Francis Bacon

Francis Bacon (1561-1626) - Masanin falsafar Ingilishi, masanin tarihi, ɗan siyasa, lauya, wanda ya kafa mulkin mallaka da Turanci. Ya kasance mai goyon bayan cikakkiyar hujja da hujja ta hanyar kimiyya.

Masana kimiyya sun yi adawa da cire tsattsauran ra'ayi tare da hanyar jan hankali bisa la'akari da hikimar tantance bayanan gwaji.

Akwai abubuwan ban sha'awa da yawa a cikin tarihin Francis Bacon, wanda zamuyi magana akansa a cikin wannan labarin.

Don haka, ga takaitaccen tarihin rayuwar Bacon.

Tarihin Francis Bacon

An haifi Francis Bacon a ranar 22 ga Janairu, 1561 a Greater London. Ya girma kuma ya tashi cikin dangi mai arziki. Mahaifinsa, Sir Nicholas, na ɗaya daga cikin mashahuran mashahurai a cikin jihar, kuma mahaifiyarsa, Anna, ɗiya ce ga ɗan adam Anthony Cook, wanda ya goyi bayan Sarki Edward na Ingila da Ireland.

Yara da samari

Ci gaban ɗabi'ar Francis ya sami tasirin gaske daga mahaifiyarsa, wacce ke da kyakkyawar ilimi. Matar ta san Girka, Latin, Faransanci da Italiyanci na d, a, sakamakon haka ta fassara ayyukan addini daban-daban zuwa Turanci.

Anna ta kasance mai kishin tsarkakakke - Baturen Furotesta ne wanda bai yarda da ikon cocin hukuma ba. Ta kasance tana sane sosai da manyan masu koyar da addinin Calvin wadanda take aiki dasu.

A cikin dangin Bacon, an ƙarfafa dukkan yara don yin bincike sosai game da koyarwar tauhidin tare da bin ayyukan addini. Francis yana da ƙwarewar ƙwaƙwalwa da ƙishin ilimi, amma ba shi da ƙoshin lafiya.

Lokacin da yaron yake dan shekara 12, ya shiga Kwalejin Holy Trinity a Cambridge, inda ya yi karatu na kimanin shekaru 3. Tun yarinta, yakan kasance a lokacin tattaunawa a kan batutuwan siyasa, tunda sanannun jami'ai da yawa sun zo wurin mahaifinsa.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce bayan kammala karatunsa daga kwaleji, Bacon ya fara yin maganganu marasa kyau game da falsafar Aristotle, yana mai gaskata cewa ra'ayoyinsa masu kyau ne kawai don rikice-rikice na yau da kullun, amma ba su kawo wani amfani a rayuwar yau da kullun ba.

A lokacin rani na 1576, albarkacin taimakon mahaifinsa, wanda yake son shirya ɗansa don yin bautar ƙasa, an tura Francis zuwa ƙasashen waje a matsayin ɓangare na wakilan jakadan Ingilishi a Faransa, Sir Paulet. Wannan ya taimaka wa Bacon samun kwarewa sosai a fannin diflomasiyya.

Siyasa

Bayan mutuwar shugaban dangi a 1579, Francis ya fuskanci matsalolin kuɗi. A lokacin tarihin rayuwarsa, ya yanke shawarar yin karatun shari'a a wata makarantar lauya. Bayan shekaru 3, mutumin ya zama lauya, sannan ya zama dan majalisa.

Har zuwa 1614, Naman alade ya shiga cikin muhawara a yayin zaman majalisar Commons, yana nuna kyakkyawan magana. Lokaci zuwa lokaci yakan shirya wasiƙu zuwa ga Sarauniya Elizabeth 1, wacce a ciki yake ƙoƙarin yin tunani da hankali game da wani yanayi na siyasa.

Yana dan shekara 30, Francis ya zama mai ba da shawara ga wanda Sarauniyar ta fi so, Earl of Essex. Ya tabbatar da cewa shi mai kishin kasa ne na gaske saboda lokacin da a shekarar 1601 Essex ya so yin juyin mulki, Bacon, kasancewa lauya, ya zarge shi da cin amanar kasa a kotu.

Bayan lokaci, ɗan siyasan ya fara kushe abubuwan da Elizabeth 1 ta yi, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa ya zama abin kunya na Sarauniya kuma ba zai iya dogara ga haɓaka matsayin aikin ba. Komai ya canza a shekara ta 1603, lokacin da Yakubu 1 Stewart ya hau mulki.

Sabon sarkin ya yaba da hidimar Francis Bacon. Ya girmama shi da matsayin sarauta da lakabin Baron na Verulam da Viscount na St Albans.

A cikin 1621, An kama Bacon yana karɓar rashawa. Bai yi musun cewa mutane, waɗanda ya gudanar da shari'unsu a kotuna ba, sukan ba shi kyauta. Koyaya, ya bayyana cewa wannan ba ta wata hanya da za ta shafi yadda ake gudanar da shari'ar. Duk da haka, an cire masanin ilimin duk mukamai har ma an hana shi zuwa kotu.

