Tsakanin hamadar arctic da taiga akwai yanki mara dadi wanda ba shi da manyan ciyayi, wanda Nikolai Karamzin ya gabatar da kira da kalmar Siberia "tundra". An yi ƙoƙari don samo wannan sunan daga yarukan Finnish ko Sami, inda kalmomi masu tushe iri ɗaya ke nufin "dutse ba tare da daji ba", amma babu tsaunuka a cikin tundra. Kuma kalmar "tundra" ta daɗe tana kasancewa a cikin yarukan Siberia.
Tundra tana da manyan yankuna, amma na dogon lokaci an bincika ta sosai a hankali - babu wani abu da za'a bincika. Tare da gano ma'adinai a cikin yankin Arewa mai Nisa suka ba da hankali ga tundra. Kuma ba a banza ba - manyan filayen mai da gas suna cikin yankin tundra. Zuwa yau, ilimin ƙasa, dabba da duniyar tundra an yi karatun su sosai.
1. Kodayake ana iya bayyana tundra a gaba ɗaya a matsayin matakan arewa, yanayin shimfidarta bai yi daidai ba. A cikin tundra, akwai kuma tsaunuka masu tsayi, har ma da duwatsu, amma wuraren da ba sa kwance sosai sun fi yawa. Ciyawar tundra kuma iri-iri ce. Kusa da bakin teku da kuma hamadar arctic, tsire-tsire ba sa rufe ƙasar da daskararren taro, manyan wuraren da ke aƙarare na ƙasan ƙasa da duwatsu sun haye. A kudu, gansakuka da ciyawa sun zama murfin m, akwai bishiyoyi. A yankin da ke kusa da taiga, ana cin karo da bishiyoyi, duk da haka, saboda yanayin yanayi da rashin ruwa, suna kama da samfuran marasa lafiya na takwarorinsu na kudanci.
2. Yankin tundra ya narke ta yankunan ruwa, wanda zai iya zama mai faɗi sosai. Babban koguna suna gudana ta cikin tundra zuwa Tekun Arctic: Ob, Lena, Yenisei da ƙananan ƙananan koguna. Suna dauke da manyan ruwa. Yayin ambaliyar ruwa, wadannan kogunan suna malalawa ta yadda daya ba zai iya ganin dayan daga bankin daya ba. Lokacin da babban ruwa ya lafa, tabkuna masu yawa sukan zama. Ruwa babu inda zai fita daga cikinsu - ƙarancin yanayin zafi yana hana danshin ruwa, kuma daskararre ko ƙasan ƙasa ba ya barin ruwa shiga cikin zurfin. Sabili da haka, tundra yana da ruwa mai yawa a cikin nau'i daban-daban, daga rafuka zuwa fadama.
3. Matsakaicin zafin bazara bai wuce + 10 ° С ba, kuma mai nuna alama mai sanyi -30 ° С. Littleananan hazo ya faɗi. Mai nuna alama na 200 mm a kowace shekara yayi daidai da yawan ruwan sama a yankin kudancin Sahara, amma tare da ƙarancin ƙarancin ruwa, wannan ya isa ya ƙara fadama.
4. Hunturu a cikin tsawa yana ɗaukar watanni 9. A lokaci guda, sanyi a cikin tundra ba shi da ƙarfi kamar na yankunan Siberia da ke kudu da yawa. Yawanci, ma'aunin zafi da sanyio baya sauka kasa -40 ° C, yayin da a yankuna nahiyoyi ba bakon abu ne ga yanayin yanayin kasa da -50 ° C. Amma lokacin bazara a cikin tundra ya fi sanyaya saboda kusancin manyan taro na ruwan teku mai sanyi.
5. Kayan lambu a cikin tundra suna ƙarƙashin yanayin yanayi mai ƙarfi. A farkon ɗan gajeren lokacin rani, ana rayuwa ne a cikin mako guda kawai, yana rufe ƙasa da ɗanyen ganye. Amma kamar yadda da sauri yake shudewa tare da isowar yanayin sanyi da kuma farawar dare.
6. Saboda rashin cikas na dabi'a, iska a cikin tundra na iya zama mai ƙarfi da sauri. Suna da haɗari musamman a lokacin hunturu haɗe da dusar ƙanƙara. Irin wannan dam din ana kiransa blizzard. N na iya ɗaukar kwanaki da yawa. Duk da dusar ƙanƙara, babu dusar ƙanƙara da yawa a cikin tundra - ana saurin tashi da sauri a cikin yankuna masu ƙanƙan da kai, da kwazazzabai da kuma abubuwan da ke zuwa daga shimfidar wuri.
7. Galibi ana samun Willow a cikin tundra, amma kamanninta yana nesa da willows da ke girma a ɓangaren Turai na Rasha. Willow a cikin tundra yana kama da kyakkyawar bishiya, rassanta sun rataye a ƙasa, kawai a kudu kusa da koguna. A arewa, willow yana ci gaba kuma kusan ɓarkewar shuke-shuken daji, yana kwance a ƙasa. Hakanan za'a iya faɗi game da birch dwarf - 'yar'uwar' yar'uwar ɗayan alamomin Rasha a cikin tundra suna kama da daskararren fata ko daji.
