Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527) - Dan kasar Italiya mai tunani, dan siyasa, masanin falsafa, marubuci kuma marubucin ayyukan ilmin soja. Sakataren fadar mulki ta biyu, mai kula da huldar diflomasiyyar kasar. Daya daga cikin mahimman ayyukansa shine Mamallaki.
Akwai abubuwa masu ban sha'awa da yawa a cikin tarihin rayuwar Machiavelli, wanda zamuyi magana akansa a cikin wannan labarin.
Don haka, ga ɗan gajeren tarihin Niccolo Machiavelli.
Tarihin Machiavelli
An haifi Niccolo Machiavelli a ranar 3 ga Mayu, 1469 a Florence. Ya girma kuma ya girma cikin dangin lauya Bernardo di Niccolo da Bartolomei di Stefano. Baya ga shi, iyayen Machiavelli suna da ƙarin yara uku.
A cewar Niccolo, shekarun ƙuruciyarsa sun kasance cikin talauci. Duk da haka, iyayensa sun sami damar ba shi kyakkyawar tarbiyya, sakamakon haka ya san ilimin Italiyanci da na Latin sosai, kuma yana son ayyukan Josephus, Plutarch, Cicero da sauran marubuta.
Ko a lokacin samartakarsa, Machiavelli ya nuna matukar sha'awar siyasa. Lokacin da Savonarola ya hau mulki a Florence tare da yanke hukuncin jamhuriyarsa, mutumin ya soki lamirin siyasarsa.
Adabi
Rayuwa da aikin Niccolo sun faɗi kan Renaissance mai wahala. A wannan lokacin, Paparoma yana da sojoji masu yawa, kuma manyan biranen Italiya suna ƙarƙashin mulkin ƙasashe daban-daban. A lokaci guda, an maye gurbin wani iko da wani, a sakamakon haka ne jihar ta wargaje da rikici da rikici.
A 1494, Machiavelli ya haɗu da Chancellery na biyu na Jamhuriyar Florentine. Shekaru huɗu bayan haka, an zaɓe shi a cikin Majalisar Takwas, wacce ke jagorantar diflomasiyya da harkokin soja.
A lokaci guda, Niccolò ya ɗauki mukamin sakatare da jakada, yana jin daɗin babban iko bayan kisan Savonarola. Tun daga 1502, ya bi diddigin nasarorin siyasa na Cesare Borgia, wanda ya nemi ƙirƙirar jiharsa a tsakiyar Italiya.
Kuma kodayake Borgia ba zai iya cimma burinsa ba, Machiavelli ya yi magana mai daɗi game da ayyukansa. A matsayinsa na azzalumi kuma ɗan siyasa mai ƙarfi, Cesare ya sami fa'ida a cikin kowane yanayi. Abin da ya sa Niccolo ya kasance mai tausayawa ga ayyukan sa na tsattsauran ra'ayi.
A cewar wasu bayanan da suka rage, a cikin shekarar kusancin sadarwa da Cesare Borgia, Machiavelli yana da ra'ayin gudanar da jihar. Saboda haka, a lokacin ne ake zargin ya fara haɓaka hangen nesan sa na ci gaban jihar, ya faɗi a cikin aikin sa "Mai Girma".
A cikin wannan rubutun, marubucin ya bayyana hanyoyin kwace mulki da mulki, da kuma wasu ƙwarewar da ake buƙata don mai mulki na gari. Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce, an buga littafin ne shekaru 5 kawai bayan mutuwar Machiavelli. A sakamakon haka, "Mai Girma" ya zama aiki mai mahimmanci ga zamanin ta, dangane da tsarin sanya bayanai game da jihar da gwamnatinta.
A lokacin Renaissance, falsafar halitta ta sami karbuwa musamman. A wannan batun, sababbin koyarwa sun fara bayyana, wanda ya bambanta da ra'ayoyi da al'adun Zamani na Tsakiya. Mashahuran masu tunani irin su Leonardo da Vinci, Copernicus da Cusan sun gabatar da sabbin dabaru da yawa.