Falsafa da koyarwa

Babban aikin wallafe-wallafen Francis Bacon ana ɗaukarsa "Gwaji, ko umarnin ɗabi'a da siyasa." Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce, ya ɗauki shekaru 28 ya rubuta wannan aikin!

A ciki, marubucin ya yi bimbini a kan yawancin matsaloli da halaye da ke tattare da mutum. Musamman, ya bayyana ra'ayinsa game da soyayya, abota, adalci, rayuwar iyali, da sauransu.

Ya kamata a lura da cewa kodayake Bacon ƙwararren lauya ne kuma ɗan siyasa, falsafa da kimiyya sune manyan abubuwan sha'awarsa a duk rayuwarsa. Ya kasance mai sukar cire Aristotelian, wanda ya shahara sosai a lokacin.

Madadin haka, Francis ya gabatar da sabuwar hanyar tunani. Yayin da yake ishara zuwa ga mummunan yanayin kimiyya, ya bayyana cewa har zuwa wannan rana duk binciken da aka samu na kimiyya kwatsam aka yi shi, kuma ba bisa tsari ba. Za a iya samun ƙarin abubuwan bincike da yawa idan masana kimiyya sun yi amfani da hanyar da ta dace.

Ta hanyar tsari, Bacon yana nufin hanyar, yana kiranta babbar hanyar bincike. Ko gurgu ne da yake tafiya akan hanya zai riski lafiyayyen mutum wanda yake gudu-daga hanya.

Ilimin kimiyya yakamata ya dogara da shigar da hankali - aiwatar da tunani mai ma'ana dangane da sauyi daga wani matsayi zuwa na gaba daya, da gwaji - hanyar da aka bi don tallafawa, musantawa ko tabbatar da ka'idar.

Uunƙwasawa yana karɓar ilimi daga duniyar da ke kewaye da shi ta hanyar gwaji, lura da tabbatar da ka'idar, kuma ba daga fassarar ba, alal misali, irin ayyukan Aristotle.

A cikin yunƙurin haɓaka "ƙaddamarwa ta gaskiya," Francis Bacon ya nemi ba kawai hujjoji don tallafa wa ƙarshe ba, har ma da hujjojin da za su musanta shi. Ta wannan hanyar ya nuna cewa ilimi na gaskiya an samo shi ne daga ƙwarewar azanci.

Irin wannan matsayi na falsafa ana kiransa empiricism, kakanninsa, a zahiri, Bacon ne. Hakanan, masanin falsafar yayi magana game da matsalolin da zasu iya tsayawa kan hanyar ilimi. Ya gano ƙungiyoyi 4 na kuskuren mutum (gumaka):

Nau'i na 1 - gumakan dangi (kuskuren da mutum ya yi saboda ajizancinsa).
Nau'i na 2 - gumakan kogo (kurakurai da suka samo asali daga nuna bambanci).
Nau'i na 3 - gumakan dandalin (kurakuran da aka haifa saboda rashin dacewar amfani da harshen).
Nau'i na 4 - gumakan gidan wasan kwaikwayo (kuskuren da aka yi saboda makauniyar biyayya ga hukumomi, tsarin ko al'adun da aka kafa).

Gano sabuwar hanyar ilimi da Francis yayi yasa ya zama daya daga cikin manyan wakilan tunanin kimiyya na wannan zamani. Koyaya, a lokacin rayuwarsa, wakilan kimiyyar gwaji sun ƙi tsarinsa na fahimtar juna.

Abin sha'awa, Bacon shine marubucin rubuce rubucen adini. A cikin ayyukan nasa, ya tattauna batutuwan addini daban-daban, yana mai tsananin sukar camfi, al'adu da kuma ƙin yarda da wanzuwar Allah. Ya bayyana cewa "falsafancin samaniya yana karkata tunanin mutum zuwa ga Allah, yayin da zurfin falsafar ke juya tunanin mutum zuwa addini."

Rayuwar mutum

Francis Bacon ya yi aure yana da shekara 45. Yana da ban sha'awa cewa zaɓaɓɓensa, Alice Burnham, bai kai shekara 14 ba a lokacin bikin. Yarinyar 'yar marainiyar dattijon Landan Benedict Bairnham.

Sabbin ma'auratan sun halatta dangantakar su a lokacin bazara na shekarar 1606. Koyaya, ba a haifa yara a cikin wannan ƙungiyar ba.

Mutuwa

A cikin shekarun ƙarshe na rayuwarsa, mai tunani yana rayuwa ne akan dukiyarsa, yana shiga cikin ayyukan kimiyya da rubutu. Francis Bacon ya mutu a ranar 9 ga Afrilu, 1626 yana da shekara 65.

Mutuwar masanin ya zo ne sakamakon mummunan hatsari. Tunda ya zurfafa bincike kan abubuwa daban-daban na dabi'a, mutumin ya yanke shawarar yin wani gwaji. Ya so ya gwada gwargwadon yadda sanyi ke jinkirta tsarin lalata.

Bayan sayan gawa kaza, Bacon ya binne shi a cikin dusar ƙanƙara. Bayan shafe wani lokaci a waje a cikin hunturu, sai ya kamu da tsananin sanyi. Cutar ta ci gaba da sauri har masanin ya mutu a rana ta 5 bayan fara gwajin sa.