Nikolay Alexandrovich Berdyaev (1874-1948) - Falsafa mai ilimin addini da siyasa, wakilin wanzuwar Rashanci da son kai. Mawallafin asalin ra'ayi na falsafar 'yanci da kuma batun sabon Zamanin Zamani. Sau bakwai ana gabatar da shi don kyautar Nobel a Adabi.
Akwai abubuwan ban sha'awa da yawa a cikin tarihin Nikolai Berdyaev, wanda zamuyi magana akansa a cikin wannan labarin.
Don haka, kafin ku gajeriyar tarihin Berdyaev.
Tarihin rayuwar Nikolai Berdyaev
Nikolai Berdyaev an haifeshi ne a ranar 6 ga Maris (18), 1874 a cikin yankin Obukhovo (lardin Kiev). Ya girma a cikin ƙaƙƙarfan dangi na hafsa Alexander Mikhailovich da Alina Sergeevna, wanda ya kasance gimbiya. Yana da ɗan'uwa dattijo Sergei, wanda daga baya ya zama mawaƙi da kuma tallata jama'a.
Yara da samari
'Yan uwan Berdyaev sun sami karatun firamare a gida. Bayan haka, Nikolai ya shiga Kiev Cadet Corps. A wannan lokacin, ya mallaki harsuna da yawa.
A aji na 6, saurayin ya yanke shawarar barin gawarwakin domin fara shirye-shiryen shiga jami'a. Duk da hakan, ya sanya kansa burin zama "farfesa a falsafa." A sakamakon haka, ya sami nasarar cin jarabawar a Jami'ar Kiev a Kwalejin Kimiyyar Halitta, kuma shekara guda daga baya ya koma zuwa Sashin Doka.
Yana dan shekara 23, Nikolai Berdyaev ya halarci tarzomar dalibai, wanda aka kama shi, aka kore shi daga jami'a aka tura shi gudun hijira a Vologda.
Bayan wasu shekaru, an buga labarin farko na Berdyaev a mujallar Markisanci Die Neue Zeit - “F. A. Lange da mahimmin falsafar dangane da gurguzancinsu ”. Bayan haka, ya ci gaba da wallafa sabbin labarai da suka shafi falsafa, siyasa, zamantakewa da sauran fannoni.
Ayyukan zamantakewa da rayuwa a cikin ƙaura
A cikin shekarun da suka gabata na tarihin rayuwarsa, Nikolai Berdyaev ya zama ɗaya daga cikin jiga-jigai a cikin ƙungiyar da ke sukar ra'ayoyin masu hankali na juyin juya hali. A cikin lokacin 1903-1094. ya halarci kafuwar kungiyar "Union of Liberation", wacce ta yi gwagwarmayar gabatar da 'yanci na siyasa a Rasha.
Bayan fewan shekaru, mai tunani ya rubuta wata kasida mai taken "Masu kashe ruhu", a ciki ya kare sufaye na Athon. A saboda wannan ne aka yanke masa hukuncin ƙaura zuwa Siberia, amma saboda ɓarkewar Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya (1914-1918) da juyin juya halin da ya biyo baya, ba a taɓa aiwatar da hukuncin ba.
Bayan da Bolsheviks suka hau mulki, Nikolai Berdyaev ya kafa Free Academy na Al'adu na Ruhaniya, wanda ya kasance kimanin shekaru 3. Lokacin da ya cika shekaru 46, an ba shi lambar farfesa a fannin ilmin tarihi da ilimin ba da ilmi na Jami'ar Moscow.
A ƙarƙashin mulkin Soviet, an ɗaure Berdyaev sau biyu - a cikin 1920 da 1922. Bayan kamun na biyu, an yi masa kashedi cewa idan bai bar USSR ba nan gaba, za a harbe shi.
A sakamakon haka, Berdyaev dole ne yayi ƙaura zuwa ƙasashen waje, kamar sauran masu tunani da masana kimiyya, akan abin da ake kira “jirgin falsafa”. Kasashen waje, ya hadu da masana falsafa da yawa. Bayan ya isa Faransa, sai ya shiga cikin ɗaliban ɗalibai ta kirista 'yan makarantar Rasha.
Bayan wannan, Nikolai Aleksandrovich ya yi aiki shekaru da yawa a matsayin edita a cikin buga tunanin addini na Rasha "Put", sannan kuma ya ci gaba da wallafa ayyukan falsafa da tiyoloji, da suka hada da "The New Middle Ages", "Idea Russia" da "Experience of eschatological metaphysics. Ivityirƙira da jectaddamarwa ".
