A cikin rikice-rikice game da yadda ya kasance a Rasha a farkon ƙarni na ashirin, an karya kwafi da yawa. An maye gurbin labarai game da sanannen gurasar Faransa da bayanai game da talauci da jahilci, tarin farashin kayan abinci na dinari ana share su ta tebura tare da karancin albashi.
Amma idan kun watsar da takaddama kuma kun san abin da Moscow da mazaunanta suka rayu a waɗannan shekarun, wani na iya yin mamaki: ban da fasaha, babu canje-canje da yawa. Mutane suna aiki kuma suna cikin nishaɗi iri ɗaya, sun shiga cikin policean sanda kuma sun je dachas ɗinsu, suna gunaguni game da matsaloli game da gidaje kuma suna gaishe hutun da farin ciki. "Babu wani sabon abu a karkashin wata, / menene, me ya kasance, zai kasance har abada," kamar yadda Karamzin ya rubuta shekaru 200 da suka gabata, kamar dai ya san komai a gaba.
Tattaunawa game da rayuwar yau da kullun ba ta cika ba tare da tattaunawa game da kuɗi ba. A farkon karni na ashirin, matsakaicin albashi na kananan azuzuwan ya kai kimanin 24 rubles wata daya. Ma'aikata don yawancinsu ba su da kuɗi kaɗan, idan kuwa ba komai. Saboda haka, waɗanda suke son yin aiki a wuraren gini, tsire-tsire da masana'antu ba su da iyaka.
Albashin jami'in da matsakaicin ma'aikaci ya kasance daga 70 rubles a wata. Ma'aikatan an ba su nau'ikan biyan kuɗi daban-daban: gida, abinci, kyandir, da sauransu. Daga abubuwan tunawa ya biyo baya cewa idan shugaban gidan ya sami 150-200 rubles a wata, to wannan kuɗin ya isa isa ya jagoranci salon rayuwa daidai da da'irar sa.
1. Duk da saurin ci gaba, benaye masu hawa takwas sun fara bayyana a cikin birni - rayuwa a Mosko a farkon karni na ashirin ta gudana, suna yin biyayya ga tsari da aka kafa na karnoni. Bayan bikin Kirsimeti, Christmastide ya biyo baya tare da raha da izgili da raye-raye. Sannan aka fara azumin. Gidan abinci ya rufe. 'Yan wasan kwaikwayo na Rasha sun tafi hutu, kuma gidajen kallo sun cika da baƙi masu baƙi na waje - post ɗin bai shafe su ba. A ƙarshen post ɗin, tallace-tallace sun kasance a kan lokaci, ana kiran su "mai arha". Sannan suka yi bikin Easter kuma a hankali suka fara barin dachas ɗinsu, bayan gari. Moscow ta kasance fanko har zuwa ƙarshen bazara. Kusa da kaka, aikin cibiyoyi, al'ummomi da da'irori daban-daban an sake dawowa, nune-nunen da baje koli sun fara, ana ci gaba da karatu a cibiyoyin ilimi. Rayuwa mai ci gaba ta ci gaba har zuwa Kirsimeti. Hakanan, akwai hutu har zuwa 30 a shekara, har ma suna narkar da azumi. An rarraba hutu zuwa coci da na sarki, wanda yanzu za a kira shi - ranakun haihuwa da sunayen masu kambi.
