Albert Camus (1913-1960) - marubucin rubutun Faransa, masanin falsafa, marubuci kuma mai tallata jama'a, kusa da wanzuwar rayuwa. A lokacin rayuwarsa ya sami suna gama gari "Lamirin Yammaci". Lambar yabo ta Nobel a cikin wallafe-wallafe (1957).
Akwai tarihin ban sha'awa da yawa na tarihin Albert Camus, wanda zamuyi magana akansa a cikin wannan labarin.
Don haka, ga takaitaccen tarihin rayuwar Camus.
Tarihin rayuwar Albert Camus
An haifi Albert Camus ne a ranar 7 ga Nuwamba, 1913 a Algeria, wacce a lokacin tana cikin kasar Faransa. An haife shi cikin dangin mai din din giya Lucien Camus da matarsa Coutrin Sante, wacce ba ta iya karatu da rubutu ba. Yana da ɗan'uwa dattijo, Lucien.
Yara da samari
Bala'i na farko a tarihin rayuwar Albert Camus ya faru ne tun yana ƙarami, lokacin da mahaifinsa ya mutu daga mummunan rauni a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Farko (1914-1918).
A sakamakon haka, uwa dole ta kula da sonsa sonsanta maza ita kaɗai. Da farko, matar ta yi aiki a masana'anta, bayan ta yi aikin shara. Iyali sun fuskanci matsaloli na rashin kuɗi, galibi ba su da kayan masarufi.
Lokacin da Albert Camus yake dan shekara 5, ya tafi makarantar firamare, wacce ya kammala da girmamawa a shekarar 1923. A ka’ida, yaran wannan zamanin ba su ci gaba da karatu ba. Maimakon haka, sun fara aiki don taimaka wa iyayensu.
Koyaya, malamin makarantar ya iya shawo kan mahaifiyar Albert cewa yaron ya ci gaba da karatunsa. Bugu da ƙari, ya taimaka masa ya shiga Lyceum kuma ya sami tallafin karatu. A wannan lokacin na tarihin sa, saurayin ya karanta sosai kuma yana son ƙwallon ƙafa, yana yiwa ƙungiyar ƙwallo wasa.
Tun yana dan shekara 17, Camus ya kamu da cutar tarin fuka. Wannan ya haifar da gaskiyar cewa dole ne ya katse karatunsa kuma ya "daina" tare da wasanni. Kuma ko da yake ya sami nasarar shawo kan cutar, ya sha wahala daga sakamakonsa tsawon shekaru.
Abin lura ne cewa saboda rashin lafiya, an saki Albert daga aikin soja. A tsakiyar 30s, ya yi karatu a jami'a, inda ya karanci falsafa. A wannan lokacin, ya riga ya adana abubuwan rubutu da rubuce-rubuce.
Ivityirƙira da falsafa
A shekarar 1936, aka baiwa Albert Camus digirinsa na biyu a fannin falsafa. Ya kasance mai matukar sha'awar matsalar ma'anar rayuwa, wacce ya bayyana a kanta ta hanyar kwatanta ra'ayoyin Hellenism da Kiristanci.
A lokaci guda, Camus yayi magana game da matsalolin wanzuwar rayuka - yanayin da ke cikin falsafar ƙarni na XX, yana mai da hankali kan keɓantuwar wanzuwar ɗan adam.
Wasu daga ayyukan Albert na farko da aka buga sune Cikin Ciki da Fuska da Bukin Bikin aure. A cikin aiki na ƙarshe, an mai da hankali ga ma'anar rayuwar ɗan adam da farin cikin sa. A nan gaba, zai samar da ra'ayin rashin hankali, wanda zai gabatar da shi a rubuce-rubuce da yawa.
Ta hanyar wauta, Camus yana nufin rata tsakanin ƙoƙarin mutum don jin daɗin rayuwa da duniya, wanda zai iya sani tare da taimakon hankali da gaskiyar, wanda kuma ke da hargitsi da rashin tunani.