Daga wannan lokacin zuwa gaba, Allah ya fara fahimtar yanayi. Rikicin siyasa da binciken kimiyya ya yi tasiri sosai ga aikin na gaba na Niccolò Machiavelli.
A cikin 1513 an kama jami'in diflomasiyyar kan zargin hada baki a wata makarkashiya ga Medici. Wannan ya haifar da gaskiyar cewa an azabtar da shi a kan rack. Ya musanta cewa yana da hannu a cikin makircin, amma har yanzu an yanke masa hukuncin kisa.
Sai kawai ga afuwar da aka saki Machiavelli. Bayan haka, ya gudu daga Florence kuma ya fara rubuta sabbin ayyuka. Ayyukan da suka biyo baya sun kawo masa shahararren masanin falsafar siyasa.
Koyaya, mutumin ya rubuta ba kawai game da siyasa ba. Shi ne marubucin wasannin kwaikwayo da yawa, kazalika da littafin On the Art of War. A cikin rubutun karshe, ya gabatar da cikakken bayani game da manyan yaƙe-yaƙe a tarihin duniya, sannan kuma ya binciko nau'ikan sojojin.
Niccolo Machiavelli ya bayyana rashin amincin tsarin kirkirar 'yan amshin shata, yana mai yaba nasarorin da sojojin Rome suka samu. A 1520 ya koma kasarsa, ya sami mukamin masanin tarihin.
A cikin rubuce-rubucensa, marubucin ya yi waiwaye kan ma'anar rayuwa, a kan halayen halayen mai mulki, aikin soja na duniya, da sauransu. Ya raba dukkan nau'ikan tsarin gwamnati zuwa nau'i 6 - 3 mara kyau (oligarchy, zalunci, anarchy) da 3 masu kyau (masarauta, dimokiradiyya, aristocracy).
A cikin 1559, ayyukan Niccolo Machiavelli sun hada da Paparoma Paul 4 a cikin Index of Forbidden Books. Italiyanci yana da aphorisms da yawa, gami da waɗannan masu zuwa:
- Idan kun buga da gaske, to don kada kuji tsoron fansa.
- Duk wanda ya kasance aboki na kirki to yana da abokai na gari.
- Wanda ya ci nasara yana da abokai da yawa, kuma wanda ya yi hasara yana da abokai na gaske.
- Mafi kyawu a duk birni don mai mulki mutane ba za su ƙi shi ba: duk ginin da aka gina, ba za su cece ku ba idan mutane sun ƙi ku.
- Mutane suna son yadda suke so, amma suna jin tsoro kamar yadda Sarki yake so.
Rayuwar mutum
Matar Machiavelli ita ce Marietta Di Luigi Corsini, wacce ta fito daga dangin talakawa. An kammala wannan ƙungiyar ta hanyar lissafi, kuma an yi niyya da farko don inganta rayuwar iyalai biyu.
Koyaya, ma'auratan sun sami yare ɗaya kuma sun koyi duk abubuwan da ake so na farin cikin aure. Gaba ɗaya, ma'auratan suna da yara 5. Masu rubutun tarihin mai tunani sun bayyana cewa yayin tafiye-tafiyen diflomasiyyarsa, Niccolò galibi yana da alaƙar soyayya da variousan mata da yawa.
Mutuwa
A duk tsawon rayuwarsa, mutumin yayi mafarkin wadatar Florence, amma wannan bai taɓa faruwa ba. A cikin 1527, sojojin Spain suka kori Rome, kuma sabuwar gwamnatin da aka kafa ba ta buƙatar Niccolo ba.
Wadannan da sauran al'amuran sun shafi lafiyar falsafar. Niccolo Machiavelli ya mutu a ranar 21 ga Yuni, 1527 yana da shekara 58. Har yanzu ba a san takamaiman wurin da aka binne shi ba. Koyaya, a cikin Cocin Florentine na Holy Cross, kuna iya ganin dutsen kabari don tunawa da Machiavelli.
Niccolo Machiavelli ne ya ɗauki hoto
