Sandro Botticelli (ainihin suna Alessandro di Mariano di Vanni Filipepi; 1445-1510) - ɗan faransanci, ɗayan fitattun mashahuran Renaissance, wakilin makarantar fenti ta Florentine. Marubucin zane-zanen "Guga", "Venus da Mars" wanda kuma ya kawo masa shahara a duk duniya "Haihuwar Venus".
Akwai tarihin ban sha'awa da yawa a cikin tarihin Botticelli, wanda zamuyi magana akansa a cikin wannan labarin.
Don haka, a gabanku gajeriyar tarihin Sandro Botticelli.
Tarihin rayuwar Botticelli
An haifi Sandro Botticelli a ranar 1 ga Maris, 1445 a garin Florence. Ya girma kuma ya girma a cikin dangin mai tanan Mariano di Giovanni Filipepi da matarsa Smeralda. Shi ne ƙarami a cikin 'ya'ya maza huɗu ga iyayensa.
Marubutan tarihin Sandro har yanzu basu da masaniya game da asalin sunan mahaifinsa. A cewar wani fasali, ya karɓi sunan laƙabi "Botticelli" (keg) daga ɗan'uwansa Giovanni, wanda ya kasance mai ƙiba. A cewar ɗayan, yana da alaƙa da ayyukan ciniki na manyan brothersan uwan 2.
Sandro bai zama mai zane ba nan da nan. A cikin samartakarsa, ya karanci kayan kwalliya na wasu shekaru tare da mai gida Antonio. Af, wasu masana suna ba da shawarar cewa mutumin ya samo sunansa na ƙarshe daga gare shi.
A farkon 1460s, Botticelli ya fara karatun zane tare da Fra Filippo Lippi. Tsawon shekaru 5, yana karatun zane-zane, yana lura da dabarun malamin, wanda ya haɗu da matakan girma uku zuwa jirgi.
Bayan wannan, Andrea Verrocchio shine mashawarcin Sandro. Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce Leonardo da Vinci, wanda har yanzu ba a san shi ba, shi ne mai koyon aikin Verrocchio. Bayan shekaru 2, Botticelli ya fara kirkirar kan sa da kan sa.
Zanen
Lokacin da Sandro yake kimanin shekaru 25 ya fara nasa bita. Babban aikinsa na farko ana kiran sa Alarfin Powerarfi (1470), wanda ya rubuta wa Kotun Kasuwanci na yankin. A wannan lokacin a cikin tarihin rayuwarsa, ɗalibin Botticelli Filippino ya bayyana - ɗan tsohon malamin nasa.
Sandro ya zana zane-zane da yawa tare da Madonnas, daga cikin abin da ya fi shahara shi ne aikin "Madonna na Eucharist". A wannan lokacin, ya riga ya riga ya haɓaka nasa salon: palette mai haske da sauya launin launuka ta inuwar inuwa mai kyau.
A cikin zane-zanen sa, Botticelli ya sami nasarar nunawa a bayyane kuma a taƙaice ya nuna wasan kwaikwayo na makircin, yana ba masu halayyar da aka nuna alamun ji da motsi. Duk wannan ana iya ganinsa a farkon tashoshin Italiyanci, gami da diptych - "Dawowar Judith" da "Nemo Jikin Holofernes".
Hoto rabin tsiraici Sandro ya fara nunawa a zanen "Saint Sebastian", wanda aka sanya shi a cikin cocin Santa Maria Maggiore a cikin 1474. Shekarar da ta biyo baya ya gabatar da shahararren aikin "Sujada na Magi", inda ya nuna kansa.
A wannan lokacin na tarihin sa, Botticelli ya zama sananne a matsayin mai zane mai fasaha. Shahararrun zane-zanen maigidan a cikin wannan nau'in sune "Hoton Mutumin da Ba A Sanshi Ba Tare da Lambar Medos ta Cosimo", da kuma hotunan Giuliano Medici da na yan matan gari.
Sanannen sanannen mai fasaha ya bazu zuwa iyakokin Florence. Ya karɓi umarni da yawa, sakamakon abin da Paparoma Sixtus na huɗu ya koya game da shi. Shugaban Cocin Katolika ya ba shi amintaccen zane nasa a gidan sarautar Roman.
A 1481, Sandro Botticelli ya isa Rome, inda ya fara aiki. Sauran shahararrun masu zanen, ciki har da Ghirlandaio, Rosselli da Perugino, suma sun yi aiki tare da shi.
Sandro ya zana wani ɓangare na bangon Sistine Chapel. Ya zama marubucin frescoes 3: "Hukuncin Koriya, Dathan da Aviron", "Jarabawar Kristi" da "Kira Musa".
