Robert James (Bobby) Fisher (1943-2008) - Babban malamin Ba'amurke kuma zakara na 11 a duniya. A cewar mai ba da labarin Šahovski, shi ne ɗan wasa mafi ƙarfi a ƙarni na 20.
Yana dan shekara 13 ya zama zakaran wasan yara na Amurka, yana da shekara 14 ya lashe gasar manya, yana da shekara 15 ya zama mafi tsufa magabata a lokacinsa kuma mai fafatawa a gasar cin kofin duniya.
Akwai abubuwa masu ban sha'awa da yawa a cikin tarihin rayuwar Bobby Fischer, wanda za mu fada a cikin wannan labarin.
Don haka, ga ɗan gajeren tarihin Robert James Fisher.
Tarihin Bobby Fischer
An haifi Bobby Fischer a ranar 9 ga Maris, 1943 a Chicago. Mahaifiyarsa, Regina Wender, wata Bayahudiya ce ’yar Switzerland. A hukumance mahaifin kakanin dan asalin Bayahude ne kuma masanin kimiyyar gurguzu Hans-Gerhard Fischer, wanda ya koma USSR.
Akwai sigar cewa mahaifin Bobby na ainihi shine Bayahude masanin lissafi Paul Nemenyi, wanda ya taka rawar gani wajen renon yaron.
Yara da samari
Bayan ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na II (1939-1945), mahaifiya tare da 'ya'yanta, Bobby da Joan, sun zauna a garin Brooklyn na Amurka. Lokacin da yaron bai kai shekara 6 da haihuwa ba, 'yar'uwarsa ta koya masa wasan dara.
Fischer nan da nan ya haɓaka kyauta ta halitta don wannan wasan wasan, wanda ya ci gaba da haɓaka. Yaron ya zahiri ya damu da dara, don haka ya daina sadarwa tare da mutanen. Zai iya sadarwa kawai tare da waɗanda suka san yadda ake wasan dara, kuma babu irin waɗannan tsakanin takwarorinsa.
Mahaifiyar ta firgita matuka da halayen ɗanta, wanda ya ɗauki kowane lokaci a hukumar. Matar har talla ta yi a cikin jaridar, tana kokarin nemo wa ɗan nata abokan hamayya, amma ba wanda ya ba ta amsa.
Bobby Fischer ba da daɗewa ba ya shiga kulob ɗin dara. Tun yana dan shekara 10, ya halarci gasar farko, bayan da ya yi nasarar kayar da duk abokan hamayyarsa.
Bobby yana da babban abin tunawa wanda ya taimaka masa nazarin ka'idar dara kuma ya haɗu da nasa abubuwan haɗin. Ya ƙi zuwa makaranta saboda ya bayyana cewa babu abin da aka koyar a can. Matashiyar ta ce malamai wawaye ne kuma maza ne kadai zasu iya zama malamai.
Iyakar ikon da ke cikin makarantar ilimi don Fischer shi ne malamin ilimin motsa jiki, wanda a koyaushe yake wasa da dara.
A lokacin da yake da shekaru 15, ya yanke shawarar barin makaranta, dangane da abin da ya yi mummunan rikici da mahaifiyarsa. A sakamakon haka, mahaifiyata ta bar masa gida ta koma zama a wani wuri.
Sakamakon haka, daga wannan lokacin, Bobby Fischer ya fara rayuwa shi kaɗai. Ya ci gaba da karatun littattafan dara, kawai yana sha'awar wannan wasan.
Dara
Lokacin da Bobby Fischer ke da shekaru 13, ya zama Babban Sakataren Chess na Amurka. Shekara guda bayan haka, ya lashe gasar manya, ya zama zakara mafi karancin shekaru a tarihin kasar.
Ba da daɗewa ba Bobby ya fahimci cewa yana buƙatar ci gaba da dacewa. Saboda wannan dalili, ya fara wasan tanis da iyo, da wasan kankara da kankara. Bayan gagarumar nasara a gasar Amurka, Cheasar Chess ta Amurka ta amince cewa saurayin ya je gasar a Yugoslavia.
A nan Fischer ya ɗauki wurare 5-6 a cikin tsayayyen, wanda ya ba shi damar cika ƙa'idar GM. Yana da ban sha'awa cewa ta wannan hanyar ya zama ƙaramin sarki a tarihin dara - shekaru 15.5.
