Rayuwar kowane mai fasaha da fasaha tana cike da saɓani. Na biyu, akasin haka, na iya ɗaukar komai gaba ɗaya, amma ba su da yanki burodi. Wani za'a iya gane shi mai baiwa ne idan an haifeshi shekaru 50 da suka gabata ko daga baya, kuma an tilasta masa zama a ƙarƙashin inuwar wani abokin aikinsa mai ƙwarewa. Ko Ilya Repin - ya rayu rayuwa mai ban sha'awa mai ban sha'awa, amma a lokaci guda ya kasance ba shi da sa'a tare da danginsa - matansa suna wasa koyaushe, kamar yadda masu rubutun tarihin suka rubuta, "gajerun labarai" a gefe.
Don haka rayuwar mai zane ba buroshi a hannun dama kawai ba, amma mai sauƙi ne a hagunsa (af, Auguste Renoir, bayan ya karye hannun dama, ya sauya zuwa hagunsa, kuma aikinsa bai daɗa lalacewa ba). Kuma tsarkakakken kerawa yanada yawa.
1. Mafi girman zane-zanen mai "mai tsanani" shine "Aljanna" ta Tintoretto. Girmansa mita 22.6 x 9.1. Idan aka yi la'akari da abubuwan da aka tsara, maigidan bai gaskata cewa farin ciki na har abada yana jiran waɗanda suke cikin aljanna ba. Tare da duka yanki na zane wanda bai wuce 200 m ba2 Tintoretto ya sanya sama da haruffa 130 a kanta - "Aljanna" tana kama da motar jirgin ƙasa a cikin gaggawa. Zanen kanta yana cikin Venice a Fadar Doge. A cikin Rasha, a cikin St. Petersburg, akwai fasalin zanen, wanda ɗalibin Tintoretto ya zana. Lokaci zuwa lokaci, zane-zanen zamani suna bayyana, wanda aka lasafta tsawonsa a kilomita, amma da kyar ake iya kiran waɗannan zane zane.
2. Leonardo da Vinci za a iya ɗaukar shi "uba" na zanen hoto a cikin yanayin da aka saba na yawancin mutane. Shi ne ya ƙirƙira fasahar sfumato. Girman hotunan, wanda aka zana ta amfani da wannan fasahar, ya ɗan yi shuɗi, adadi kansu na halitta ne kuma basa cutar da idanu, kamar yadda yake a cikin bayanan magabata na Leonardo. Bugu da kari, babban maigidan yayi aiki tare da mafi kankantar, yadudduka masu girman makiron fenti. Saboda haka, halayensa sun fi rai.
Layi mai laushi a zanen Leonardo da Vinci
3. Ya zama abin birgewa, amma tsawon shekaru 20 daga 1500 zuwa 1520, uku daga cikin manyan masu zane a lokaci guda sunyi aiki a biranen Italia: Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael da Michelangelo. Babban cikinsu shine Leonardo, ƙarami Raphael. A lokaci guda, Rafael ya tsira daga Leonardo, wanda ya girme shi da shekaru 31, ƙasa da shekara ɗaya. Raphael
4. Ko manyan masu fasaha ba bako bane ga buri. A cikin 1504, a cikin Florence, yaƙi ya ɓarke tsakanin Michelangelo da Leonardo da Vinci, kamar yadda za su ce a yanzu. Masu sana'a, waɗanda ba za su iya jurewa da juna ba, dole ne su zana bangon bango biyu na farfajiyar taron Florentine. Da Vinci yana so ya ci nasara sosai don ya kasance mai wayo sosai da abubuwan da aka zana hotunan, kuma frescocinsa ya fara bushewa kuma ya ruɓe a tsakiyar aikin. A lokaci guda, Michelangelo ya gabatar da kwali - a zanen yana da wani abu kamar ɗan ƙarami ko ƙaramin samfurin aiki na nan gaba - don duba abin da akwai layuka. Ta hanyar fasaha Leonardo ya rasa - ya bar aikinsa ya tafi. Gaskiya ne, Michelangelo bai kammala halittarsa ba. Paparoma ya kira shi da gaggawa, kuma a wancan lokacin ƙalilan ne suka yi gangancin yin watsi da irin wannan ƙalubalen. Kuma sanannen kwali daga baya wani mai tsattsauran ra'ayi ya lalata shi.