2. Oneaya daga cikin shahararrun masana ilimin feuilleton ya rubuta cewa bazara bazata yuwu ba kamar soyayya. A cikin lokacin Moscow, dacha ba alama ce ta wadata ba - kowa yayi ƙoƙarin kawar da ƙura da ƙamshin garinsu. Kamshin bazarar Moscow ya haɗu da ƙanshin kwandunan shara, ingantattun magudanan ruwa da jigilar dawakai. Sun gudu daga garin. Wasu daga cikinsu suna cikin kyawawan wurare tare da rijiyoyin artesian, shanu masu shayarwa, lambunan lambu da kuma filin shakatawa na Ingilishi, waɗanda, bisa ga tuna wani Muscovite, suna cikin ƙanƙanin gida mai ƙarancin kyan gani tare da ɗakuna huɗu a ƙasa da uku a sama, ba ƙidaya ɗakunan bayin ba, girki, ɗakuna da ɗakunan ajiya. Dayawa sun gamsu da gidan bango guda biyar a wani ƙauyen talakawa kusa da Moscow. Tambayar dacha ta ɓata Muscovites ba fiye da matsalar gidaje ba. Dachas ya kasance a Kuzminki, Odintsovo, Sokolniki, Osinovka, gami da abin da ake kira. Inauyen Losinoostrovsky (akwai wani nau'in ƙungiyoyin masu gida, waɗanda suka kafa gidan motsa jiki, ma'aikatar kashe gobara, shaguna, kantin magani, da sauransu), da sauran yankuna waɗanda suka daɗe da zama ɓangare na Moscow. Farashi har zuwa 1910 ya kasance daga 30 zuwa 300 rubles. kowane wata, watau sun kasance kwatankwacin gidaje. Sannan haɓakar haɓakar su ta fara, har ma farashin 300 rubles kowace wata bai bada garantin jin daɗi ba.
3. Bunkasar al'amura sam ba kirkirar kirki bane a karshen karni na XX - farkon karni na XXI, kuma tabbas ba kirkirar kirkirar Yu M. M. Luzhkov bane. An rushe Moscow, sake ginawa da gina ta a duk tarihinta tare da kusancin haɗin kan hukumomin gari. Al'adar ta kare kayayyakin tarihi ba ta wanzu ba. Tabbas, “jama'a sun yi zanga-zangar adawa da rushe gine-ginen tarihi. Arkhnadzor na lokacin ana kiran sa Archaeological Society. Tasirinsa ba komai bane. Babban mahimmancin Theungiyar shine ɗaukar hotunan tsoffin gine-gine kafin rushewa ta hanyar mai haɓaka. Koyaya, masu haɓaka ba sa ma tunanin cika wannan ƙaramin abin.
4. Da yawa suna son su ji a cikin kalmomin Woland na Bulgakov cewa matsalar gidaje ta lalata Muscovites, tuhuma kan juyin juya hali da ikon Soviet. Kaico, matsalar gidaje ta fara lalata mazaunan Mosko da wuri. Ayyadaddun garin shi ne yawancin mutanen birni sun yi hayar gidaje. Babu wanda ya yi hayar gida na dogon lokaci - idan farashin zai tashi. Sabili da haka, ƙarshen bazara ga kawunan iyalai koyaushe alama ce ta neman sabon gidaje. Ragu na ƙarshe a farashin hayar gidaje an rubuta shi a cikin 1900. Tun daga wannan lokacin, farashin gidaje ya karu ne kawai, kuma ingancinsa, kamar yadda zaku iya tsammani, ya ragu. Tsawon shekaru 10, gidaje, kamar yadda za su ce a yanzu, na "ɓangaren tsaka-tsakin farashin" ya ninka cikin farashi a Moscow.