Kari kan haka, ya zana hotunan papal guda 11. Yana da ban sha'awa cewa lokacin da Michelangelo ya zana fentin da bangon bagaden a farkon karni na gaba, Sistine Chapel zai zama sananne a duniya.
Bayan kammala aiki a Vatican, Botticelli ya koma gida. A cikin 1482 ya kirkiro sanannen zane mai ban mamaki "Guga". Mawallafin tarihin mai zane sun yi iƙirarin cewa an rubuta wannan fitacciyar ne ƙarƙashin tasirin dabarun Neoplatonism.
"Guga" har yanzu bashi da cikakkiyar fassara. An yi imanin cewa wani Bature ne ya kirkiro labarin zane ɗin bayan ya karanta waƙar "Kan Yanayin Abubuwa" na Lucretius.
Wannan aikin, da kuma wasu fitattun abubuwa guda biyu da Sandro Botticelli - "Pallas da Centaur" da "Haihuwar Venus", mallakar Lorenzo di Pierfrancesco Medici. Masu sukar rubutu suna lura da waɗannan jituwa da filastik na layuka, da kuma maganganun kiɗa da aka bayyana a cikin nuances na wayo.
Zanen "Haihuwar Venus", wanda shine sanannen aikin Botticelli, ya cancanci kulawa ta musamman. An zana shi a kan zane na cm 172.5 x 278.5. Zawon yana nuna almara game da haihuwar allahiya Venus (Girkin Aphrodite).
Kusan lokaci guda, Sandro ya zana shahararren zanen soyayya-Venus da Mars. An rubuta shi a kan katako (69 x 173 cm). A yau ana ajiye wannan aikin fasaha a cikin Gidan Hoto na Landan.
Daga baya Botticelli ya fara aiki akan zane Dante's Divine Comedy. Musamman, daga cikin zane-zanen da suka rage, hoton "Abyss of Hell" ya wanzu. A tsawon shekarun tarihinsa na kirkire kirkire, mutumin ya rubuta zane-zanen addini da yawa, ciki har da "Madonna da Yarinyar da Aka Haɗa", "Annunciation of Chestello", "Madonna tare da Rumman", da dai sauransu.
A cikin shekarun 1490-1500. Sandro Botticelli ya sami rinjaye daga babban ɗan Dominican Girolamo Savonarola, wanda ya kira mutane zuwa ga tuba da adalci. Tare da ra'ayoyin Dominican, Baturen ɗin ya canza salo na fasaha. Matsakaicin launuka ya zama an taƙaita, kuma sautunan duhu sun yi galaba a kan kanunun.
Zargin Savonarola na karkatacciyar koyarwa da kashe shi a 1498 ya girgiza Botticelli sosai. Wannan ya haifar da gaskiyar cewa an ƙara ƙarin duhu a cikin aikin sa.
A cikin 1500, mai hankali ya rubuta "Kirsimeti mai ban mamaki" - zane mai mahimmanci na ƙarshe wanda Sandro yayi. Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce, ta zama kawai aikin mai zanen wanda marubucin ya sanya kwanan wata kuma ya sanya hannu a kansa. Daga cikin wasu abubuwa, rubutun ya bayyana masu zuwa:
“Ni, Alessandro, na zana wannan hoton a cikin 1500 a Italiya a cikin rabin lokacin bayan lokacin da abin da aka faɗa a cikin sura ta 11 na Wahayin Yahaya mai ilimin tauhidi game da dutse na biyu na Apocalypse, a lokacin da aka saki shaidan tsawon shekaru 3.5 ... Sannan an ɗaure shi da mari daidai da babi na 12, kuma za mu gan shi (an tattake ƙasa), kamar yadda yake a wannan hoton. "
Rayuwar mutum
Kusan ba a san komai game da tarihin rayuwar Botticelli ba. Bai taba yin aure ko haihuwa ba. Masana da yawa sun gaskata cewa mutumin ya ƙaunaci yarinya mai suna Simonetta Vespucci, kyakkyawa na farko na Florence da ƙaunataccen Giuliano Medici.
Simonetta ya zama abin koyi ga yawancin gidajen Sandro, yana mai shekara 23.
Mutuwa
A cikin shekarun ƙarshe na rayuwarsa, maigidan ya bar fasaha ya zauna cikin matsanancin talauci. Idan ba don taimakon abokai ba, to da tabbas zai mutu da yunwa. Sandro Botticelli ya mutu ranar 17 ga Mayu, 1510 yana da shekara 65.
Hotunan Botticelli
