Karl Heinrich Marx (1818-1883) - Bajamushe falsafa, masanin halayyar dan adam, masanin tattalin arziki, marubuci, mawaƙi, ɗan jaridar siyasa, masanin harshe da kuma jama'a. Aboki kuma aboki na Friedrich Engels, wanda ya rubuta "Manifesto na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis" tare da shi.
Marubucin aikin kimiyyar gargajiya game da tattalin arzikin siyasa "Babban birni. Soki ga Tattalin Arzikin Siyasa ". Mahaliccin Markisanci da ka'idar rarar kuɗi.
Akwai abubuwan ban sha'awa da yawa a cikin tarihin rayuwar Karl Marx, wanda zamu fada game da shi a cikin wannan labarin.
Don haka, ga takaitaccen tarihin Marx.
Tarihin rayuwar Karl Marx
An haifi Karl Marx a ranar 5 ga Mayu, 1818 a garin Trier na Jamus. Ya girma a gidan yahudawa mai wadata. Mahaifinsa, Heinrich Marks, ya yi aiki a matsayin lauya, kuma mahaifiyarsa, Henrietta Pressburg, tana da hannu wajen renon yara. Iyalin Marx suna da 'ya'ya 9, hudu daga cikinsu basu rayu har zuwa girma ba.
Yara da samari
A jajibirin ranar haihuwar Karl, Marx dattijo ya musulunta domin ya ci gaba da zama a matsayin mai ba da shawara na shari'a, kuma bayan 'yan shekaru sai matarsa ta bi misalinsa. Yana da kyau a lura cewa ma'auratan sun kasance daga manyan dangin rabbi wadanda suke da mummunan ra'ayi game da canzawa zuwa kowane addini.
Heinrich ya yi wa Karl kyakkyawa sosai, yana kula da ci gaban ruhunsa kuma yana shirya shi don zama masanin kimiyya. Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce cewa mai gaba da farfaganda na rashin yarda Allah ya yi baftisma yana da shekara 6, tare da 'yan'uwansa maza da mata.
Marx ya kasance yana da tasirin gaske game da mahaifinsa, wanda ya kasance ma'abocin Zamanin wayewa da falsafar Emmanuel Kant. Iyayensa sun tura shi gidan motsa jiki na gida, inda ya sami manyan maki a lissafi, Jamusanci, Girkanci, Latin da Faransanci.
Bayan wannan, Karl ya ci gaba da karatunsa a Jami'ar Bonn, daga nan ne kuma ya koma Jami'ar ta Berlin. Anan ya karanci ilimin shari'a, tarihi da falsafa. A wannan lokacin na tarihin rayuwarsa, Marx ya nuna matukar sha'awar koyarwar Hegel, wanda a ciki akwai abubuwan da ba su yarda da Allah da juyin juya halin ba.
A cikin 1839 mutumin ya rubuta aikin "Littattafan rubutu akan tarihin Epicurean, Stoic da Falsafa Mai Kyau." Bayan wasu shekaru, ya kammala karatu daga jami'a ta waje, ya kare karatun digirinsa na uku - "Bambanci tsakanin falsafar dabi'a ta Democritus da falsafar halitta ta Epicurus."
Ayyukan zamantakewa da siyasa
A farkon aikinsa, Karl Marx ya shirya samun farfesa a Jami'ar Bonn, amma saboda wasu dalilai ya yi watsi da wannan ra'ayin. A farkon 1940s, ya ɗan yi aiki a matsayin ɗan jarida da editan jaridar adawa.
Karl ya soki manufofin gwamnatin yanzu, kuma ya kasance mai tsananin adawa da takunkumi. Wannan ya haifar da gaskiyar cewa an rufe jaridar, bayan haka ya zama mai sha'awar nazarin tattalin arzikin siyasa.
Ba da daɗewa ba Marx ya wallafa wata ƙididdigar falsafa A kan sukar Falsafar Shari'a ta Hegel. A lokacin da yake tarihin rayuwarsa, ya riga ya sami babban farin jini a cikin al'umma, sakamakon haka gwamnati ta yanke shawarar ba shi cin hanci, ta ba shi mukami a hukumomin gwamnati.