5. Muscovites suna son yin biki, kuma sun yi bikin mai yawa kuma na dogon lokaci. Bugu da ƙari, akidun da akidun siyasa na wancan lokacin kusan ba su rarraba aji. A farkon karni na 20, suka yanke shawarar shirya bikin Sabuwar Shekara don jama'a sun fi talauci a cikin Manege. Mawadata birni masu arziki sun riga sun mallaki kujeru da tebur a gidajen abinci, kuma na dogon lokaci suna magana game da ɓarnatarwa a cikin Yar, Metropol, Slavyanskiy Bazaar ko Hermitage a cikin 'yan jaridu da kuma cikin ɗakunan girki. Ara yawan mutane masu aiki sun ziyarci juna, suna shaye shaye tare da barasa gwargwadon ƙarfinsu, jiki da walat. Kuma sai ya zama cewa "rashin wadatattun ajujuwa" (kuma sun rubuta ba tare da wani laifi ba a cikin jaridu) kuma suna iya tafiya a cikin zauren haske mai haske, tare da masu jiran aiki, kayan tebur, wasan kwaikwayo na masu zane da sauran halayen rayuwar marmari. Babban bayani dalla-dalla: rayayyun rahotanni na 'yan jarida sun nuna wanda ya riga ya fadada tazara tsakanin azuzuwan. Zane-zane na sharks ɗin alkalami waɗanda aka sanya wa “Yar” a zahiri suna malala, saboda marubutan sun bayyana menu a cikin irin wannan dalla-dalla. Masu hasara, waɗanda suka isa Manezh, ba suna magana ba ne game da abinci, amma game da shanu masu maye, waɗanda ba su yaba da jiyyar "maigidan" ba.
6. Matsayin wuraren shakatawa na dare a cikin Moscow a farkon ƙarni na ashirin da kwallaye suka buga. Wadannan majalisun sun kasance masu dimokiradiyya sosai. A'a, ga masu mulkin mallaka, komai ya kasance daya - uwaye sun fitar da 'ya' yansu mata, kuma da'irar wadanda aka gayyata sun kasance kunkuntattu. Amma kusan kowa yana iya shiga cikin abin da ake kira "jama'a" (ƙungiyoyi daban-daban sun shirya). A irin wadannan kwallayen, idan aka yi la’akari da kwatancin jaridu da sake duba bayanan tsofaffi masu rubutun tarihi, an sami raguwar kyawawan halaye: kiɗan ya yi yawa kuma ya yi yawa, kayan matan sun yi nishaɗi tare da lalata, rawar rawa ta sa masu sauraro yin nadamar kwanakin da suka gabata na Domostroi, kokoshniks da sutura masu sutura.
7. Muscovites suna da matsala da ruwa a halin yanzu. Birnin ya bunkasa da sauri fiye da tsarin samar da ruwa. Babu buƙatar shigar da mitoci masu tsada ko kuma azabar masu ɗaukar ruwa ba. Waɗannan citizensan ƙasa masu himma sun toshe hanyoyin samun ruwa kyauta da ruwa, kuma bayan sun tattara ruwa kyauta, sun siyar da shi akan tituna akan farashin da ya ninka ruwan famfo sau huɗu. Kari kan haka, zane-zanen da ke kusa da masu daukar ruwa ba su bar wadanda suke son daukar bokitin ruwa daya zuwa maɓullan ba. Nikolai Zimin, injiniya ne na Hukumar Kula da Birnin Moscow wanda ke kula da lamuran samar da ruwan sha, an yi masa kakkausar suka. Injiniyan ya mayar da martani kan sukar da aiki. Tuni a cikin 1904, matakin farko na tsarin samar da ruwa na Moskvoretsky, wanda aka gina a ƙarƙashinsa, ya fara aiki, kuma garin ya manta da matsalolin ruwa.
