Majoran manyan abubuwan da suka faru na iya yin alfahari cewa an ƙirƙiri iri iri don bayyana su. Ko da kuwa game da mafi ɓoyayyen sirri, al'amarin yakan zo ne ga zaɓin bayani da yawa game da abin da ya faru. Rikice-rikicen sun kasance abubuwan asiri ne kawai saboda karancin shaida - babu wani abu da zai tabbatar da sigar hasashen.
Amma rashin shaidar ma tana da nakasu. Idan ba za mu iya tabbatar da wasu sigar ba, to da wuya mu iya musanta wasu. Limitedarancin shaidu yana ba mu damar gabatar da ingantattun sifofi daidai da karin maganar gabas, wanda ke cewa wawa ɗaya na iya yin tambayoyi da yawa waɗanda masu hikima dubu ba za su iya amsa su ba.
Game da meteorite na Tunguska, tambayoyin suna farawa da sunan - wataƙila ba meteorite ɗin bane. Kawai dai wannan sunan ya sami karbuwa gabaɗaya saboda tunanin farko. Mun yi ƙoƙari mu kira shi "Tunguska Phenomenon" - bai kama ba, yana jin daɗi sosai. "Bala'in Tunguska" - babu wanda ya mutu. Ka yi tunani kawai, 'yan murabba'in kilomita kaɗan na gandun daji sun faɗi, don haka akwai isasshen shi a cikin taiga ga miliyoyin irin waɗannan abubuwan. Kuma abin da ya faru bai zama "Tunguska" yanzunnan, kafin hakan yana da ƙarin sunaye biyu. Kuma wannan shine farkon ...
Masana kimiyya, don kar a rasa fuska, suna magana game da mahimman sakamako, wanda, ake zargin, an samu shi ta hanyar yawan balaguro da suka huɗa taiga don neman gaskiya. An gano cewa bishiyoyi a yankin da bala'in ya fi kyau girma, kuma ƙasa da tsire-tsire suna ƙunshe da abubuwa iri-iri, gami da ma'adanai da ba safai ba. Matsayin radiation bai kusan wucewa ba, amma ana lura da yanayin maganaɗisun maganadisu, dalilan da basu bayyana ba kuma suna ci gaba da wannan ruhun. Akwai ɗaruruwan ayyukanda na kimiyya, kuma ƙimar sakamakon da aka samu kawai ana iya kiransa abin kaɗaici.
1. 1908 gabaɗaya ya kasance mai wadata cikin kowane irin yanayi na son birgewa. An lura da wani katon abu mai tashi mai siffa kamar harafin "V" akan yankin Belarus. Hasken Arewa ya bayyane akan Volga a lokacin rani. A Switzerland, dusar ƙanƙara da yawa ta faɗi a watan Mayu, sannan kuma akwai ambaliyar ruwa mai ƙarfi.
2. Abin sani kawai sananne ne cewa da misalin karfe 7 na safe a ranar 30 ga Yuni, 1908 a Siberia, a wani yanki da ba shi da yawa a cikin kogin Podkamennaya Tunguska, wani abu ya fashe da karfi sosai. Babu tabbatacciyar shaidar abin da ya fashe.
3. Fashewar ya kasance mai karfin gaske - ya ji "ta hanyar jijiyoyin gani a duk duniya. Iskar iska tana da isasshen ƙarfi don kewaya duniya sau biyu. Daren daga 30 ga Yuni zuwa 1 ga Yuni a Arewacin duniya bai zo ba - sama ta yi haske da za ku iya karantawa. Yanayin ya zama gajimare, amma ana lura da wannan ne kawai tare da taimakon kayan aiki. Babu wani sakamako da aka lura a cikin fashewar dutsen, lokacin da ƙura ta rataye a cikin sararin sama tsawon watanni. Ofarfin fashewar ya kasance daga megaton 10 zuwa 50 a TNT kwatankwacinsa, wanda yake daidai da ƙarfin bam ɗin hydrogen da ya fashe a cikin 1959 a kan Novaya Zemlya wanda ake wa laƙabi da "Mahaifiyar Kuz'kina".
