Anton Semenovich Makarenko (1888-1939) - shahararren malami a duniya, malami, marubuci kuma marubucin wasan kwaikwayo. A cewar UNESCO, yana ɗaya daga cikin malamai huɗu (tare da Dewey, Kershenshteiner da Montessori) waɗanda suka ba da ma'anar hanyar koyar da ilimin koyarwa a cikin ƙarni na 20.
Ya sadaukar da mafi yawan rayuwarsa ga sake karatun samari masu wahala, waɗanda sannan suka zama 'yan ƙasa masu bin doka waɗanda suka sami babban matsayi a rayuwa.
Akwai tarihin ban sha'awa da yawa na tarihin Makarenko, wanda zamuyi magana akansa a cikin wannan labarin.
Don haka, a gabanku gajeriyar tarihin Anton Makarenko.
Biography Makarenko
An haifi Anton Makarenko a ranar 1 ga Maris (13), 1888 a garin Belopole. Ya girma kuma ya girma a cikin gidan ma'aikacin tashar jirgin ƙasa Semyon Grigorievich da matarsa Tatyana Mikhailovna.
Daga baya, iyayen malamin na gaba sun sami ɗa da yarinya waɗanda suka mutu tun suna ƙuruciya.
Yara da samari
Yayinda yake yaro, Anton ba shi da lafiya. Saboda wannan, da wuya ya yi wasa tare da samarin a farfajiyar, yana yin dogon lokaci tare da littattafai.
Kodayake shugaban dangin ma'aikaci ne mai sauƙin kai, amma yana son karatu, yana da babban laburare. Ba da daɗewa ba Anton ya fara haɓaka myopia, saboda abin da aka tilasta masa sanya tabarau.
Makarenko sau da yawa takwarorinsa sun tsokane shi, suna kiransa "mai wayo". Tun yana dan shekara 7, ya tafi makarantar firamare, inda ya nuna kwarewa a dukkan fannoni.
Lokacin da Anton yake da shekaru 13, shi da iyayensa suka koma garin Kryukov. A can ya ci gaba da karatunsa a wata makarantar da ke yankin na tsawon shekaru hudu, sannan ya kammala karatun koyarwa na shekara guda.
A sakamakon haka, Makarenko ya sami damar koyar da yara 'yan makaranta doka.
Ilmantarwa
Bayan shekaru da yawa na koyarwa, Anton Semenovich ya shiga Jami'ar Malaman Poltava. Ya sami mafi girman maki a dukkan fannoni, sakamakon haka ya kammala jami'a da girmamawa.
A wancan lokacin, tarihin Makarenko ya fara rubuta ayyukansa na farko. Ya aika labarinsa na farko "Ranar Wauta" ga Maxim Gorky, yana son sanin ra'ayinsa game da aikinsa.
Daga baya, Gorky ya amsa wa Anton. A cikin wasiƙar tasa, ya soki labarin nasa sosai. A dalilin wannan, Makarenko ya bar yin rubutu har tsawon shekaru 13.
Ya kamata a lura cewa Anton Semenovich zai ci gaba da dangantakar abokantaka da Gorky a duk rayuwarsa.
Makarenko ya fara haɓaka shahararren tsarin koyarwarsa a cikin mulkin kwadago na ƙananan yara masu laifi waɗanda ke ƙauyen Kovalevka kusa da Poltava. Yayi ƙoƙari ya sami hanya mafi inganci don ilimantar da matasa.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce, Anton Makarenko yayi nazarin ayyukan malamai da yawa, amma babu ɗayansu da ya faranta masa rai. A cikin dukkan littattafan, an ba da shawarar a sake koyar da yara cikin mummunan hali, wanda ba ya ba da damar samun alaƙa tsakanin malami da masu unguwanni.
Da yake karkashin kulawar yara masu aikata laifi, Makarenko ya raba su rukuni-rukuni, wadanda ya ba su domin su inganta rayuwar su. Yayin yanke shawara game da duk wasu mahimman batutuwa, koyaushe yana tattaunawa da samarin, yana sanar dasu cewa ra'ayinsu yana da mahimmanci a gare shi.
Da farko, yara sukan yi hali mai kyau, amma daga baya sun fara girmama Anton Makarenko sosai. Bayan lokaci, manyan yara da son rai suka ɗauki matakin a hannunsu, suna sake koyar da ƙananan yara.
Don haka Makarenko ya sami damar ƙirƙirar ingantaccen tsari wanda ɗaliban da suka taɓa jin tsoro sun zama "mutane na yau da kullun" kuma suka nemi su faɗi ra'ayoyinsu ga ƙarancin matasa.
Anton Makarenko ya ƙarfafa yara su yi ƙoƙari don neman ilimi don samun kyakkyawar sana'a a nan gaba. Ya kuma mai da hankali sosai kan ayyukan al'adu. A cikin mulkin mallaka, ana yin wasan kwaikwayo sau da yawa, inda 'yan wasan kwaikwayon duka' yan makaranta ɗaya ne.
Fitattun nasarori da aka samu a fagen ilimantarwa da koyarwa sun sanya mutumin ya zama ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun mutane a cikin al'adun duniya da tarbiya.