8. 'Yan sandan Mosko a farkon karni na ashirin ba su kunshi kiba, gashin-baki, baffan rabin-shaye, a shirye suke su ci riba daga talaka tare da kowane abin wasa. 'Yan sanda sun ɗauka, da farko dai, mutanen da suka iya karatu (to ya zama babban ma'auni ne) kuma masu saurin fahimta. Don sanin jarabawar, 'yan takarar' yan sanda sun ci jarabawar tambayoyi 80 na digiri daban-daban na wayo. Bugu da kari, masu binciken na iya yin tambaya, amsar wacce ba ta bukatar sanin umarnin kawai, har ma da fadakarwar hankali. A zahiri, an bayyana ayyukan ɗan sanda a cikin sakin layi na 96. 'Yan sanda sun ci jarrabawar kokawar jiu-jitsu. Idan aka yi la'akari da gaskiyar cewa a cikin 1911 wakilan 'yan sanda na Japan ba su ci nasara ko guda ba a wasan, an koyar da' yan sandan Rasha da kyau. 'Yan sanda sun karɓi kaɗan - an lasafta albashi daga rubles 150 a shekara, ƙari ko dai wani "ɗakin" a cikin barikin, ko kuɗin gidan, wanda ya isa ga kusurwa a gefen gari. 'Yan sanda masu ikon, bayan sun yi karatu a kwasa-kwasan musamman, an nada su a matsayin jami'an' yan sanda. Anan, albashi ya fara ne daga 600 rubles, kuma an biya haya mai kyau, kuma, mafi mahimmanci, mutum ya riga ya faɗi a cikin keɓaɓɓen ofisoshin ma'aikata. Bayan ya tashi mataki ɗaya, ɗan sanda ya zama ma'aikacin kotu - albashi na 1400, 700 rubles. dakunan cin abinci da kuma gidan da aka biya akalla daki 6. Amma har ma da irin wannan kuɗin da kyar ya ba da damar wanzuwa a matakin da'irarta.
9. Cin hanci da rashawa a cikin policean sandan Mosko shi ne abin da ya mamaye gari. Batun kashe kudade na kasafin kudi, toshiyar baki, kariya, hada kai tare da aikata laifuka har zuwa hada kai kai tsaye sun hade sosai yadda yakamata masu kula su daga kafadarsu. 'Yan kasuwar sun shaida cewa a ranar Ista da Kirsimeti sun tara daruruwan rubles na jami'an' yan sanda, amma ba cin hanci ba, amma saboda "iyaye da kakanni sun kafu sosai, kuma shi mutumin kirki ne". Masu kula da gidan karuwai sun tura 10,000 rubles zuwa asusun asusun sadaka na 'yan sanda kuma sun ci gaba da ayyukansu. Masu gidajen caca suna jin cewa zasu iya biyan wannan kuɗin kuma sun ba da gudummawar sadaka suma. Ya kai ga cewa 'yan sanda sun rufe manyan sace-sacen kayayyaki a kan layin dogo tare da fasa tambura, konewa, kisan kai da wasu halaye na Wild West. Ya kai miliyoyin miliyoyin - ɗayan kamfani ne kawai wanda ya ba da inshorar kaya ya sami asara miliyan biyu. Shari'ar 'yan sanda ta ƙare ne kawai tare da korar ma'aikata. Shugaban 'yan sanda na Moscow, Anatoly Reinbot, nan da nan bayan an sallame shi, ya karɓi rangwamen jirgin ƙasa da ke buƙatar miliyoyin manyan biranen. Tabbas, kafin hakan, Rainbot ya rayu ne kawai akan albashin jami'in, kuma kafin ya shiga kasuwancin jirgin kasa, yayi nasarar yin aure.
10. Ga shaidu game da ci gaban daskararru na fasahohin sadarwa, saurin cigaban sadarwar wayar tarho na Moscow a farkon karni na 20 zai zama izgili. Amma don matakin haɓaka fasaha na wancan lokacin, ƙaruwar adadin masu biyan kuɗi ta hanyar tsari mai girma a cikin shekaru 10 ya kasance ci gaba. A farkon karni na 20, kusan masu biyan kudi dubu 20 ne suka yi amfani da tarho a cikin Moscow, sama da kamfanoni da cibiyoyi 21,000, masu zaman kansu da na jama'a, da kuma gidajen abinci na jama'a 2,500. Sauran masu biyan kuxi 5500 sun yi amfani da wayoyi masu layi daya.