5. Fitaccen mai zane-zane ɗan Rasha Karl Bryullov ya girma a cikin dangin masu zanen gado - ba mahaifinsa da kakansa kawai suke da hannu a zane-zane ba, har ma da baffanninsa. Baya ga gado, mahaifinsa ya kori aiki cikin Charles. Daga cikin ladan akwai abinci, idan Karl ya kammala aikin (“Zana doki dozin biyu, sai ku sami abincin rana”). Kuma daga cikin azaban akwai hakora. Da zarar mahaifin ya bugi yaron don ya zama kurma a kunne ɗaya. Ilimin kimiyya ya ci gaba: Bryullov ya zama babban mai fasaha. Hoton da ya zana "Ranar Karshe ta Pompeii" ya yi wannan bazuwa a Italiya inda taron mutane ya jefa furanni a ƙafafun Bryullov daidai kan tituna, kuma mawaƙi Yevgeny Baratynsky ya kira gabatar da zanen a Italiya ranar farko ta zanen Rasha.
K. Bryullov. "Ranar karshe ta Pompeii"
6. “Ba ni da baiwa. Ina aiki tukuru, ”Ilya Repin ta taba amsa yabo daga daya daga cikin abokansa. Yana da wuya cewa mai fasaha ya yi wayo - ya yi aiki a duk rayuwarsa, amma bajintarsa a bayyane take. Kuma ya saba da aiki tun yana yara - ba kowa bane zai iya samun ruble 100 ta hanyar zanen ƙwai na Ista. Bayan samun nasarori (“Barge Haulers” ya zama abin birgewa a duniya), Repin bai taɓa bin jagorancin jama'a ba, amma cikin nutsuwa ya aiwatar da ra'ayinsa. An soki shi don tallafawa juyin juya halin, sannan kuma don nuna adawa, amma Ilya Efimovich ya ci gaba da aiki. Ya kira kukan masu bita da taki mai rahusa, wanda ba zai ma shiga tsarin ilimin kasa ba, amma iska za ta watsar.
Zane-zanen Repin kusan koyaushe suna da yawa
7. Peter Paul Rubens yana da baiwa ba kawai a zane ba. Marubucin zane-zane 1,500 ya kasance ƙwararren diflomasiyya. Bugu da ƙari, ayyukansa sun kasance iri-iri ne wanda a yanzu ana iya kiransa da sunan "jami'in diflomasiyya cikin tufafin farar hula" - takwarorinsa koyaushe suna da shakku game da wane da wane aiki Rubens ke aiki. Mai zane-zane, musamman, ya zo wurin La Rochelle da aka kewaye don tattaunawa da Cardinal Richelieu (a wannan lokacin aikin littafin nan "The Musketeers Three" yana ci gaba). Rubens ya kuma yi tsammanin ganawa da jakadan Burtaniya, amma bai zo ba saboda kisan Duke na Buckingham.
Rubens. Hoton kai
8. Wani nau'in Mozart daga zanen zane ana iya kiransa ɗan zanen Rasha Ivan Aivazovsky. Aikin fitaccen mai zanan ruwan ya kasance mai sauƙin gaske - a lokacin rayuwarsa ya zana sama da taswira sama da 6,000. Aivazovsky ya kasance sananne a cikin dukkanin al'ummomin Rasha, manyan masarautu sun yaba da shi sosai (Ivan Alexandrovich ya rayu shekaru huɗu). Aivazovsky keɓaɓɓe tare da mai sauƙi da gogewa, ba wai kawai ya sami wadata mai kyau ba, har ma ya kai matsayin cikakken ɗan majalissar jiha (magajin gari a cikin wani babban birni, babban janar ko babban mai kula da baya). Bugu da ƙari, ba a ba da wannan darajar ba gwargwadon tsawon aikin.
I. Aivazovsky yayi rubutu ne kawai game da teku. "Tekun Naples"
9. Umarni na farko da Leonardo da Vinci ya karba - zanen ɗayan gidajen ibada a Milan - ya nuna, a sanya shi a hankali, rashin wayewar mai zane. Bayan ya yarda ya kammala aikin na wani adadi cikin watanni 8, Leonardo ya yanke shawarar cewa farashin ya yi ƙasa ƙwarai. Sufaye sun ƙara adadin kuɗin, amma ba kamar yadda mai zanen ya so ba. An zana zanen "Madonna na Duwatsu", amma da Vinci ya ajiye wa kansa. Shari'ar ta kasance tsawon shekaru 20, gidan sufi har yanzu yana riƙe da zane.