Daga cikin 'yan wasan dara na Soviet, Bobby Fischer galibi yana wasa tare da Tigran Petrosyan. Gaba ɗaya, sun buga wasanni 27 a tsakaninsu. Kuma kodayake Petrosyan ya lashe wasan farko, ɗan wasan Soviet ya fito fili ya bayyana ƙwarewar ƙwarewar Amurka.
A cikin 1959, saurayin ya yi wasa a karon farko a Gasar Chess ta Duniya a Yugoslavia, amma wasan nasa ya zama mai rauni. Koyaya, koma baya kawai ya tsokani Bobby. Ya fara shiryawa sosai da gaske don wasannin kuma ba da daɗewa ba ya sami nasarori da yawa a gasa ta duniya.
A lokacin tarihin rayuwar 1960-1962. Fischer ya zama zakara a gasar kasa da kasa sau 4, ya zama mafi kyau a Chess Olympiad da ke Leipzig, sannan kuma ya ci wasanni da yawa a wasannin kungiyar.
A cikin 1962, Bobby ya kasa a Gasar Masu Takaran Gasar Duniya na gaba - Matsayi na 4. Da yake komawa ƙasarsa, ya yi zargin cewa 'yan wasan dara na Soviet suna zargin suna yin ƙungiyoyin da aka yarda a tsakaninsu, suna ƙoƙarin hana masu neman baƙi izinin isa farko.
Fischer ya kuma kara da cewa ba zai shiga manyan gasa ba har sai lokacin da FIDE ya halatta tsarin wasan - kawarwa. Don nuna rashin amincewa, don shekaru 3 masu zuwa, bai shiga cikin wasannin duniya ba. Daga baya, dan wasan ya yarda cewa shi kansa babban abin zargi ne ga shan kashi.
A rabi na biyu na shekarun 60, Bobby ya kai babban matsayi a dara, ya zama ɗayan ofan wasa mafi ƙarfi a duniya. Ya lashe kyaututtuka a manyan gasanni. A lokaci guda, mutane da yawa suna tuna shi ba kawai a matsayin ƙwararren ɗan wasa ba, har ma a matsayin mai faɗa.
A jajibirin wani wasa, Fischer na iya neman a sake sanya wasan zuwa wata rana. Ko saurayin ya amince ya fara wasan ba da wuri ba da karfe 4:00 na yamma kawai saboda ya saba da yin latti a makare. Hakanan, masu shiryawa dole su yi ɗakunan ɗakuna masu kyau a cikin otal-otal.
Kafin fara fadan, Bobby ya duba yadda wutar lantarkin take. Ya sanya fensirinsa a tsaye a kai sannan ya kalli tebur. Idan ya lura da inuwa, dan wasan chess yayi magana game da rashin isasshen haske. A matsayinka na mai mulki, ya makara ga dukkan gasa, wanda abokan adawar sa suka saba.
Amma duk da haka, godiya ga "burinsa" yana yiwuwa a inganta ƙimar gasar sosai. Bugu da ƙari, waɗanda suka yi nasara sun fara karɓar kuɗaɗe da yawa. Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce da zarar Fischer ya ce: "Duk yadda Mohammed Ali ya nemi yakarsa ta gaba, zan bukaci karin."
Daya daga cikin shahararrun wasanni a tarihin Fischer an buga shi a shekarar 1972. Bobby Fischer da Boris Spassky sun hadu don taken duniya. Kamar koyaushe, tun ma kafin a fara taron, Ba’amurken ya sake canza buƙatunsa, yana barazanar barin wasan idan ba a cika masa burinsa ba.
A karo na farko a tarihin dara, bisa bukatar Fischer, kyautar ta kai kimanin dala dubu 250. Sakamakon haka, Ba’amurken ya sami nasarar kayar da wani ɗan wasan Soviet kuma ya zama gwarzo na ƙasa a mahaifarsa. Da isar sa Amurka, Shugaba Richard Nixon ya so ganawa da shi, amma dan wasan dara ya ki ganawa.
Yawancin mashahuran duniya sun nemi abota da shi, amma Bobby ya fi son yin magana kawai da mafi kusancin mutane. An gayyace shi zuwa shirye-shirye da abubuwa daban-daban, a zahiri yana bin diddiginsa. Wannan ya haifar da gaskiyar cewa mutumin ya sanya kuɗin kuɗi don kowane shiga cikin kowane taron:
- don karanta wasiƙar - $ 1000;
- don magana akan waya - $ 2500;
- don taron sirri - $ 5000;
- don hira - $ 25,000.
