Yana da wuya a faɗi lokacin da mutum ya fara yin tunani game da yadda duniyar zahiri take da alaƙa da hoton da ya bayyana a zukatanmu. Tabbatacce sananne ne cewa tsoffin Girkawa sunyi tunani game da wannan, da kuma game da wasu batutuwa da yawa waɗanda suka shafi tunani, ra'ayoyi, hotunan muhalli waɗanda suke tasowa a zuciyar mutum.
Wannan sananne ne, da farko, daga ayyukan Plato (428-427 BC - 347 BC). Magabatansa ba su damu da rubuta tunaninsu ba, ko ayyukansu sun ɓace. Kuma ayyukan Plato sun sauko mana da adadi mai yawa. Sun nuna cewa marubucin na ɗaya daga cikin manyan masana falsafa na zamanin da. Bugu da kari, ayyukan Plato, wadanda aka rubuta a cikin hanyar tattaunawa, sun ba da damar yanke hukunci kan matakin ci gaban tunanin kimiyya a tsohuwar Girka. Abin farin ciki, babu bambancin ilimin kimiyya a wancan lokacin, kuma za a iya maye gurbin tunani a kan kimiyyar lissafin mutum daya da sauri ta hanyar yin tunani game da mafi kyawun tsarin jihar.
1. An haifi Plato ko dai a shekara ta 428, ko kuma a cikin 427 BC. a ranar da ba a sani ba a cikin wurin da ba a sani ba. Masu rubutun tarihin rayuwa sun fusata cikin ruhun zamani kuma sun bayyana ranar haihuwar masanin Falsafa 21 ga Mayu - ranar da aka haifi Apollo. Wasu ma suna kiran Apollo mahaifin Plato. Tsoffin Girkawa ba su yi mamakin wannan labarin mai ban mamaki ba, wanda a gare mu ya zama kanun labarai ne da nufin danna matsi. Sunyi magana sosai game da cewa Heraclitus ɗan sarki ne, Democritus ya rayu har zuwa shekaru 109, Pythagoras ya san yadda ake yin mu'ujizai, kuma Empedocles ya jefa kansa cikin ramin da ke hura wuta na Etna.
2. A haƙiƙa, sunan yaron Aristocles. Plato ya fara kiran sa tun yana samartaka saboda wani faɗi ("plateau" a Girkanci "mai faɗi"). An yi imanin cewa epithet na iya nufin kirji ko goshi.
3. Morearin masu taka tsantsan game da tarihin rayuwa sun gano asalin dangin Pythagorean zuwa Solon, wanda ya ƙirƙira juri da zaɓen majalisar dokoki. Sunan Uba Platnus shine Ariston, kuma, ba daidai ba, babu wani bayani game da shi. Diogenes Laertius a wannan batun ya ba da shawarar cewa an haifi Plato ne bayan cikakken ciki. Koyaya, mahaifiyar mai falsafar, a bayyane take, ba baƙon ba ce ga farin cikin duniya. Ta yi aure sau biyu, bayan ta haifi 'ya'ya maza uku da mace ɗaya. Duk 'yan uwan Plato sun kasance masu son nunawa, falsafa da sadarwa tare da sauran rayukan da aka tsarkake. Koyaya, basu buƙatar kula da yanki burodi ba - mahaifinsu ɗaya daga cikin attajiran Athens.
4. Ilimin Plato yana nufin cin nasarar kalokagatia - kyakkyawan haɗin kyawawan halaye na waje da kuma mutuncin cikin gida. A saboda wannan dalili, an koyar da shi ilimin kimiyyar daban-daban da fannonin wasanni.
5. Har zuwa shekara 20, Plato ya jagoranci salon rayuwa irin ta samari na zinare na Atheniya: ya shiga cikin wasannin motsa jiki, ya rubuta hexameters, wanda irin waɗannan attajirai masu burodin nan da nan suke kira "allahntaka" (su da kansu sun rubuta irinsu) Komai ya canza a 408 lokacin da Plato ya hadu da Socrates.
Socrates
6. Plato ya kasance mai faɗa sosai. Ya ci nasarori da yawa a wasannin gida, amma bai taba cin Kofin Olympics ba. Koyaya, bayan ganawa da Socrates, aikin wasansa ya ƙare.
7. Plato da abokansa sunyi kokarin tseratar da Socrates daga mutuwa. Dangane da dokokin Athens, bayan jefa ƙuri'a don yanke hukunci, mai laifin na iya zaɓar hukuncin kansa. Socrates a cikin dogon jawabin da aka gabatar na biyan tarar minti daya (kimanin gram 440 na azurfa). An kimanta duk jihar Socrates a cikin minti 5, don haka alƙalai sun fusata, suna la'akari da yawan tarar izgili. Plato ya ba da shawarar ƙara tarar zuwa minti 30, amma ya yi latti - alƙalai suka zartar da hukuncin kisan. Plato yayi ƙoƙari ya gargaɗi alƙalai amma an kore shi daga dandalin yin magana. Bayan shari’ar, sai ya kamu da rashin lafiya.
