An san Hamada ta Atacama saboda tsananin ruwan sama: a wasu wuraren ba a yi ruwa ba shekaru da yawa ba. Yanayin zafin jiki a nan yana da matsakaiciya kuma sau da yawa akwai fogs, amma saboda bushewarta, flora da fauna ba su da wadata. Koyaya, jama'ar Chile sun koyi jimre wa abubuwan keɓewar hamadarsu, don samun ruwa da shirya balaguron yawon shakatawa.
Babban halayen hamadar Atacama
Da yawa sun ji abin da Atacama ya shahara da shi, amma ba su san ko wane yanki yake ba da yadda aka kafa shi. Wurin da ya fi bushe a duniya ya faɗi daga arewa zuwa kudu a yammacin Kudancin Amurka kuma yana da gaci tsakanin Tekun Fasifik da Andes. Wannan yankin, mai yanki sama da kilomita murabba'in dubu 105, na Chile ne kuma yana da iyaka da Peru, Bolivia da Argentina.
Duk da cewa wannan hamada ce, amma da kyar ake iya kiran sauyin yanayi. Zafin rana da dare matsakaici ne kuma sun bambanta da tsawo. Bugu da ƙari, ana iya kiran Atacama mahalli mai sanyi: a lokacin bazara bai wuce digiri 15 a ma'aunin Celsius ba, kuma a lokacin sanyi yanayin zafin yakan kai kimanin digiri 20. Saboda ƙarancin ƙarancin iska, ƙanƙarar kankara ba ta yin tsayi a tsaunuka. Bambancin zafin jiki a lokuta daban-daban na rana yana haifar da damuwa sau da yawa, wannan lamarin ya fi dacewa da yanayin hunturu.
Kogin Loa guda ɗaya ne kawai ke ƙetare hamada ta Chile, wanda tashar sa ke gudana a yankin kudu. Daga sauran koguna, alamun kawai suka rage, sannan kuma, a cewar masana kimiyya, babu ruwa a cikinsu tsawon shekaru sama da dubu ɗari. Yanzu waɗannan yankuna tsibirin tsibiri ne inda har yanzu ana samun shuke-shuke masu furanni.
Dalilan samuwar yankin hamada
Asalin Hamada ta Atacama saboda wasu manyan dalilai ne guda biyu da suka shafi wurin da take. A cikin babban yankin akwai dogon tsiri na Andes, wanda ke hana ruwa shiga yammacin Kudancin Amurka. Mafi yawa daga cikin abubuwanda suke samarda Tekun Amazon sun makale anan. Kadan ne kawai daga cikinsu wasu lokuta suke kaiwa gabashin gabashin hamada, amma wannan bai isa ya wadatar da dukkan yankin ba.
Sauran gefen yankin busasshen tekun Pacific ya wanke shi, daga ina, da alama, danshi ya kamata ya samu, amma wannan baya faruwa saboda sanyin halin Peruvian. A wannan yankin, wani abu mai kama da sauyin yanayin zafin jiki yana aiki: iska ba ta yin sanyi tare da ƙarin tsayi, amma yana daɗa dumi. Don haka, danshi ba ya ƙafewa, saboda haka, yanayin ba shi da inda za a samar, domin ko da iska ta bushe a nan. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa busasshiyar hamada ba ta da ruwa, saboda an kiyaye ta daga danshi daga bangarorin biyu.
Flora da fauna a cikin Atacama
Rashin ruwa ya sa wannan yanki ba kowa ba ne, don haka akwai dabbobi ƙalilan da ƙananan ciyayi. Koyaya, ana samun cacti na nau'uka daban-daban kusan ko'ina a cikin busassun wurare. Bugu da ƙari, masana kimiyya sun ƙidaya dozin iri daban-daban, gami da endemics, alal misali, wakilan ƙirar Copiapoa.
Ana samun shuke-shuke iri-iri a cikin ciyawar ƙasa: a nan, tare da gadajen busassun koguna, ƙananan ƙananan gandun daji suna girma, wanda ya ƙunshi yawanci shrubs. Ana kiran su gallery kuma an kirkiresu ne daga itaciya, cacti da bishiyun mesquite. A tsakiyar hamada, inda yake musamman bushewa, hatta cacti karami ne, sannan kuma zaka iya ganin manyan ledoji har ma da yadda tillandsia ta yi ado.
Kusa da tekun, akwai yankuna daban-daban na tsuntsaye waɗanda ke yin gida a kan duwatsu kuma suna samun abinci daga teku. Ana iya samun dabbobi anan kawai kusa da ƙauyukan mutane, musamman, suma sun hayayyafa su. Shahararrun jinsuna a cikin jejin Atacama sune alpacas da llamas, wadanda zasu iya jure karancin ruwa.