4. An yanke daji a wurin da fashewar ta kasance a tazarar kimanin kilomita 30 (ƙari kuma, a cikin cibiyar, bishiyoyi sun tsira, rassan da ganye kawai suka ɓace). Wutar ta fara, amma ba ta zama bala'i ba, kodayake tsayin lokacin bazara ne - kasar da ke yankin da bala'in ya cika da ruwa.
Dajin daji
Gandun dajin yana tsakiyar cibiyar fashewar. An kuma kira shi "telegraphic"
5. Abubuwan da ke faruwa kusa da su sun firgita da abin da ke sama, wasu sun fado ƙasa. An buge ƙofofi, an rurrushe shinge, da dai sauransu. Gilashi sun tashi sama har ma da ƙauyuka masu nisa. Koyaya, babu asarar rai ko babbar lalata.
6. A cikin littattafan da aka keɓe don taron a cikin tafkin Podkamennaya Tunguska wanda zai iya samun nassoshi ga yawancin 'yan kallo na "meteorite fall", da dai sauransu. Waɗannan' yan kallo ba za su iya yawa a kowace hanya ba - mutane ƙalilan ne ke zaune a wuraren. Ee, kuma an tattauna da shaidu shekaru da yawa bayan faruwar lamarin. Mai yiwuwa, masu binciken, don kulla dangantaka da mazauna yankin, sun ba su wasu kyaututtuka, sun kula da su, da sauransu. Don haka sabbin shaidu da yawa suka bayyana. Daraktan cibiyar sa ido ta Irkutsk, A.V. Voznesensky, ya rarraba takaddar tambaya ta musamman wacce ta samu cika da wakilai da yawa na tsarin ilimi na al'umma. A cikin tambayoyin tambayoyin ne kawai aka ambaci tsawa da girgiza kasar, wadanda suka amsa ba su ga tashi daga jikin sama ba. Lokacin da aka binciko shaidar da aka tattara a cikin shekarun 1950 ta mai binciken Leningrad N. Sytinskaya, sai ya zama cewa shaidar game da yanayin yanayin jikin sama ya bambanta daidai da akasin haka, kuma an raba su daidai.
Masu Bincike tare da Abubuwan
7. A rahoton farko na jarida game da Tunguska meteorite an ce ya fadi ne a kasa, kuma bangarensa na sama ne kawai da ke dauke da kusan 60 m3 sanduna a saman3 ... Dan jaridar A. Adrianov ya rubuta cewa fasinjojin jirgin da ke wucewa sun gudu don kallon baƙon na sama, amma ba za su iya tunkararsa ba - meteorite ɗin yana da zafi sosai. Wannan shine yadda 'yan jarida ke shiga tarihi. Adrianov ya rubuta cewa meteorite din ya fadi a yankin mahadar Filimonovo (a nan bai yi karya ba), kuma da farko ana kiran meteorite Filimonovo. Ginin cibiyar bala'in yana kusa da kilomita 650 daga Filimonovo. Wannan shine nisa daga Mosko zuwa St. Petersburg.
8. Masanin ilimin kasa Vladimir Obruchev shine masanin kimiyyar farko da ya fara ganin yankin da jirgin ya fadi. Malami na Makarantar Koyar da Karafa ta Moscow ya kasance a Siberia kan balaguro. Obruchev yayi hira da abubuwan da suka faru, ya sami gandun daji da ya faɗi kuma ya zana taswirar yanki na yanki. A cikin sigar Obruchev, meteorite shine Khatanga - Podkamennaya Tunguska wanda yake kusa da asalin ana kiran shi Khatanga.
Vladimir Obruchev
9. Voznesensky, wanda saboda wani dalili ya ɓoye shaidar da ya tattara tsawon shekaru 17, kawai a cikin 1925 ya ba da rahoton cewa jikin sama ya tashi kusan daidai daga kudu zuwa arewa tare da ɗan kaɗan - kusan 15 ° - karkacewa zuwa yamma. Wannan shugabanci ya tabbata ta hanyar ƙarin bincike, kodayake har yanzu wasu masu binciken suna jayayya da shi.