Dwarf Willow
8. Talauci na ciyayi yana haifar da gaskiyar cewa a cikin mutumin da bai saba da shi ba a cikin tundra, har ma a tsawan da ke ƙasa da matakin teku, akwai tasirin tsaka-tsakin - wahalar numfashi. Yana da alaƙa da gaskiyar cewa akwai ɗan iskar oxygen a cikin iska sama da tundra. Leavesananan ganyayyaki na ƙananan tsire-tsire suna ba da iskar gas ɗin da ake buƙata don shaƙar iska.
9. Kyakkyawan yanayin rashin dadi a lokacin bazara a cikin tundra shine sauro. Dubunnan kananan kwari suna sanya guba a rayukan mutane ba kawai, har ma da dabbobi. Magungunan daji, alal misali, yin ƙaura ba wai kawai saboda yanayin ba, har ma saboda matsakaitan shekaru. Mamayewar kwari ta ci gaba na tsawon makonni biyu a farkon lokacin bazara, amma yana iya zama ainihin bala'in yanayi - har ma da garken barewar da yawa sun watse daga tsakiyar.
10. A cikin tundra, 'ya'yan itacen da ake ci suna girma da girma cikin watanni biyu. Yarima, ko kuma arctic rasberi, ana ɗaukarsa mafi kyau. 'Ya'yan itacen ta suna da ɗanɗano kamar' ya'yan itace. Mazaunan arewa suna cin shi danye, kuma suna shanya shi, suna tafasa kayan kwalliya da yin kwalliya. Ana amfani da ganyen don yin abin sha wanda zai maye gurbin shayi. Hakanan a cikin tundra, kusa da kudu, ana samun shuwalin shuɗi. Cloudberry ya bazu, yana yin bishiɗa har a cikin zango na 78. Yawancin nau'ikan 'ya'yan itacen da ba za su ci ba sun yi girma. Duk nau'ikan tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire suna da alaƙa da tushe mai tsayi amma mai rarrafe. Ganin cewa a cikin shuke-shuken shuke-shuke asalinsu kusan a tsaye suke zuwa cikin zurfin duniya, a cikin shuke-shuke tundra saiwoyin suna karkatarwa a kwance a cikin siririn ƙasa mai ni'ima.
Gimbiya
11. Saboda kusan rashin masunta, koguna da tafkuna na tundra suna da wadataccen kifi. Bugu da ƙari, akwai yalwar kifin irin waɗannan nau'ikan waɗanda ake ɗauka fitattu ko ma waɗanda ke da ban sha'awa a kudu: omul, farin kifi, hatimi, kifi, kifin kifi.
12. Yin kamun kifi a cikin tundra ya banbanta. Mutanen karkara masu kamun kifi don dalilai na amfani kawai suna kama mazaunan masarautar kogin tare da seines a lokacin rani. A cikin hunturu, suna sanya raga. Babu shakka ana amfani da duk waɗanda aka kama - ƙanana da kifin shara suna ciyar da karnuka.
13. 'Yan Sibariyan da ke zuwa kamun kifi zuwa tundra sun fi son juyawa ko tashi. A gare su, kamun kifi shima aikin kamun kifi ne. Amma masoya masu ban sha'awa daga ɓangaren Turai suna zuwa kamun kifi a cikin tundra, galibi don jin daɗi - la'akari da kuɗin tafiya, kifin da aka kama ya zama zinare na gaske. Koyaya, akwai irin waɗannan masoya da yawa - akwai ma yawon shakatawa waɗanda suka haɗa da ba wai kawai suna tafiya a ƙetare tundra a kan duk ababen hawa ba, har ma da kamun kifi a kudancin (amma mai tsananin sanyi) na Tekun Kara ko Tekun Laptev.
14. Suna farautar barewa, sabulu, zomo da tsuntsaye a cikin tundra: geese, swans, partridges, da sauransu. Kamar yadda yake a yanayin kamun kifi, farauta a cikin tundra ya zama nishaɗi ko girmamawa ga matsayin mutum. Kodayake ana farautar barewa ta hanyar sana'a. Ana sayar da nama da fatu a biranen arewacin, kuma andan kasuwa daga Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya ke siyan anan daurin talalar. A can, ƙahoni ba sanannen magani kawai ba ne, har ma abinci ne na gonakin lu'u-lu'u na wucin gadi.
15. Tundra, musamman steppe, shine wurin da aka fi so don dawakan Arctic. Waɗannan kyawawan dabbobin suna jin daɗi sosai a cikin yanayin sanyi, kuma yawan wadatar su yana ba su damar wadatuwa koda a cikin ƙananan ƙira da fauna na tundra.