8. Bayan mutuwar Socrates, Plato yayi tafiye tafiye da yawa. Ya ziyarci Misira, Finikiya, Yahudiya, kuma bayan yawo shekaru goma ya zauna a Sisiliya. Bayan ya fahimci kansa game da tsarin kasashe daban-daban, masanin falsafa ya yanke hukunci: duk jihohi, komai tsarin siyasarta, ana tafiyar da shi da kyau. Don inganta shugabanci, kuna buƙatar rinjayar masu mulki da falsafa. “Gwajinsa” na farko shi ne azzalumin Siciliya Dionysius. Yayin tattaunawa da shi, Plato ya dage cewa burin mai mulki ya zama ya inganta talakawansa. Dionysius, wanda ya rayu a cikin rikice-rikice, makirce-makirce da cece-kuce, cikin izgili ya gaya wa Plato cewa idan yana neman cikakken mutum, to ya zuwa yanzu bincikensa bai sami nasara ba, kuma ya ba da umarnin a sayar da masanin falsafar zuwa bautar ko a kashe shi. An yi sa'a, nan da nan aka fanshi Plato ya koma Athens.
9. Yayin tafiye-tafiyen sa, Plato ya ziyarci al'ummomin Pythagoreans, yana nazarin yanayin su na duniya. Pythagoras, wanda yanzu aka fi sani da marubucin sanannen ilimin, ya kasance shahararren masanin falsafa kuma yana da mabiya da yawa. Sun rayu a cikin al'ummomin gari waɗanda ke da wahalar shiga. Yawancin fannoni na koyarwar Plato, musamman, koyaswar jituwa ta duniya ko ra'ayi game da kurwa, sun dace da ra'ayoyin mutanen Pythagoreans. Irin wannan haduwar har ta kai ga zargin satar kayan aiki. An ce ya sayi littafinsa daga ɗayan mutanen Pythagoreans, yana biya kusan minti 100 don bayyana kansa marubucin.
10. Plato mutum ne mai hikima, amma hikimarsa bata shafi al'amuran yau da kullun ba. Kasancewa cikin bawan bisa umarnin Dionysius Dattijo, sau biyu (!) Ya zo Sicily don ziyarci ɗansa. Yana da kyau cewa ƙaramin titan bai kasance mai zubar da jini kamar uba ba, kuma an iyakance shi ne kawai don korar Plato.
11. Ra'ayoyin siyasa Plato masu sauki ne kuma suna kama da tsarin fascism. Koyaya, ba kwata-kwata saboda masanin falsafar mahaukaci ne - irin wannan shine ci gaban ilimin kimiyyar zamantakewa da kuma kwarewar mutanen Atina. Sun yi adawa da azzalumai, amma sun hana Socrates kawai ya dauke hankalin mutane da tattaunawa. An kifar da azzalumai, mulkin mutane ya zo - kuma Socrates, ba tare da bata lokaci ba, aka aika zuwa duniya ta gaba. Plato yana neman sifar kyakkyawan yanki kuma ya ƙirƙira ƙasar da masana falsafa da mayaƙa ke mulkarta, duk sauran suna da tawali'u suna mika wuya har zuwa yanzu cewa suna ba da jarirai sabbin yara nan gaba don karatun jihar. A hankali zai zama cewa dukkan 'yan ƙasa za a goya su daidai, sannan za a sami farin cikin duniya.
12. Asali, Kwalejin karatu sunan yankin da ke gefen Athens, inda Plato ya saya wa kansa gida da yanki lokacin da ya dawo daga yawo da bautar da ya yi. Wasasar ta kasance ƙarƙashin ikon tsohon gwarzo Akadem kuma ta karɓi sunan da ya dace. Makarantar kimiyya ta wanzu tun daga shekara ta 380 BC. har zuwa 529 AD e.
13. Plato ya ƙirƙira agogon ƙararrawa na asali ga Makarantar. Ya haɗa agogon ruwa da wani matattarar iska wacce aka saka bututu a ciki. A ƙarƙashin matsin ruwan, iska ta hura cikin bututun, wanda ya yi ƙara mai ƙarfi.
14. Daga cikin daliban Plato a Kwalejin akwai Aristotle, Theophrastus, Heraclides, Lycurgus da Demosthenes.
Plato yayi magana da Aristotle
15. Kodayake ra'ayoyin Plato akan ilimin lissafi sun kasance masu kyau sosai, don shiga makarantar kwalejin ya zama dole a ci jarabawa a cikin ilimin lissafi. Manyan masana lissafi sun tsunduma cikin Kwalejin, saboda haka wasu masana tarihi na wannan kimiyya duk tsohuwar ilimin lissafi na Girka kafin Euclid da "zamanin Plato".
16. Cocin Katolika ya dakatar da tattaunawar Plato "Idi" har zuwa 1966. Wannan, duk da haka, bai iyakance yawo da aikin sosai ba. Aya daga cikin jigon wannan tattaunawar ita ce ƙaunar Alcibiades ga Socrates. Wannan ƙaunar ba ta taƙaita ba ga sha'awar hankali ko kyawun Socrates.