Mataki na biyu na tunani ya fito ne daga na farko: an wajabta wa mutum ba kawai ya yarda da duniyar da ba ta da ma'ana ba, har ma ya yi "tawaye" a kanta dangane da dabi'un gargajiya.
A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu (1939-1945), Albert Camus ya ci gaba da shiga rubuce-rubuce, tare da shiga cikin ƙungiyoyin adawa da fascist. A wannan lokacin ya zama marubucin littafin almara "Annoba", labarin "Baƙo" da kuma labarin falsafa "Labarin Sisyphus."
A cikin Labarin na Sisyphus, marubucin ya sake tayar da batun yanayin rashin ma'anar rayuwa. Gwarzon littafin, Sisyphus, wanda aka yanke masa hukunci har abada, ya mirgina dutse mai nauyi zuwa sama don kawai ya sake mirginawa.
A shekarun bayan yakin, Camus ya yi aiki a matsayin ɗan jarida mai zaman kansa, ya rubuta wasannin kwaikwayo, kuma ya haɗu da masu tayar da kayar baya da ƙungiyoyi. A farkon 1950s, ya buga The Rebel Man, inda ya yi nazarin tawayen mutum ga rashin hankalin wanzuwar.
Abokan aikin Albert, ciki har da Jean-Paul Sartre, ba da daɗewa ba sun soki shi don tallafawa al'ummar Faransa a Aljeriya bayan Yakin Algeria na 1954.
Camus ya bi yanayin siyasa a Turai sosai. Ya damu ƙwarai da haɓakar ƙiyayya da Soviet a Faransa. A lokaci guda, ya fara samun sha'awar wasan kwaikwayo, dangane da abin da yake rubuta sabbin wasannin kwaikwayo.
A cikin 1957, an ba Albert Camus lambar yabo ta Nobel a cikin Adabi "saboda gagarumar gudummawar da ya bayar wa adabi, yana mai nuna muhimmancin lamirin dan Adam." Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce, duk da cewa kowa ya ɗauke shi masanin falsafa da wanzuwa, shi da kansa bai kira kansa haka ba.
Albert yayi la'akari da mafi girman bayyanar rashin hankali - ci gaban tashin hankali na al'umma tare da taimakon ɗayan ko kuma wani tsarin mulki. Ya bayyana cewa yaƙi da tashin hankali da rashin adalci "ta hanyoyin su" yana haifar da ma fi girma rikici da rashin adalci.
Har zuwa karshen rayuwarsa, Camus yana da yakinin cewa mutum ba zai iya kawo karshen mugunta a karshe ba. Abu ne mai ban sha'awa cewa kodayake an sanya shi a matsayin wakilin wanzuwar kasancewar babu Allah, irin wannan halayyar ta son zuciya ce.
Abin ban mamaki, amma shi kansa, tare da rashin imani da Allah, ya bayyana ma'anar rayuwa ba tare da Allah ba. Bugu da kari, Faransanci bai taba kira ba kuma bai dauki kansa mara addini ba.
Rayuwar mutum
Lokacin da Albert yake kimanin shekara 21, ya auri Simone Iye, wanda suka zauna da shi ƙasa da shekara 5 tare. Bayan haka, ya auri masanin lissafi Francine Faure. A cikin wannan ƙungiyar, ma'auratan suna da tagwaye Catherine da Jean.
Mutuwa
Albert Camus ya mutu a ranar 4 ga Janairun 1960 a cikin hatsarin mota. Motar, wacce yake tare da dangin abokin nasa, ta tashi daga babbar hanyar ta faɗi a kan bishiya.
Marubucin ya mutu nan take. A lokacin mutuwarsa, yana da shekaru 46. Akwai nau'ikan da ke nuna cewa ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarcen na sabis na Soviet na musamman sun yi haɗarin haɗarin motar, don ɗaukar fansa don gaskiyar cewa Bafaranshe ya soki mamayewar Soviet na Hungary.
Hotunan Camus