16. Akwai lemo da yawa a cikin tundra. Animalsananan dabbobi sune babban abinci ga masu farauta da yawa. Tabbas, basa jefa kansu daga duwatsu cikin ruwa ta miliyoyin mutane. A sauƙaƙe, bayan sun yawaita, sun fara nuna halin da bai dace ba, suna hanzarta har ma da manyan masu farautar, kuma girman yawan su yana raguwa. Babu wani abu mai kyau game da wannan - shekara mai zuwa, lokuta masu wahala zasu zo wa waɗancan dabbobin waɗanda lemar abinci ce. Mujiyoyi masu hikima, lura da raguwar adadin lemmings, ba sa ƙwai.
17. Polar bears, like, da walruses suna rayuwa a bakin tekun Arctic Ocean, amma, da wuya ya dace a dauke su mazauna tundra, tunda wadannan dabbobin suna samun abincinsu a cikin teku, kuma ko a bakin tekun maimakon tundra akwai taiga ko gandun daji, domin a garesu babu wani abu babu asali ba zai canza ba.
Wani bai yi sa'a ba
18. A cikin tundra, tun daga tsakiyar shekarun 1970, ana gudanar da wani gwaji na musamman don dawo da yawan shanun musk. Gwajin ya fara ne daga farko - babu wanda ya ga bijimin musk mai rai a Rasha, kawai an sami kwarangwal. Dole ne in koma ga Amurkawa don taimako - suna da kwarewar daidaita shanu da kuma “ƙarin” mutane. Shanu na musk ya fara samun tushe ne a tsibirin Wrangel, sannan a kan Taimyr. Yanzu, dubban waɗannan dabbobin suna rayuwa akan Taimyr, kusan game da. Wrangel game da dubu. Matsalar ita ce yawan koguna - shanu na musk za su ci gaba da zama, amma ba za su iya ƙetare su ba, don haka dole ne a kawo su kowane sabon yanki. Herdsananan garken riga suna rayuwa a yankin Magadan, Yakutia da Yamal.
19. Waɗanda suka ɗan saba da halayen swans sun san cewa yanayin waɗannan tsuntsayen sun yi nesa da mala'iku. Kuma swans da ke zaune a cikin tundra sun ƙaryata batun da kawai mutum ke kashewa don nishaɗi, kuma dabbobi suna kashewa don abinci kawai. A cikin tundra, swans suna tsalle akan halittun da basa so ba tare da wata ma'ana ba don cin su. Abubuwan da aka kai hari ba tsuntsaye ne kawai ba, har ma da karnukan arctic, wolverines da sauran wakilan duniyar talaucin talauci. Ko da shaho masu farauta suna tsoron swans.
20. Nenets na zamani, waɗanda suke da yawa daga cikin tarin jama'a, sun daɗe da zama a sansanoni. Iyalai suna rayuwa har abada a cikin ƙananan ƙauyuka, kuma sansanonin wani tanti ne guda ɗaya, wanda maza ke rayuwa, suna kula da garken barewa. Yaran suna zuwa makarantar kwana ta jirgin sama mai saukar ungulu. Ya kuma kawo su hutu.
21. Kusan Nenets basa cin kayan lambu da fruitsa fruitsan itace - sun yi tsada a Arewa. A lokaci guda, makiyaya masu sake talatawa ba sa shan wahala daga scurvy, wanda ya yi sanadiyyar rayukan mutane da yawa a ƙasan kudu da yawa. Sirrin yana cikin jinin tumaki. Nenets suna shan shi ɗanye, suna samun bitamin da ma'adanai da ake buƙata.
A Alaska, alkawuran za su ɗauka
22. Baya ga karnuka, Nenets ba su da wasu dabbobin gida - karnuka ne da aka haifa musamman za su iya tsira daga tsananin sanyi. Ko da irin wadannan karnukan suna fama da sanyi sannan kuma a basu damar kwana a cikin tanti - yana da matukar wahala a sarrafa garken barewa ba tare da karnuka ba.
23. Don tabbatar da rayuwa ta farko, dangin Nenets suna buƙatar aƙalla mai ba da fata 300, kuma akwai ƙididdigar ƙarni da yawa-na rabon garken cikin masu kera, mata, masu hawan doki, castan sanda, ,an maraƙi, da sauransu. Don siyan motar dusar ƙanƙara ta yau da kullun, kuna buƙatar siyar da barewa 30.
24. Mutanen Nenets abokantaka ne sosai, don haka lamarin da ya faru a watan Disambar 2015, lokacin da aka kashe manyan ma’aikata biyu na kamfanin Gazprom wadanda suka zo farauta, a cikin Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug sakamakon harbe-harbe da Nenets, da alama ya zama daji ne gaba daya. Babu wani mutum ko na tsawon kilomita goma a kusa da inda abin ya faru ...
25. Tundra "ta yi rawar jiki". Saboda yanayin zafin da yake ratayewa, layin permafrost ya zama sirara, kuma methane da ke ƙasa yana fara ratsawa zuwa saman, yana barin manyan ramuka masu zurfin gaske. Duk da yake ana kirga irin wadannan mazurai a raka'a, duk da haka, dangane da yawan hayakin methane, sauyin yanayi zai iya canzawa fiye da yadda masu fada a ji game da tasirin greenhouse ke hangowa a lokacin da shaharar wannan ka'idar ta shahara.
