Leonard Euler (1707-1783) - Switzerland, Jamus da Rasha lissafi da makaniki, wanda ya ba da babbar gudummawa ga ci gaban waɗannan ilimin (har ma da kimiyyar lissafi, ilimin taurari da kuma yawan ilimin da ake amfani da su). A tsawon shekarun rayuwarsa, ya buga ayyuka sama da 850 da suka shafi fannoni daban-daban.
Euler ya yi zurfin bincike game da ilimin tsirrai, magani, ilmin sunadarai, sararin samaniya, ka'idar kiɗa, da yawancin yaren Turai da na da. Ya kasance memba na yawancin makarantun kimiyya, kasancewar shi memba na farko na Rasha daga Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka.
Akwai abubuwan ban sha'awa da yawa a cikin tarihin Leonard Euler, wanda zamuyi magana akansa a cikin wannan labarin.
Don haka, ga takaitaccen tarihin rayuwar Euler.
Tarihin rayuwar Leonard Euler
An haifi Leonard Euler a ranar 15 ga Afrilu, 1707 a garin Basel na Switzerland. Ya girma kuma ya girma a gidan Fasto Paul Euler da matarsa Margareta Brooker.
Ya kamata a lura cewa mahaifin masanin kimiyya na gaba yana son ilimin lissafi. A tsawon shekaru 2 na karatunsa a jami'a, ya halarci kwasa-kwasan sanannen lissafi Jacob Bernoulli.
Yara da samari
Shekarun farko na yarintar Leonard sun kasance a ƙauyen Ryhen, inda gidan Euler suka ƙaura jim kaɗan bayan haihuwar ɗansu.
Yaron ya sami karatun firamare a ƙarƙashin jagorancin mahaifinsa. Yana da ban sha'awa cewa ya nuna ikon ilimin lissafi da wuri.
Lokacin da Leonard yake kusan shekaru 8, iyayensa sun tura shi karatu a dakin motsa jiki, wanda yake a Basel. A wannan lokacin a cikin tarihin rayuwarsa, ya zauna tare da kakarsa.
A lokacin 13, an ba dalibi mai hazaka damar halartar laccoci a Jami'ar Basel. Leonard yayi karatu sosai kuma cikin sauri cewa ba da daɗewa ba Farfesa Johann Bernoulli, wanda ɗan'uwan Jacob Bernoulli ne ya lura da shi.
Farfesan ya samar wa matashin ayyukan lissafi da dama har ma ya ba shi damar zuwa gidansa ranar Asabar don fayyace wahalar fahimtar abu.
Bayan 'yan watanni, matashin ya sami nasarar cin jarabawar a Jami'ar Basel a Kwalejin Arts. Bayan karatun shekaru 3 a jami’ar, an ba shi digirin digirgir, inda ya ba da lacca a yaren Latin, a yayin karatun ya kwatanta tsarin Descartes da falsafar dabi’ar Newton.
Ba da daɗewa ba, yana so ya faranta wa mahaifinsa, Leonard ya shiga cikin ilimin tauhidin, yana ci gaba da nazarin ilimin lissafi. Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce daga baya Euler Sr. ya ba ɗansa damar haɗa rayuwarsa da kimiyya, saboda yana sane da baiwarsa.
A wancan lokacin, tarihin rayuwar Leonard Euler ya buga takardu da dama na kimiyya, gami da "Nutsuwa a Kimiyyar lissafi kan Sauti". Wannan aikin ya halarci gasar neman matsayin farfesa a fannin kimiyyar lissafi.
Duk da kyakkyawan dubawa, an ɗauka Leonard mai shekaru 19 ƙarami sosai don a ba shi amanar farfesa.
Ba da daɗewa ba Euler ya karɓi gayyata mai ban sha'awa daga wakilan Kwalejin Kimiyyar Kimiyya ta St.
Aikin kimiyya a St. Petersburg
A cikin 1727, Leonard Euler ya zo St.Petersburg, inda ya zama ƙarin a fannin ilimin lissafi. Gwamnatin Rasha ta ba shi masauki kuma ta sanya albashin 300 rubles a shekara.
Lissafi nan da nan ya fara koyon yaren Rasha, wanda zai iya koyarwa cikin kankanin lokaci.
Daga baya, Euler ya zama abokai da Christian Goldbach, sakataren dindindin na makarantar. Sun ci gaba da aiki a rubuce, wanda a yau aka san shi a matsayin muhimmiyar tushe kan tarihin kimiyya a cikin ƙarni na 18.
Wannan lokacin na tarihin Leonard ya kasance mai ba da fa'ida. Godiya ga aikin sa, cikin sauri ya sami daukaka a duniya da kuma yabo daga masanan kimiyya.