Saboda kin bada hadin kai ga hukuma, an tilasta Mark ya koma da iyalinsa zuwa Paris a karkashin barazanar kama shi. Anan ya haɗu da abokin aikinsa na gaba Friedrich Engels da Heinrich Heine.
Shekaru 2, mutumin ya motsa a cikin tsattsauran ra'ayi, yana mai fahimtar kansa da ra'ayoyin waɗanda suka kafa tsarin rashin tsari, Pera-Joseph Proudhon da Mikhail Bakunin. A farkon 1845 ya yanke shawarar komawa Belgium, inda, tare da Engels, ya shiga cikin ƙungiyar ƙasa da ƙasa ta "Union of the Just."
Shugabannin kungiyar sun umurce su da su samar da wani shiri na tsarin kwaminisanci. Godiya ga hadin gwiwar da suka yi, Engels da Marx sun zama marubutan Manifesto na Kwaminisanci (1848). A lokaci guda kuma, gwamnatin Beljiyam ta kori Marx daga kasar, bayan haka ya koma Faransa, sannan ya tafi Jamus.
Bayan sun zauna a Cologne, Karl, tare da Friedrich, sun fara buga jaridar neman sauyi "Neue Rheinische Zeitung", amma bayan shekara guda sai aka soke aikin saboda kayen da aka samu na boren ma'aikata a gundumomi uku na Jamus. Wannan ya biyo baya ta hanyar danniya.
Lokacin London
A farkon shekaru 50, Karl Marx yayi hijira tare da danginsa zuwa Landan. A Birtaniyya ne a 1867 aka buga babban aikinsa, Capital. Yana ba da lokaci mai yawa don nazarin ilimin kimiyya daban-daban, gami da falsafar zamantakewar jama'a, lissafi, doka, tattalin arziƙin siyasa, da sauransu.
A lokacin wannan tarihin rayuwa, Marx yana aiki akan ka'idar tattalin arzikin sa. Yana da kyau a lura cewa yana fuskantar matsaloli na rashin kuɗi, ya kasa wadatar da matarsa da yaransa duk abin da suke buƙata.
Ba da daɗewa ba Friedrich Engels ya fara ba shi taimakon abin duniya. A London, Karl ya kasance mai aiki a cikin rayuwar jama'a. A cikin 1864 ya fara buɗewa na Associationungiyar Ma'aikata ta Duniya (Farko Na Farko).
Wannan ƙungiyar ta zama babbar ƙungiya ta farko ta ƙasashe masu aiki. Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa rassan wannan haɗin gwiwar sun fara buɗewa a yawancin ƙasashen Turai da Amurka.
Saboda kayen da aka yi na Commune na Paris (1872), Karungiyar Karl Marx ta ƙaura zuwa Amurka, amma bayan shekaru 4 an rufe ta. Koyaya, a cikin 1889 aka ba da sanarwar buɗe Duniya ta Biyu, wanda ya kasance mai bin ra'ayoyin na Farko.
Markisanci
Ra'ayoyin akida na mai tunanin Bajamushe ya kafu ne tun yana saurayi. Tunanin nasa ya ta'allaka ne ga koyarwar Ludwig Feuerbach, wanda da farko ya amince da shi a kan batutuwa da yawa, amma daga baya ya sauya shawara.
Markisanci yana nufin koyarwar falsafa, tattalin arziki da siyasa, waɗanda suka kafa Marx da Engels. Gabaɗaya an yarda da cewa tanade-tanade 3 masu zuwa suna da mahimmanci a cikin wannan kwas ɗin:
- rukunan rarar ƙima;
- fahimtar jari-hujja na tarihi;
- rukunan mulkin mallaka na proletariat.
A cewar wasu masana, mabuɗin batun ka'idar Marx shi ne ra'ayinsa game da ci gaban ƙauracewar mutum daga kayan aikinsa, ƙin mutum daga asalinsa da sauyawa cikin al'ummar jari-hujja zuwa cikin cog a cikin tsarin samarwa.