Ba da daɗewa ba Fischer ya daina bayyana a gaban jama'a, yana gunaguni game da gajiya mai yawa. A shekarar 1975, ya sake girgiza al’ummar duniya. Dan wasan dara ya ki shiga cikin gasar zakarun duniya, sakamakon nasarar da aka samu ga Anatoly Karpov.
Dangane da ingantacciyar sigar, Ba'amurken ya ƙi saboda masu shirya ba su yarda su cika buƙatunsa ba game da gudanar da yaƙin. Irin wannan rashin girmamawa ya kama Fischer, bayan haka ya yi alkawarin ba zai sake wasa da dara ba.
Mutumin bai canza shawararsa ba sai a 1992. A cikin sake yin kasuwanci tare da Boris Spassky, wanda ba zato ba tsammani Bobby ya amince da shi, hukumomin Amurka sun yi la’akari da keta dokar hana shiga duniya. An yi wa dan wasan barazanar daurin shekara 10 a gidan yari, amma har yanzu ya zo wasan.
Bayan kayar da Spassky, Fischer ya tsinci kansa cikin tsaka mai wuya. Yanzu ba zai iya komawa Amurka ba, shi ya sa ya tashi zuwa Hungary, kuma daga can ya tafi Philippines. Daga baya, ya zauna a Japan na dogon lokaci.
Bobby Fischer ya sha sukar manufofin Amurka, wanda ake zargin ya kasance a hannun yahudawa gaba daya. Ya kasance sanannen mai adawa da Semite, wanda ke yawan zargin Yahudawa da aikata laifuka daban-daban. A ƙarshen 2003, gwamnatin Amurka ta soke izinin zama ɗan ƙasa. Batun ƙarshe ga Amurkawa shine yarda da ɗan wasan chess na ayyukan al-Qaeda da harin 11 ga Satumba.
Bayan wannan kuma, Iceland ta amince ta karbi dan gudun hijirar. Anan Bobby har yanzu yana kiran Amurka da Yahudawa da mugaye. Ya kuma yi magana mara kyau game da 'yan wasan dara na Soviet. Musamman Garry Kasparov da Anatoly Karpov sun samu. Fischer ya kira Kasparov a matsayin mai laifi, yana mai cewa 1984-1985 ya yi faɗa. Ayyuka na musamman na Soviet sun gurɓata su.
Rayuwar mutum
A shekarar 1990, wata ‘yar kasar Hungary‘ yar wasan chess, Petra Rajchani, ta rubuta wasika zuwa ga gunkin ta, wanda Fischer ya karanta sai bayan shekara daya. Wannan ya haifar da gaskiyar cewa yarinyar ta koma wurinsa a Amurka. Matasa sun haɗu na tsawon shekaru 2, bayan haka suka yanke shawarar barin.
Raichani ba zai iya jurewa da halayen ƙaunataccen ƙaunatacce ba. Bayan haka, Bobby ba shi da wata dangantaka mai ma'ana da kowa kusan shekaru 10. Bayan ya koma Japan, ya haɗu da wani ɗan wasan dara na gida mai suna Mieko Watai. Yarinyar ta kasance kusa da mutumin, duk da matsalolin kwakwalwarsa.
Watai kuma cikin nutsuwa ta mai da martani game da jita-jitar da ke cewa Bobby yana da 'yar shege a cikin Philippines, wanda aka haifa bayan kusanci da Marilyn Young. Abin mamaki ne cewa binciken DNA da akayi bayan mutuwar dan wasan dara bai tabbatar da mahaifin Fischer ba.
Masoyan sun yi aure a shekarar 2004 a gidan yari, inda Bobby ya kare bayan kokarin barin jihar da jabun takardu. Af, ya kwashe watanni 8 a bayan kurkuku.
Mutuwa
Bobby Fischer ya mutu a ranar 17 ga Janairun 2008 yana da shekara 64. Dalilin mutuwar hazikin dan wasan shine gazawar koda. Likitoci sun sha ba mutumin tiyata, amma ya ki yarda da su.
Hoton Bobby Fischer ne