Rikicin siyasa a Rasha, wanda ya ci gaba bayan mutuwar Empress Anna Ivanovna, ya tilasta masanin ya bar St.
A cikin 1741, bisa gayyatar masarautar Prussia Frederick II, Leonhard Euler ya yi tafiya tare da danginsa zuwa Berlin. Sarkin na Jamusawa ya so ya sami makarantar kimiyya ta kimiyyar, don haka yana da sha'awar hidimar masanin kimiyya.
Yi aiki a Berlin
Lokacin da aka buɗe nasa makarantar a cikin Berlin a cikin 1746, Leonard ya hau matsayin shugaban sashen ilimin lissafi. Bugu da kari, an damka masa kula da dakin lura, tare da warware ma'aikata da matsalolin kudi.
Ikon Euler, tare da jin daɗin rayuwa, suna girma kowace shekara. A sakamakon haka, ya zama mai wadata har ya sami damar siyan kayan alatu a Charlottenburg.
Alaƙar Leonard da Frederick II ba ta da sauƙi. Wasu masanan tarihin lissafi sun yi imanin cewa Euler ya nuna adawa ga masarautar Prussia saboda ba shi mukamin shugaban makarantar Kwalejin ta Berlin.
Waɗannan da sauran abubuwan da sarki ya yi sun tilasta Euler barin Berlin a 1766. A wancan lokacin ya sami tayin alheri daga Catherine II, wacce ba da daɗewa ba ta hau gadon sarauta.
Komawa zuwa St. Petersburg
A cikin St. Petersburg, Leonard Euler ya gaishe da manyan karimci. Nan da nan aka ba shi babban matsayi kuma a shirye yake ya cika kusan kowace buƙatarsa.
Kodayake aikin Euler ya ci gaba da bunkasa cikin sauri, lafiyarsa ta bar abubuwa da yawa da ake so. Catar ido na hagu, wanda ya dame shi a cikin Berlin, ya ci gaba sosai.
A sakamakon haka, a cikin 1771, Leonard ya sami aikin tiyata, wanda ya haifar da ƙuruciya kuma ya kusan rasa ganinsa.
Bayan 'yan watanni, wani mummunan wuta ya tashi a St. Petersburg, wanda kuma ya shafi gidan Euler. A zahiri, makauniyar masanin ya sami ceto ta hanyar mu'ujiza ta Peter Grimm, wani mai fasaha daga Basel.
Ta hanyar umarnin sirri na Catherine II, sabon gida aka gina don Leonard.
Duk da yawancin gwaji, Leonard Euler bai daina yin kimiyya ba. Lokacin da ya kasa yin rubutu saboda dalilai na kiwon lafiya, ɗansa Johann Albrecht ya taimaka wa lissafi.
Rayuwar mutum
A cikin 1734, Euler ya auri Katharina Gsell, 'yar wani mai zanen Switzerland. A cikin wannan auren, ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya 13, 8 daga cikinsu sun mutu tun suna yara.
Abin lura ne cewa ɗansa na fari, Johann Albrecht, shima ya zama gwani masanin lissafi a nan gaba. Yana dan shekara 20, ya kare a Kwalejin Ilimin Kimiyya ta Berlin.
Sona na biyu, Karl, ya yi karatun likita, na uku, Christoph, ya danganta rayuwarsa da ayyukan soja. Ofayan thea ofan Leonard da Catharina, Charlotte, ta zama matar wani basarake ɗan Holland, ɗayan kuma, Helena, ta auri wani jami’in Rasha.
Bayan ya sami kayan ƙasa a Charlottenburg, Leonard ya kawo mahaifiyarsa da ’yar’uwa da mijinta ya mutu a can kuma ya ba wa’ ya’yansa mazauna.
A cikin 1773, Euler ya rasa ƙaunatacciyar matarsa. Bayan shekaru 3, ya auri Salome-Abigail. Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce zaɓaɓɓen ɗan'uwansa rabin ofar uwar marigayi.
Mutuwa
Babban Leonard Euler ya mutu a ranar 18 ga Satumba, 1783 yana da shekara 76. Dalilin mutuwarsa bugun jini ne.
A ranar da masanin ya mutu, an samo dabaru masu bayanin jirgin balo-balo a kan allunan allo guda biyu. Ba da daɗewa ba ‘yan’uwan Montgolfier za su yi tashi zuwa Paris a kan balan-balan.
Gudummawar da Euler ya bayar a fagen kimiyya ta yi girman gaske har aka yi nazarin littattafan nasa kuma aka buga su na wasu shekaru 50 bayan mutuwar masanin lissafi.
Binciken kimiyya a lokacin zaman farko da na biyu a St. Petersburg
A wannan lokacin na tarihin sa, Leonard Euler yayi karatun kanikanci sosai, ka'idar kida da kuma gine-gine. Ya buga game da ayyuka 470 kan batutuwa daban-daban.