10. Bayan da ya sami shahara a Siena da Perugia, saurayi Raphael ya yanke shawarar zuwa Florence. A can ya sami karfafuwa masu ƙarfi guda biyu. Da farko “David” na Michelangelo ya buge shi, kuma daga baya sai ya ga Leonardo ya gama aikin Mona Lisa. Raphael har ma yayi ƙoƙari ya kwafa shahararrun hoton daga ƙwaƙwalwa, amma bai taɓa gudanar da isar da daɗin murmushin Gioconda ba. Koyaya, ya sami babban kwarin gwiwa don aiki - bayan wani lokaci Michelangelo ya kira shi "mu'ujiza na yanayi".
Raphael ya shahara da mata a duk ƙasar Italiya
11. Marubucin yawan fitattun tashoshi, Viktor Vasnetsov, a dabi'ance mai kunya ne sosai. Ya girma a cikin talaucin dangi, yayi karatu a makarantar firamare ta lardin kuma, da ya isa St. Petersburg, darajan birni da kuma ƙarfin ofan majalisun da suka ɗauki jarabawarsa ta shiga Makarantar Fasaha. Vasnetsov yana da tabbacin cewa ba za a yarda da shi ba har ma bai fara gano sakamakon jarabawar ba. Bayan karatun shekara guda a makarantar zane kyauta, Vasnetsov yayi imani da kansa kuma ya sake zuwa jarabawar shiga makarantar Academy. Kawai sai ya san cewa zai iya yin karatun shekara guda.
Viktor Vasnetsov a wurin aiki
12. Mai rikodin yawan hotunan da aka rubuta tsakanin manyan masu fasaha shine, watakila, Rembrandt. Wannan babban mutumin Holland ya ɗauki gogarsa sama da sau 100 don kama kansa. Babu narcissism a cikin hotunan kai da yawa. Rembrandt ya tafi rubuta cikakkun bayanai ta hanyar nazarin haruffa da saituna. Ya zana kansa a cikin tufafin mai nik da rake na mutane, sultan na gabas da burgher na Dutch. Wani lokaci yakan zaɓi hotuna masu banbanci sosai.
Rembrandt. Hotunan kai, ba shakka
13. Mafi yawan yarda, barayi suna satar zane-zanen da wani dan kasar Spain mai suna Pablo Picasso. Gabaɗaya, an yi imanin cewa sama da ayyukan 1,000 da wanda ya kafa Cubism ke kan gudu. Babu shekara daya da duniya bata sata ba ko komawa ga ma'abota ayyukan marubucin "Kurciyar Aminci". Sha'awar ɓarayi abin fahimta ne - zane-zane goma mafi tsada da aka taɓa siyarwa a duniya sun haɗa da ayyuka uku da Picasso yayi. Amma a cikin 1904, lokacin da matashin mai zane ya iso Paris, ana zarginsa da satar Mona Lisa. Rushe tubalin zanen a cikin wata magana mai ƙarfi ya ce duk da cewa Louvre ta ƙone, hakan ba zai kawo ɓarnar da yawa ga al'ada ba. Wannan ya isa ga yan sanda suyi ma matashin mai zane tambayoyi.
Pablo Picasso. Paris, 1904. Kuma 'yan sanda suna neman "Mona Lisa" ...
14. Fitaccen mai zane zane mai suna Ishaku Levitan abokai ne tare da ƙaramin fitaccen marubuci Anton Chekhov. A lokaci guda, Levitan bai daina yin abota da matan da ke kusa da shi ba, kuma yawanci abota na da kusanci sosai. Bugu da ƙari, duk alaƙar Levitan suna tare da alamun motsa jiki: don bayyana ƙaunarsa, marubucin “Kwanakin Zinare na Zinare” da “Sama da Madawwami Lafiya” sun harbe shi kuma sun sa kifi a ƙafafun zaɓaɓɓensa. Marubucin bai bar abokantaka ba, yana ba da abubuwan ban dariya na abokinsa "House tare da Mezzanine" zuwa "Tsalle" da wasan kwaikwayo "The Seagull" tare da yanayin da ya dace, saboda wanda alaƙar da ke tsakanin Levitan da Chekhov sau da yawa ta lalace.