11. Abin kunyar Moscow shine wuraren kwana. Irin wannan gidaje an yi bayaninsu sosai da shi.Ilf da E. Petrov a cikin labarin "kujeru 12" a ƙarƙashin sunan tsohon ɗakin kwanan dalibai. An raba kowane sararin zama tare da labule ko bangon allo don samun matsakaicin adadin gadaje. Akwai irin waɗannan gidajen gado-da-akwatin fiye da 15,000 a cikin Moscow. Maimakon mutane biyu, mutane 7-8 sun zauna a cikin ɗakunan. Babu rangwame da aka yi don kowane jinsi ko matsayin aure. Masu mallakar harkar har ma sun bayar da hayar "shiryayye" - gado daya ga 'yan haya biyu da suka yi kwana-kwana. Labarin wani lokaci na iya zama na musamman na ban dariya - bayan ƙarni, "ɗakunan" za su zama "wani yanki na rabin kaya".
12. Babban nishaɗin Muscovites a lokacin kakar (daga watan Agusta zuwa Afrilu) shine gidajen kallo. Muscovites ba su jin girmamawa sosai ga 'yan wasan kwaikwayo ko mawaƙa. Binciken wasan kwaikwayo ko sanarwa sun kasance mafi yawan ba'a. Koyaya, gidajen kallo, in babu wasu nau'ikan hutu na al'adu, an cika su akai-akai. Wannan haka lamarin yake koda a dukkan gidajen sinima (banda na Imperial Bolshoi da Maly, a cikin Moscow aƙalla 5-6 ƙarin gidajen wasan kwaikwayo, mallakar mutane masu zaman kansu ko ƙungiyoyin masu wasan kwaikwayo, masu aiki bisa ƙwarewar sana'a) ba a bayyana wasan kwaikwayon a fili ba. Saboda haka, mun yi ƙoƙarin siyan tikiti a gaba. Muscovites sun kasance suna jerin gwano a ofishin akwatin har bayan magariba, kuma suna amfani da hanyoyin haɗi da yawa don samun tikiti ko tikitin maraba. Tabbas, akwai hanyar sadarwar kasuwanci ba bisa doka ba. An buɗe shi a 1910. Ya zama cewa ga wani Moriarty na zubewar gida, wanda ke da laƙabi mafi ƙarancin Sarki, kusan 'yan kasuwa 50 sun yi aiki. Sun sayi tikiti a ofishin akwatin kuma sun sayar da su aƙalla sau biyu darajar fuska ta hannu na biyu (wanda ya ba da tikitin ba su tare da shi, kuma idan an kama shi sai ya sauka da tarar). Kudaden da Sarki ya samu ya kai kimanin dubu 10-15. a shekara. Bayan an kama Sarki kuma an yanke masa hukunci, Wuri Mai Tsarki bai kasance fanko ba. Tuni a cikin 1914, 'yan sanda sun ba da rahoto game da kasancewar sabon tsari wanda ke sarrafa sayar da tikiti zuwa gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Bolshoi.
13. Wani ɓangare mai mahimmanci na rayuwar wasanni na Moscow shine gasa kokawa, wanda aka gudanar a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na musamman wanda aka gina a cikin Lambun dabbobi. Waɗannan wasan kwaikwayo ne, gasa ta ainihi ta faru a cikin circus. Kuma a cikin Lambun Zoological, mayaƙan sun taka rawar wakilan wasu ƙasashe ko addinai. Wadanda suka wajaba a cikin shirin sun kasance yaƙin Bayahude ne kuma gwarzo ɗan Rasha. "Wakilai" na wasu ƙasashe an gabatar dasu don wasan kwaikwayon dangane da yanayin duniya. A cikin 1910, aka gudanar da gasar kokawa ta farko ta mata tare da lambar yabo ta 500 rubles. Masu sauraro, ba damar lalacewa da damar sha'awar jikin mata ba, sun zuba 'yan mata cikin matsi cikin faɗa. An gudanar da gasar tseren kankara, masu kekuna da wasannin kwallon kafa. Muscovite Nikolai Strunnikov shi ne zakaran Turai a wasan tsere cikin sauri, amma ba zai iya kare kambunsa ba a 1912 - babu kuɗin tafiya. A shekara ta 1914, an yi fadan dambe na farko a Fadar Wasanni a kan Zemlyanoy Val. A cikin duka, akwai ƙungiyoyin wasanni na 86 a cikin Moscow. Abu ne mai ban sha'awa cewa matsalar kwararru da yan koyo sun wanzu duk da haka, amma magudanan ruwa sun dan yi wani abu daban - ba wai kawai mutanen da ke rayuwa kan kudin shiga daga wasanni ake daukarsu kwararru ba, har ma da wakilan dukkanin sana'o'in da suka danganci kwadago. Da farko, an ki amincewa da zakaran tseren kankara na Pavel Bychkov da taken da lambar yabo - ya yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da gida, wato, shi kwararre ne.