17. A bakin Socrates a tattaunawar "Idi" an sanya shi cikin tattaunawar nau'ikan soyayya guda biyu: masu son rai da allahntaka. Ga Helenawa, wannan rarrabuwa ta zama gama gari. Sha'awar falsafancin da, wanda ya tashi a tsakiyar zamanai, ya dawo da rabe-raben soyayya bisa ga kasancewar jan hankali. Amma a wancan lokacin, don ƙoƙarin kiran alaƙar da ke tsakanin mace da namiji "ƙaunataccen allah" yana yiwuwa ya tafi zuwa wuta, don haka suka fara amfani da ma'anar "soyayyar platonic". Babu wani bayani game da ko Plato yana son kowa.
18. Dangane da rubuce-rubucen Plato, ilmi ya kasu kashi biyu - kasa, na son rai, da na sama, na ilimi. Latterarshen yana da ƙananan ra'ayoyi biyu: dalili da ra'ayi mafi girma, tunani, lokacin da aikin hankali yake nufin yin tunani akan abubuwan ilimi.
19. Plato shine farkon wanda ya fara bayyana ra'ayin bukatar dagawa. Yayi imani cewa ana haifar masu mulki da rai na zinare, masu mulkin mallaka da azurfa, kuma kowa da tagulla. Koyaya, masanin falsafar yayi imani, yana faruwa cewa rayukan tagulla guda biyu zasu sami ɗa mai ɗa zinariya. A wannan yanayin, ya kamata yaron ya sami taimako kuma ya ɗauki matsayin da ya dace.
20. Kayatattun ka'idoji na Plato sun nishadantar da Diogenes na Sinop, sananne ne wurin zama a cikin babbar ganga da kuma fasa nasa kofin lokacin da ya ga wani ƙaramin yaro ya bugu da hannunsa. Lokacin da daya daga cikin daliban Makarantar ya nemi Plato ya ayyana mutum, sai ya ce wata halitta ce mai kafa biyu ba fuka-fukai ba. Diogenes, da ya sami labarin wannan, sai ya zagaya Atina tare da kaciya zakara ya kuma bayyana ma mai son cewa wannan “mutumin Plato” ne.
Diogenes
21. Plato ne ya fara magana game da Atlantis. Dangane da maganganun sa, Atlantis babban tsibiri ne (540 × 360 km) kwance yamma da Gibraltar. Mutane a cikin Atlantis sun bayyana daga haɗin Poseidon tare da yarinyar duniya. Mazaunan Atlantis suna da wadata da farin ciki matuƙar sun riƙe wani yanki daga allahntakar da Poseidon ya watsa. Lokacin da suka kasance cikin girman kai da haɗama, Zeus ya azabtar da su ƙwarai. Tsoffin mutane sun kirkiro irin wadannan tatsuniyoyi da yawa, amma a tsakiyar zamanai, an riga an dauki Plato a matsayin masanin kimiyya, kuma sun dauki guntun maganganun nasa da mahimmanci, suna yada labarin tatsuniya.
Kyakkyawan Atlantis
22. Masanin falsafa ya kasance aristocrat ga ainihin. Ya ƙaunaci kyawawan tufafi da abinci mai kyau. Ba shi yiwuwa a ɗauka shi kamar Socrates yana magana da mai ɗaukar hoto ko ɗan kasuwa. Da gangan ya rufe kansa a cikin bangon Makarantar don rarrabewa daga ƙirari kuma yayi magana kawai da irin nasa. A Athens, abin da ke nuna ra'ayin jama'a kawai ya koma cikin dimokiradiyya, don haka ba a son Plato kuma ana danganta shi da ayyukan rashin da'a.
23. Halin jama'ar Atina yana jaddada ikon Plato. Bai taba rike mukaman gwamnati ba, bai halarci yaƙe-yaƙe ba - masanin falsafa ne kawai. Amma lokacin da a shekara ta 360 tsoffin Plato suka zo Wasannin Olympics, taron ya rabu a gabansa kamar gaban sarki ko jarumi.
24. Plato ya mutu yana da shekaru 82, a wajen bikin aure. Sun binne shi a Makaranta. Har zuwa lokacin da aka rufe Kwalejin a ranar da Plato ya mutu, ɗaliban sun yi sadaukarwa ga gumakan kuma sun shirya manyan taruka don girmamawa.
25. Tattaunawa 35 da haruffa da yawa daga Plato sun wanzu har zuwa yau. Bayan zurfafa bincike, an gano duk wasikun jabu ne. Masana kimiyya suma sunyi taka tsantsan da tattaunawar. Abubuwan asali babu su, akwai jerin abubuwan da yawa daga baya. Ba a sanya kwanan wata tattaunawa ba. Rarraba su ta hanyar hawan keke ko kuma lokaci mai tsawo ya baiwa masu bincike aiki na tsawon shekaru.