Ci gaban hamada ta mutum
Mutanen Chile ba sa jin tsoron rashin ruwa a Atacama, saboda sama da mutane miliyan suna zaune a kan iyakarta. Tabbas, mafi yawan alumma suna zaban oases a matsayin mazaunin su, wanda ake gina kananan garuruwa a ciki, amma hatta yankuna masu bushewa tuni sun koyi noma da karbar karamin girbi daga wurin su. Musamman, godiya ga tsarin ban ruwa, tumatir, kokwamba, zaitun suna girma a Atacama.
A cikin shekarun da suka gabata suna rayuwa a cikin hamada, mutane sun koyi wadatar da kansu da ruwa koda da ƙarancin laima. Sun fito da wasu na'urori na musamman inda suke karbar ruwa. Sun kira su masu cire hazo. Tsarin ya kunshi silinda har tsawon mita biyu. Bambancin ya ta'allaka ne da tsarin cikin gida inda aka saka zaren. A lokacin hazo, digon danshi ya taru a kansu, wanda ya fada cikin ganga daga kasa. Na'urorin sun taimaka wajen cire lita 18 na ruwa mai kyau kowace rana.
A da, har zuwa shekarar 1883, wannan yanki na Bolivia ne, amma saboda kayen da kasar ta yi a yakin, an mayar da hamada ga mutanen Chile. Har yanzu akwai takaddama game da wannan yanki saboda kasancewar wadatattun ma'adanai a ciki. A yau, ana haƙo tagulla, gishirin gishiri, iodine, da borax a Atacama. Bayan danshin ruwa shekaru ɗaruruwan shekaru da suka gabata, tabkuna masu gishiri sun kafu akan yankin Atacama. Yanzu waɗannan sune wuraren da wadatattun ɗakunan gishirin tebur suke.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa game da Jejin Atacama
Hamadar Atacama tana da ban mamaki kwarai da gaske a cikin yanayi, saboda saboda abubuwan da ta kebanta da su na iya gabatar da abubuwan mamaki na yau da kullun. Don haka, saboda rashin danshi, gawawwaki ba sa narkewa a nan. Gawarwaki a zahiri sun bushe kuma sun zama mummies. A yayin binciken wannan yanki, masana kimiyya galibi suna gano kaburburan Indiyawa, waɗanda jikinsu ya yi ƙyalli shekaru dubbai da suka gabata.
A watan Mayu na 2010, wani abin al'ajabi ya faru ga waɗannan wurare - dusar ƙanƙara ta sauko da ƙarfi ta yadda manyan dusar ƙanƙara suka bayyana a cikin biranen, yana mai da wuya matsawa kan hanya. A sakamakon haka, an sami cikas a cikin aikin cibiyoyin samar da wutar lantarki da gidan kallo. Babu wanda ya taɓa ganin irin wannan abin mamaki a nan, kuma bai yiwu a bayyana dalilansa ba.
Muna baka shawara da ka karanta game da Namib Desert.
A tsakiyar Atacama akwai yanki mafi bushewa na hamada, wanda ake yiwa laƙabi da Kwarin Wata. Anyi mata wannan kwatancen saboda gaskiyar cewa dunes suna kama da hoton saman tauraron dan adam na Duniya. Sananne ne cewa cibiyar binciken sararin samaniya ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje na mashin a wannan yankin.
Kusa da Andes, hamada ta juye izuwa tuddai mai ɗauke da ɗayan manyan filaye a duniya. El Tatio ya bayyana ne saboda aikin dutsen da Andes ya yi kuma ya zama wani abin ban mamaki na keɓaɓɓen hamada.
Alamar hamada ta Chile
Babban abin jan hankalin jejin Atacama shine hannun katon, rabi yana fitowa daga dunes sand. Ana kuma kiranta Hannun Hamada. Mahaliccinsa, Mario Irarrazabal, ya so ya nuna duk rashin taimakon mutum a fuskar yashi mara girgiza na hamada mara iyaka. Alamar tana cikin zurfin Atacama, nesa da ƙauyuka. Tsayinsa ya kai mita 11, kuma an yi shi ne da suminti a jikin ƙarfe. Sau da yawa ana samun wannan abin tunawa a cikin hotuna ko bidiyo, saboda ya shahara tare da 'yan Chile da baƙi na ƙasar.
A cikin 2003, an sami wani baƙon busasshen gawa a cikin garin La Noria, wanda mazaunan suka daɗe da yin watsi da shi. Dangane da tsarin mulkinta, ba za a iya danganta shi da jinsin mutane ba, shi ya sa suke kiran samu da Atacama Humanoid. A halin yanzu, har yanzu ana muhawara game da inda wannan mummy ta fito a cikin birni da kuma wanda yake da gaske.