14. Cinematography ya samo tushe a cikin Moscow maimakon wuya. Kasuwancin sabo ne, kuma da farko masu gidajen sinima sun sanya farashi mara kyau. Tikiti zuwa "Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na lantarki" a kan Red Square an kashe kopecks 55 da 1 rub. Kopecks 10 Wannan ya tsoratar da masu kallo, kuma gidajen silima na farko sun fara fatarar kuɗi. Don ɗan lokaci ana nuna fina-finai a cikin silima daban-daban a matsayin ɓangare na shirin. Kuma lokacin da aka fara Yaƙin Anglo-Boer, sai ya zamana cewa labaran labarai sun shahara sosai tsakanin Muscovites. A hankali, ma'abota gidajen sinima sun fara tunkarar kasuwancin da babban nauyi - an ɗauki ƙwararrun mawaƙa azaman tamers, kuma gine-ginen babban birni, maimakon gine-ginen "zubar kamar", an gina su don nuna fina-finai. Haka ne, kuma silima ta haɓaka ta hanyar tsalle-tsalle da iyakoki. Apotheosis shine buɗewar fim din A. Khanzhonkov. Bayan ba wani muhimmin bangare ba, an nuna wa masu sauraro bidiyon bidiyo kafin fara bikin a facin sinima. Khanzhonkov da ƙwararrun masanan sun gudanar da aiwatar da hanyoyin da suka dace a cikin mafi karancin lokacin kuma suka shirya su don wasan kwaikwayon. Jama'ar share fage nan take ta zama kamfani na yara da aka gane kansu, suna nuna yatsunsu akan allo. Farashin farashi a hankali sun daidaita a matakin kopecks 15. don "wurin tsayawa", 30-40 kopecks.don wurin zama a tsakiyar silima kuma 1 shafa. a cikin sinima mafi tsada kamar Khudozhestvenny. Masoyan Strawberry - sa'annan sun kasance ribbons na Faransa - an biya su har zuwa 5 rubles. don zaman dare. Tikiti tikiti ne na shiga, ma'ana, ana iya ciyar da su a sinima a kalla tsawon yini.
15. Muscovites sun ga jirgin sama na farko na jirgin sama a cikin faɗuwar shekarar 1909, amma Bafaranshe ɗan Faransa Gaillau bai yi rawar gani ba. Amma a cikin Mayu 1910, Sergei Utochkin ya ba Muscovites rashin lafiya tare da sama. Jirginsa ya jawo dubban 'yan kallo. An bayanai kaɗan game da jirage masu zuwa, yanayin matukan jirgin da injunan an buga su a cikin jaridu. Jaridu sun kuma bayar da rahoto kan labaran jirgin sama na kasashen waje. Tabbas, duk samarin, sun yi mafarkin zama matukan jirgin sama. Da zaran an buɗe makarantar jirgin sama a filin Khodynskoye, duk samarin Moscow sun zo a guje don yin rajista a ciki. Koyaya, haɓakar jirgin sama ta shuɗe da sauri. Jirgin sama ya zama kasuwanci mai tsada da haɗari, kuma ya yi kama da son sani ba tare da ma'ana ba. Saboda haka, tuni a cikin 1914, Igor Sikorsky ba zai iya tara kuɗi don tsara jirgin jirgin da aka riga aka gina ba "Rushe Knight".