Tarihin jari-hujja
A karon farko kalmar "tarihin jari-hujja" ta bayyana a cikin littafin "Akidar Jamusawa". A cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya, Marx da Engels sun ci gaba da haɓaka shi a cikin "Manifesto na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis" da "Sanar da Tattalin Arzikin Siyasa."
Ta hanyar sarkar hankali, Karl ya kai ga sanannen ƙarshe: "Kasancewa yana ƙayyade sani." Dangane da wannan bayanin, tushen kowace al'umma ita ce damar samarwa, wacce ke tallafawa duk wasu cibiyoyin zamantakewar: siyasa, doka, al'ada, addini.
Yana da matukar mahimmanci al'umma su kiyaye daidaito tsakanin albarkatun samarwa da alaƙar samarwa don hana juyin juya halin jama'a. A cikin ka'idar tarihin jari-hujja, mai tunani ya banbanta tsakanin bautar bayi, mulkin mallaka, burguois da tsarin kwaminisanci.
A lokaci guda, Karl Marx ya raba kwaminisanci zuwa matakai 2, mafi karancinsa shi ne gurguzu, kuma mafi girma shi ne kwaminisanci, ba shi da dukkan cibiyoyin kudi.
Kwaminisanci na kimiyya
Falsafa ya ga ci gaban tarihin ɗan adam a cikin gwagwarmayar aji. A ra'ayinsa, wannan ita ce kadai hanya ta samun ingantaccen ci gaban al'umma.
Marx da Engels sunyi jayayya cewa proletariat ita ce ajin da ke iya kawar da jari-hujja da kafa sabon tsari mara izini na duniya. Amma don cimma wannan burin, ana buƙatar juyin juya halin duniya (na dindindin).
"Babban birnin kasar" da gurguzu
A cikin shahararren "Babban birnin" marubucin ya yi bayani dalla-dalla game da tattalin arzikin jari hujja. Karl ya mai da hankali sosai ga matsalolin samar da jari da dokar ƙima.
Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa Marx ya dogara da ra'ayoyin Adam Smith da David Ricardo. Wadannan masanan tattalin arzikin Burtaniya ne suka iya bayyana yanayin kwadago na darajar. A cikin aikin nasa, marubucin ya tattauna nau'ikan jari da dama da kuma halartar ma'aikata.
Dangane da ka'idar Jamusawa, tsarin jari hujja yana haifar da rikice-rikicen tattalin arziki ta hanyar ci gaba da rashin jituwa tsakanin canji da babban jarin, wanda daga baya ke haifar da lalata tsarin da kuma bacewar kadarori masu zaman kansu a hankali, wanda aka maye gurbinsa da kayan jama'a.
Rayuwar mutum
Matar Karl yar asalin sarauta ce mai suna Jenny von Westfalen. Tsawon shekaru 6, ana soyayya da masoya a asirce, saboda iyayen yarinyar sun sabawa dangantakar su. Koyaya, a cikin 1843, ma'auratan sun yi aure bisa hukuma.
Jenny ta zama mace mai kauna kuma abokiyar mijinta, wacce ta haifi 'ya'ya bakwai, hudu daga cikinsu sun mutu a yarinta. Wasu masu rubutun tarihin Marx sunyi da'awar cewa yana da ɗa mara ɗa tare da mai kula da gida Helena Demuth. Bayan mutuwar mai tunanin, Engels ya dauki yaron beli.
Mutuwa
Marx ya jimre da mutuwar matarsa, wanda ya mutu a ƙarshen 1881. Ba da daɗewa ba aka gano shi da ikon yin hukunci, wanda ya ci gaba cikin sauri kuma ya haifar da mutuwar mai falsafar.
Karl Marx ya mutu ranar 14 ga Maris, 1883 yana da shekara 64. Kimanin mutane goma sha biyu suka zo yi masa ban kwana.
Hoton Karl Marx