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce, daga 1942 zuwa 1948, an zabi Berdyaev a matsayin gwarzon Nobel a Adabi har sau 7, amma bai taba cin sa ba.
Falsafa
Ra'ayoyin falsafar Nikolai Berdyaev sun dogara ne akan sukar ilimin teleology da hankali. A cewarsa, waɗannan ra'ayoyin suna da mummunan tasiri a kan 'yancin mutum, wanda shine ma'anar rayuwa.
Yanayi da mutum ɗaya daban-daban ra'ayoyi ne. A karkashin na farko, yana nufin rukunin ruhaniya da ɗabi'a, kuma ƙarƙashin na biyu - na ɗabi'a, wanda shine ɓangare na al'umma.
Ta ainihin, ba a rinjayi mutum, kuma ba ya batun yanayi, coci da jiha. Hakanan, an ba da 'yanci a idanun Nikolai Berdyaev - yana da mahimmanci dangane da yanayi da mutum, mai zaman kansa daga allahntaka.
A cikin aikinsa "Mutum da Inji" Berdyaev ya ɗauki fasaha a matsayin yiwuwar 'yantar da ruhun ɗan adam, amma yana jin tsoron cewa idan aka sauya dabi'u, mutum zai rasa ruhaniya da alheri.
Saboda haka, wannan yana haifar da kammalawa mai zuwa: "Me mutanen da ba su da waɗannan halaye za su ba zuriyarsu?" Bayan haka, ruhaniya ba kawai dangantaka da Mahalicci ba, amma, da farko, alaƙa da duniya.
A cikin mahimmanci, wani abu mai ban mamaki ya bayyana: ci gaban fasaha yana motsa al'adu da fasaha gaba, yana canza ɗabi'a. Amma a wani bangaren, tsananin bauta da manne wa sabbin abubuwa na fasaha na hana mutum kwarin gwiwar samun ci gaban al'adu. Kuma a nan ma matsala ta taso game da 'yancin ruhu.
A lokacin ƙuruciyarsa, Nikolai Berdyaev ya kasance mai ɗoki game da ra'ayoyin Karl Marx, amma daga baya ya sake yin kwaskwarima da dama daga ra'ayin Marxist. A nasa aikin "Ra'ayin Rasha" yana neman amsa ga tambayar me ake nufi da abin da ake kira "Ruhun Rasha".
A cikin tunaninshi, ya koma ga maganganu da kwatancen, ta amfani da kamanceceniyar tarihi. Sakamakon haka, Berdyaev ya kammala da cewa jama'ar Rasha ba su da niyyar bin duk abin da doka ta buƙata ba tare da tunani ba. Tunanin "Rashanci" shine "'yanci na kauna".
Rayuwar mutum
Matar mai tunani, Lydia Trusheva, yarinya ce mai ilimi. A lokacin da ta saba da Berdyaev, ta auri mai martaba Viktor Rapp. Bayan wani kame, an kori Lydia da mijinta zuwa Kiev, inda a 1904 ta fara haɗuwa da Nikolai.
A ƙarshen wannan shekarar, Berdyaev ya gayyaci yarinyar ta tafi tare da shi zuwa Petersburg, kuma tun daga wannan lokacin, masoya suna tare koyaushe. Abu ne mai ban sha'awa cewa bisa ga 'yar uwa Lida, ma'auratan sun rayu da juna a matsayin ɗan'uwa da' yar'uwa, kuma ba a matsayin ma'aurata ba.
Wannan ya faru ne saboda sun fi daraja alaƙar ruhaniya fiye da ta zahiri. A cikin rubutunta, Trusheva ta rubuta cewa ƙimar ƙungiyar tasu ta kasance cikin rashi "wani abu na son rai, na jiki, wanda koyaushe muke yi wa raini."
Matar ta taimaka wa Nikolai a cikin aikinsa, yana gyara rubutunsa. A lokaci guda, tana da sha'awar rubuta waƙoƙi, amma ba ta da sha'awar buga su.
Mutuwa
Shekaru 2 kafin rasuwarsa, masanin falsafar ya sami takardar zama ɗan ƙasar Soviet. Nikolai Berdyaev ya mutu a ranar 24 ga Maris, 1948 yana da shekara 74. Ya mutu ne sakamakon bugun zuciya a gidansa da ke birnin Paris.
Hotunan Berdyaev
