tsawon shekarun yaƙe-yaƙe na addini, 'yan Huguenots sau biyu suka yi ƙoƙari su sace sarki Charles IX na Valois da mahaifiyarsa Catherine de Medici domin su ɗora musu muradinsu.
Baya ga wannan, yawancin mukarraban sarki Katolika ne. Sakamakon haka, sun yi iya ƙoƙarinsu don kawar da ƙyamar Furotesta.
Dalilan Dare na Bartholomew
A wancan lokacin, akwai kusan Huguenot miliyan biyu a Faransa, wanda ya kasance kusan 10% na yawan jama'ar ƙasar. Sun dage sosai don canza 'yan uwansu zuwa ga imaninsu, suna ba da ƙarfinsu don wannan. Ba shi da fa'ida ga sarki ya yi yaƙi da su, saboda ya ɓata taskar.
Koyaya, a kowace rana, 'yan Calvin suna haifar da babbar barazana ga jihar. Majalisar Masarautar ta shirya kashe Coligny da ya ji rauni kawai, wanda daga baya aka yi shi, da kuma kawar da da yawa daga cikin shugabannin Furotesta masu tasiri.
Sannu a hankali lamarin sai kara ta'azzara yake. Hukumomin sun ba da umarnin kame Henry na Navarre da danginsa Condé. A sakamakon haka, an tilasta wa Henry ya koma addinin Katolika, amma nan da nan bayan ya tsere, Henry ya sake zama Furotesta. Ba wannan ba ne karo na farko da 'yan Parisiyya ke kira ga masarautar da ta hallaka dukkan' yan Huguenot, wadanda suka ba su matsala mai yawa.
Wannan ya haifar da gaskiyar cewa lokacin da aka fara kisan gillar shugabannin Furotesta a daren 24 ga watan Agusta, mutanen birni kuma sun hau kan tituna don yaƙar masu adawa. A matsayinka na ƙa'ida, Huguenots sun sanya baƙin tufafi, wanda ya sauƙaƙe su bambanta da Katolika.
Rikicin rikici ya mamaye Paris, bayan haka ya bazu zuwa wasu yankuna. Kisan gilla, wanda ya ci gaba har tsawon makonni, ya mamaye ƙasar baki ɗaya. Malaman tarihi har yanzu ba su san takamaiman adadin wadanda abin ya shafa ba a lokacin Daren na Bartholomew.
Wasu masana na ganin cewa wadanda suka mutu sun kai 5,000, yayin da wasu kuma ke cewa adadin ya kai 30,000. Katolika ba su bar ɗayan yara ko tsofaffi ba. A Faransa, hargitsi da ta'addanci sun mamaye, wanda ba da daɗewa ba ya zama sananne ga Tsar Ivan mai ban tsoro na Rasha. Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce, mai mulkin Rasha ya la'anci ayyukan gwamnatin Faransa.
Kimanin 'yan Huguenot 200,000 aka tilasta su da sauri su gudu daga Faransa zuwa makwabtan jihohi. Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa Ingila, Poland da shuwagabannin Jamusawa suma sun la'anci ayyukan Paris.
Me ya haifar da irin wannan mummunan halin? Haƙiƙar ita ce cewa wasu da gaske sun tsananta wa Huguenots a kan dalilai na addini, amma akwai mutane da yawa waɗanda suka yi amfani da wannan dare na St. Bartholomew don dalilai na son kai.
Akwai sanannun shari'o'in mutane da yawa waɗanda ke sasanta kansu tare da masu ba da bashi, masu laifi, ko kuma abokan gaba. A cikin rikice-rikicen da ya yi sarauta, yana da matukar wahala a gano dalilin da ya sa aka kashe wannan ko wancan mutumin. Mutane da yawa sun kasance cikin fashi irin na yau da kullun, kasancewar sun tara arziki.
Duk da haka, babban dalilin tashin hankalin Katolika shine kyamar baki ga Furotesta. Da farko, sarki ya shirya kashe shugabannin Huguenots kawai, yayin da talakawan Faransawa suka kasance waɗanda suka fara kisan gillar.
Kisan kiyashi a Daren St. Bartholomew
Na farko, a wancan lokacin mutane ba sa son canza addini da kafa al'adu. Allah, an yi imani, zai azabtar da jihar gaba ɗaya idan mutane ba za su iya kare imaninsu ba. Sabili da haka, lokacin da Huguenots suka fara wa'azin ra'ayinsu, ta haka suka jagoranci al'umma zuwa rarrabuwa.
Abu na biyu, lokacin da 'yan Huguenot suka isa Katolika na Paris, sun harzuka mazauna wurin da dukiyoyinsu, tun da manyan mutane sun zo bikin auren. A wancan zamanin, Faransa na cikin mawuyacin lokaci, sabili da haka, ganin kyawawan alatu na baƙon da suka zo, mutane sun fusata.
Amma mafi mahimmanci, an rarrabe Huguenot da rashin haƙuri kamar Katolika. Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce Calvin da kansa ya maimaita ƙona abokan hamayyarsa a kan gungume. Dukkanin bangarorin sun zargi juna da taimakawa Iblis.
Inda Huguenots suka mamaye al'umma, ana yawan korar Katolika. A lokaci guda, sun lalata kuma sun washe coci-coci, kuma sun buge da kashe firistoci. Bugu da ƙari, dukkanin dangin Furotesta sun hallara don ɓarna na Katolika, kamar hutu.
'Yan Huguenots sun yi ba'a a wuraren bautar Katolika. Misali, sun farfasa mutum-mutumi na Budurwa Mai Tsarki ko sun watsa su da kowane irin ƙazanta. A wasu lokuta lamarin yakan ta'azzara har ya zama dole Calvin ya kwantar da hankalin mabiyansa.
Wataƙila mafi munin abin da ya faru ya faru a N inmes a shekara ta 1567. Furotesta sun kashe kusan limaman ɗariƙar Katolika a rana ɗaya, bayan haka suka jefa gawarwakinsu cikin rijiya. Ba sai an faɗi cewa Parisians sun ji labarin ta'asar Huguenots ba, don haka abubuwan da suka yi a Daren St. Bartholomew ya zama abin fahimta kuma mai ma'ana.
Baƙon abu kamar yadda yake iya zama alama, amma a cikin daren St Bartholomew bai yanke shawara komai ba, amma kawai ya daɗa ƙiyayya da kuma ba da gudummawa ga yaƙi na gaba. Ya kamata a lura cewa daga baya an sake yin yaƙe-yaƙe da yawa tsakanin Huguenots da Katolika.
A yayin arangamar da ta gabata a tsakanin 1584-1589, duk manyan masu da'awar zuwa gadon sarauta sun mutu a hannun masu kisan gilla, ban da Huguenot Henry na Navarre. Ya dai hau mulki. Yana da ban sha'awa cewa saboda wannan ya yarda a karo na biyu ya juya zuwa Katolika.
Yakin bangarorin 2, wanda aka tsara shi kamar arangamar addini, ya ƙare tare da nasarar Bourbons. Dubun dubatan wadanda aka ci zarafinsu saboda nasarar daya dangi a kan wani ... Duk da haka, a 1598 Henry na hudu ya ba da Dokar Nantes, wadda ta ba wa Huguenots 'yanci daidai da Katolika.
Hoton Daren Bartholomew
