Haikalin Parthenon da ƙyar ya tsira har zuwa yanzu, kuma, duk da cewa farkon bayyanar ginin ya fi kyau, a yau ana ɗaukarsa misalin kyawawan halaye na dā. Wannan shine babban abin jan hankali a Girka kuma ya cancanci ziyarta yayin tafiya cikin ƙasar. Tsohuwar duniya ta shahara da manyan gine-gine, amma wannan na iya mamaki da gaske.
Gina haikalin Parthenon
A kudancin Acropolis a Athens, wani tsohon gidan ibada ya tashi, wanda yabi baiwar allahn hikima, wanda mazauna garin Hellas suka girmamata tsawon ƙarnuka. Masana tarihi sunyi imanin cewa farkon ginin ya faro ne daga 447-446. BC e. Babu cikakken bayani game da wannan, tunda tsarin tarihin zamanin da da kuma waɗanda suke a zamanin ya bambanta. A Girka, farkon rana ana ɗaukar lokacin bazara.
Kafin gina babban haikalin don girmama allahiya Athena, an gina gine-ginen al'adu daban-daban a wannan rukunin yanar gizon, amma babu wanda ya rayu har zuwa yau, kuma Parthenon ne kawai, duk da cewa a wani ɓangare, har yanzu yana tsaye a saman dutsen. Iktin ne ya haɓaka aikin ginin al'adun gargajiya na gaba, kuma Kallikrates ya tsunduma cikin aiwatar dashi.
Aikin gina haikalin ya ɗauki kimanin shekaru shida. Parthenon bashi da kwalliyar da ba ta sabawa ba ga tsohon masanin Girka mai suna Phidias, wanda tsakanin 438 da 437. kafa gunkin Athena, an rufe shi da zinariya. Kowane mazaunin wancan lokacin ya san wanda aka sadaukar da haikalin, tunda a zamanin Girka ta d the a ana girmama gumaka, kuma ita ce allahiyar hikima, yaƙi, zane-zane da kere-kere waɗanda galibi ke samun kanta a saman matakan.
Tarihin rashin jin dadi na babban gini
Daga baya a karni na III. Alexander the Great ya kama Athens, amma haikalin bai lalace ba. Bugu da ƙari, mai girma sarki ya ba da umarnin girka jerin garkuwar kariya don kare babbar halittar gine-gine, kuma ya gabatar da kayan yaƙin mayaƙan Fasiya a matsayin kyauta. Gaskiya ne, ba duk masu nasara suka kasance da rahama ba ga halittar shugabannin Girka. Bayan mamayar 'yan kabilar Herul, gobara ta tashi a cikin Parthenon, sakamakon haka wani bangare na rufin ya lalace, kuma karfafawa da rufin ya lalace. Tun daga wannan lokacin, ba a sake aiwatar da aikin maido da manyan abubuwa ba.
A lokacin yakin Jihadi, gidan ibada na Parthenon ya zama tushen fitina, kamar yadda cocin kirista ta yi ƙoƙari ta hanyar kawar da kafirci daga mazaunan Hellas. Kusan karni na 3, mutum-mutumin Athena Parthenos ya ɓace ba tare da wata alama ba; a cikin karni na 6, an sauyawa Parthenon suna zuwa Babban Katolika na Mafi Tsarki Theotokos. Tun farkon ƙarni na XIII, haikalin arna da ya taɓa zama ɓangare na Cocin Katolika, sau da yawa ana sauya sunansa, amma ba a sami canje-canje masu mahimmanci ba.
Muna ba ku shawara ku karanta game da gidan ibada na Abu Simbel.
A shekarar 1458, addinin Musulunci ya maye gurbin Kiristanci yayin da Daular Ottoman ta mamaye Athens. Duk da cewa Mehmet na II ya yaba da Acropolis da Parthenon musamman, wannan bai hana shi sanya rundunonin soja a yankin ta ba. A yayin artabun, galibi ana yi wa ginin gini, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa ginin da ya riga ya lalace ya faɗa cikin mawuyacin hali.
Sai kawai a 1832 Athens ya sake zama ɓangare na Girka, kuma bayan shekaru biyu aka sanar da Parthenon wani tsohon tarihi. Daga wannan lokacin, babban tsarin Acropolis an fara dawo dashi da ɗan kaɗan kaɗan. A lokacin hakar ma'adinai, masana kimiyya sunyi ƙoƙari su gano sassan Parthenon kuma su mayar da shi gaba ɗaya yayin kiyaye fasalin gine-ginen.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa game da haikalin
Hotunan tsoffin haikalin ba su da wani irin abu na musamman, amma tare da zurfafa nazarin su, yana da kyau a faɗi cewa ba za a iya samun irin wannan halitta a cikin wani birni na Tsohon Duniya ba. Abin mamaki, yayin ginin, an yi amfani da hanyoyin ƙira na musamman waɗanda ke haifar da ƙyamar gani. Misali:
- ginshikan an karkatar da su ta hanyoyi daban-daban dangane da wurin su don ganin ido ya bayyana kai tsaye;
- diamita na ginshiƙai ya bambanta dangane da matsayi;
- salo mai ban sha'awa ya tashi zuwa tsakiya.
Saboda gaskiyar cewa haikalin Parthenon ya banbanta da tsarin gine-ginen da ba na al'ada ba, galibi suna ƙoƙari su kwafa shi a ƙasashe daban-daban na duniya. Idan kuna mamakin inda aka samo irin wannan gine-ginen, yakamata ku ziyarci Jamus, Amurka ko Japan. Hotunan abubuwa masu kayatarwa suna kama da kamanceceniya, amma ba za su iya ba da girman gaske ba.