Ainihin aikin kimiya "makanikai" ya game dukkan bangarorin wannan ilimin, gami da injiniyoyin samaniya.
Masanin ilimin ya karanci yanayin sauti, inda ya kirkiro ka’idar jin dadin da waka ke haifarwa. A lokaci guda, Euler ya sanya ƙididdigar lambobi zuwa tazarar sautin, muryar, ko jerin su. Theananan digiri, mafi girman jin daɗi.
A kashi na biyu na "Makanikai" Leonard ya mai da hankali ga ginin jirgi da kewayawa.
Euler ya ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga ci gaban ilimin lissafi, zane-zane, ƙididdiga da ka'idar yiwuwar. Aiki mai shafi 500 "Algebra" ya cancanci kulawa ta musamman. Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce ya rubuta wannan littafin tare da taimakon mai ba da labari.
Leonard ya yi bincike sosai game da ka'idar wata, kimiyyar jiragen ruwa, ka'idar adadi, falsafar dabi'a, da kuma dioptrics.
Berlin na aiki
Baya ga labarai guda 280, Euler ya wallafa rubuce-rubucen kimiyya da yawa. A lokacin tarihin rayuwar 1744-1766. ya kafa sabon reshe na ilimin lissafi - lissafin bambancin ra'ayi.
Daga karkashin alqalaminsa ya fito da rubuce-rubuce a kan kimiyyan gani, da kuma kan hanyoyin taurari. Daga baya, Leonard ya wallafa irin waɗannan ayyuka masu mahimmanci kamar "Artillery", "Gabatarwa don nazarin ƙarancin ƙarancin", "Difididdigar Bambanci" da "ralididdigar ralira".
Euler a duk shekarunsa a Berlin, ya yi karatun kimiyyan gani da ido. A sakamakon haka, ya zama marubucin littafin mai girma uku mai suna Dioptrics. A ciki, ya bayyana hanyoyi daban-daban don inganta kayan aikin gani, ciki har da telescopes da microscopes.
Tsarin ilimin lissafi
Daga cikin ɗaruruwan ci gaban Euler, sanannen abu shine wakilcin ka'idar ayyuka. Mutane ƙalilan ne suka san gaskiyar cewa shi ne farkon wanda ya gabatar da batun f (x) - aikin "f" dangane da batun "x".
Hakanan mutumin ya cire bayanin ilimin lissafi don ayyukan trigonometric kamar yadda aka sansu a yau. Ya rubuta alamar "e" don ƙirƙirar logarithm na ɗabi'a (wanda aka sani da "lambar Euler"), da harafin Girka "Σ" na jimlar, da harafin "i" don ɓangaren kirkirarrun abubuwa.
Bincike
Leonard yayi amfani da ayyuka masu mahimmanci da logarithms a cikin shaidun nazari. Ya ƙirƙira wata hanya wacce ta sami damar faɗaɗa ayyukan logarithmic cikin jerin ƙarfi.
Bugu da kari, Euler yayi amfani da logarithms don aiki tare da lambobi marasa kyau da hadaddun. A sakamakon haka, ya fadada fagen amfani da logarithms.
Sannan masanin kimiyya ya samo wata hanya ta musamman don warware lissafin ma'aunin ma'auni. Ya haɓaka sabuwar dabara don kirga abubuwan haɗin kai ta amfani da hadaddun iyakoki.
Bugu da kari, Euler ya samar da wata dabara don lissafin bambance-bambancen, wanda a yanzu ake kira "Euler-Lagrange equation."
Lambar lamba
Leonard ya tabbatar da karamin ka'idar Fermat, asalin Newton, ka'idar Fermat akan adadin murabba'ai 2, sannan kuma ya inganta hujjar ka'idar Lagrange akan adadin murabba'ai 4.
Ya kuma kawo muhimmiyar ƙari ga ka'idar cikakken lambobi, wanda ke damun yawancin masu ilimin lissafi na lokacin.
Physics da ilimin taurari
Euler ya kirkiro wata hanya don warware matsalar ƙirar katako na Euler-Bernoulli, wanda daga nan kuma aka yi amfani da shi sosai wajen ƙididdigar aikin injiniya.
Saboda ayyukansa a fannin ilimin taurari, Leonard ya sami manyan lambobin yabo masu yawa daga Kwalejin Paris. Ya yi cikakken lissafi na daidaituwar Rana, sannan kuma ya ƙayyade kewayoyin taurari da sauran halittun samaniya tare da cikakkiyar daidaito.
Lissafin masanin ya taimaka wajen tattara manyan madaidaitan lamuran tsarin sama.
Hoton Leonard Euler