Daga baya aka tura Makarenko ya jagoranci wani mulkin mallaka, wanda yake kusa da Kharkov. Hukumomi suna so su gwada ko tsarinsa na nasara ne ko kuwa da gaske yana aiki.
A cikin sabon wuri, Anton Semenovich da sauri ya kafa hanyoyin da aka riga aka tabbatar. Abin sha'awa ne cewa ya ɗauki yaran titi da yawa daga tsohuwar mulkin mallaka waɗanda suka taimaka masa aiki.
A karkashin jagorancin Makarenko, matasa masu wahala sun fara rayuwa mai kyau, suna kawar da munanan halaye da ƙwarewar ɓarayi. Yaran sun shuka gonakin sannan sun girbe wadataccen girbi, sannan kuma sun samar da kayayyaki iri-iri.
Bugu da ƙari, yaran titi suna koyon yadda ake yin kyamarorin FED. Don haka, samari na iya ciyar da kansu da kansu, kusan ba tare da buƙatar tallafi daga jihar ba.
A waccan lokacin, tarihin Anton Makarenko ya rubuta ayyuka 3: "Maris na 30", "FD-1" da almara "Waqar Baƙinciki". Haka Gorky ya sa shi ya koma rubutu.
Bayan haka, an mayar da Makarenko zuwa Kiev zuwa mukamin mataimakin shugaban sashen mulkin mallaka na kwadago. A cikin 1934 ya sami shiga Tarayyar Marubutan Soviet. Wannan ya samo asali ne daga "Waqar koyar da ilimi", wanda a ciki ya bayyana tsarin karatunsa da kalmomi masu sauki, sannan kuma ya kawo bayanai masu ban sha'awa da yawa daga tarihinsa.
Ba da daɗewa ba aka rubuta hukunci a kan Anton Semenovich. An zarge shi da sukar Joseph Stalin. Tsoffin abokan aiki sun gargaɗe shi, ya sami damar komawa Moscow, inda ya ci gaba da rubuta littattafai.
Tare da matar sa, Makarenko sun fitar da "Littafin Iyaye", wanda a ciki ya gabatar da ra'ayin sa game da tarbiyyar yara. Ya ce kowane yaro yana buƙatar ƙungiya, wanda hakan ya taimaka masa ya daidaita cikin jama'a.
Daga baya, gwargwadon ayyukan marubucin, za a harba fina-finai kamar su "Waqar Tarbiya", "Tuta a Towers" da "Babba da Smallanana".
Rayuwar mutum
Masoyin Anton na farko shine yarinya mai suna Elizaveta Grigorovich. A lokacin ganawa da Makarenko, Elizaveta ya auri malamin addini, wanda ya gabatar da su da gaske.
A cikin shekaru 20, mutumin ya kasance cikin mummunar dangantaka da takwarorinsa, sakamakon abin da yake so ya kashe kansa. Don kare saurayin daga irin wannan aikin, firist ɗin ya yi zance fiye da ɗaya tare da shi, tare da shigar da matarsa Elizabeth a cikin tattaunawar.
Ba da daɗewa ba, matasa sun fahimci cewa suna soyayya. Lokacin da mahaifin Anton ya sami labarin wannan, sai ya kore shi daga gidan. Koyaya, Makarenko baya son barin ƙaunataccensa.
Daga baya, Anton Semyonovich, tare da Elizabeth, za su yi aiki a cikin yankin Gorky. Abokinsu ya kasance na shekaru 20 kuma ya ƙare da shawarar Makarenko.
Malamin ya yi auren hukuma ne kawai yana ɗan shekara 47. Tare da matarsa na gaba, Galina Stakhievna, ya sadu a wurin aiki. Matar tayi aiki a matsayin mai kula da Commissariat na Mutane don Kulawa kuma sau ɗaya ta zo yankin don dubawa.
Daga auren da ya gabata, Galina tana da ɗa, Lev, wanda Makarenko ya ɗauka kuma ya girma a matsayin nasa. Hakanan yana da 'yarsa da aka haifa, Olympias, wanda aka bari daga ɗan'uwansa Vitaly.
Wannan ya faru ne saboda gaskiyar cewa White Guard Vitaly Makarenko dole ne ya bar Rasha a ƙuruciyarsa. Ya yi hijira zuwa Faransa, ya bar matarsa mai ciki.
Mutuwa
Anton Semenovich Makarenko ya mutu a ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 1939 yana da shekara 51. Ya wuce cikin yanayi mai ban mamaki.
Mutumin ya mutu ba zato ba tsammani a cikin yanayin da har yanzu ba a sani ba. Dangane da fasalin hukuma, ya mutu ne sakamakon bugun zuciya da ya same shi a cikin motar jirgin ƙasa.
Koyaya, akwai jita-jita da yawa cewa yakamata a kama Makarenko, don haka zuciyarsa ba zata iya jure irin wannan damuwa ba.
Wani bincike da aka gudanar ya nuna cewa zuciyar malamin tana da lahani da ba a saba gani ba wanda ke faruwa sakamakon guba. Koyaya, ba a tabbatar da tabbatar da guban ba.
Makarenko Hotuna