"The Seagull", a bayyane yake, yana tunani kawai. Levitan da Chekhov tare
15. Tunanin canza hotuna daga sama zuwa kasa, a karshen karni na ashirin, wanda aka aiwatar da shi a sanannen ruwan alkalami, Francisco Goya ne ya kirkireshi. A ƙarshen karni na 18, shahararren mai zanen ya zana hotunan mata guda biyu (an yi imanin cewa samfurin shi ne Duchess na Alba), ya bambanta ne kawai a matsayin sutura. Goya ya haɗa hotunan da sandar ƙarfe na musamman, kuma matar ta tuɓe kamar a hankali.
F. Goya. "Maja tsirara"
16. Valentin Serov ya kasance ɗayan mashahuran hotunan hoto a tarihin zanen Rasha. Har ila yau, mutanen zamaninsa sun san kwarewar Serov; mai zane-zane ba shi da ƙarshen umarni. Koyaya, kwata-kwata bai san yadda ake karɓar kuɗi mai kyau daga abokan ciniki ba, saboda haka ƙarancin maƙwabta a cikin goga sun sami ninki 5 zuwa 10 fiye da maigidan da ke buƙatar kuɗi koyaushe.
17. Jean-Auguste Dominique Ingres zai iya zama fitaccen mawaƙi maimakon ba da gudummawar kyawawan zane-zanensa ga duniya. Tuni yana ƙarami, ya nuna ƙwarewa sosai kuma ya buga garaya a cikin ƙungiyar makaɗa ta Toulouse Opera. Ingres yayi magana da Paganini, Cherubini, Liszt da Berlioz. Kuma da zarar kiɗa ya taimaka Ingres ya guji auren da ba shi da farin ciki. Ya kasance matalauci, kuma yana shirye don ba da gudummawa - sadakin wanda aka zaɓa da aka tilasta zai taimake shi inganta yanayin kuɗi. Koyaya, kusan daren jajibirin, samari sun sami sabani game da kiɗa, bayan haka Ingres ya bar komai ya bar Rome. A nan gaba, ya yi aure guda biyu masu nasara, mukamin darakta a Makarantar Koyon Ilimin Fasaha ta Paris da taken Sanatan Faransa.
18. Ivan Kramskoy ya fara aikin sa na mai zane a asalin asali. Ofaya daga cikin waɗanda suka shirya theungiyar Baje kolin Balaguro a karon farko ya ɗauki buroshi domin sake sanya hotunan. A tsakiyar karni na 19, fasahar daukar hoto har yanzu ba ta da kyau sosai, kuma shaharar daukar hoto ta yi yawa. Kyakkyawan maimaitawa ya cancanci nauyinsa a cikin zinare, don haka ƙwararrun masaniyar wannan sana'ar an ɗora musu hankali ta hanyar ɗaukan hoto. Kramskoy, tuni yana ɗan shekara 21, ya yi aiki a sanannen ɗakin karatu na St. Petersburg tare da maigidan Denier. Kuma kawai sai marubucin "Ba a sani ba" ya juya zuwa zane.
I. Kramskoy. "Ba a sani ba"
19. Sau ɗaya a cikin Louvre sun gudanar da ƙaramin gwaji, suna rataye zane guda Eugene Delacroix da Pablo Picasso kusa da juna. Manufar ita ce a gwada tunanin zane daga ƙarni na 19 da na 20. Picasso da kansa ne ya taƙaita gwajin, wanda ya ce a kan zane na Delacroix "Yaya mai zane!"
20. Salvador Dali, duk da yawan zagon kasa da yake da shi don son birgewa, mutum ne mai matukar aiki da kunya. Matarsa Gala ta kasance a gare shi fiye da mata da samfurin. Ta yi nasarar ware shi gaba daya daga kayan abin zama. Dali da ƙyar ya iya jimre da makullin ƙofa da kansa. Bai taba hawa mota ba. Ko ta yaya, in ba matarsa, dole ne ya sayi tikitin jirgi da kansa, kuma wannan ya haifar da da mai ido, duk da cewa mai karɓar kuɗin ya san shi kuma yana da tausayi sosai. Kusa da mutuwarsa, Dali ya biya ƙarin ga mai tsaron lafiyar, wanda kuma ya kasance direbansa, saboda gaskiyar cewa ya ɗanɗana abincin da aka shirya wa mai zane.
Salvador Dali da Gala a wani taron manema labarai