10. Fitowa mai ma'ana ta farko zuwa wurin da meteorite ya faɗi (kamar yadda aka yi imani da ita a wancan lokacin) ya tafi a shekarar 1927. Daga cikin masana kimiyyar, Leonid Kulik ne kawai, masanin harkar hakar ma'adanai, ya shiga cikin sa, wanda ya shawo kan Kwalejin Kimiyya ta USSR da ta ba da kudin tafiyar. Kulik ya tabbata cewa zai tafi zuwa tasirin tasirin babban meteorite, don haka binciken ya iyakance ne kawai don gano wannan ma'anar. Masanin da wahalar gaske ya kutsa kai yankin bishiyoyin da suka faɗi sai ya tarar da cewa bishiyoyin suna faɗuwa da haske. Wannan kusan sakamako ne kawai na balaguron. Komawa zuwa Leningrad, Kulik ya rubuta cewa ya sami ƙananan ramuka da yawa. A bayyane yake, ya fara ɗauka cewa meteorite ya faɗo zuwa gutsure. A halin yanzu, masanin kimiyya ya kimanta nauyin meteorite a tan 130.
Leonid Kulik
11. Leonid Kulik sau da yawa ya jagoranci balaguro zuwa Siberia, da fatan samun meteorite. Bincikensa, wanda aka rarrabe ta hanyar naci mai ban mamaki, Babban Yaƙin rioasa ya katse shi. Kulik ya kama kuma ya mutu sakamakon cutar sankarau a cikin 1942. Babban darajarsa ita ce shahararren karatun Tunguska meteorite. Misali, lokacin da suka sanar da daukar ma'aikata uku don balaguron, daruruwan mutane sun amsa sanarwar.
12. Alexander Kazantsev ne ya ba da karfi mafi karfi bayan yakin yaki na Tunguska meteorite. Marubucin tatsuniyoyin ilimin kimiyya a cikin labarin "Fashewa", wanda aka buga a cikin mujallar "A duk duniya" a cikin 1946, ya ba da shawarar cewa wani jirgin saman Martian ya fashe a Siberia. Injin nukiliyar matafiya da ke sararin samaniya ya fashe a saman kilomita 5 zuwa 7, don haka bishiyoyin da ke cikin cibiyar sun tsira, duk da cewa sun lalace. Masana kimiyya sun yi ƙoƙari su mai da Kazantsev ainihin toshewa. An ci mutuncin sa a cikin manema labarai, masana sun bayyana a laccar sa, suna kokarin karyata batun, amma ga Kazantsev komai yayi daidai da hankali. Emarfafa gwiwa, ya kauce daga batun almara mai ban al'ajabi kuma ya yi kamar "komai ya kasance" a zahiri. Haƙorin haƙoran mambobi masu ɗaukaka labarai da masana sun bazu ko'ina cikin Tarayyar Soviet, amma a ƙarshe, an tilasta musu su yarda cewa marubucin ya yi abubuwa da yawa don ci gaba da bincikensa. Dubunnan mutane a duk faɗin duniya sun tafi da maganin Tunguska (an gabatar da ra'ayin Kazantsev har ma a cikin manyan jaridun Amurka).
Alexander Kazantsev dole ne ya saurari kalmomi da yawa marasa daɗi daga masana kimiyya
13. A karshen shekarun 1950 a Tomsk, bisa son rai, aka kirkiri Complex Independent Expedition (KSE). Mahalarta, galibi ɗalibai da malaman jami'a, sun gudanar da balaguro da yawa zuwa tashar bala'in Tunguska. Babu ci gaba a binciken. An sami excessan wuce gona da iri a cikin tokar bishiyoyi, amma nazarin dubunnan gawawwakin matattu da kuma tarihin likitanci na mazauna yankin bai tabbatar da hasashen "nukiliyar" ba. A cikin bayanin sakamakon wasu balaguro, akwai hanyoyi na halayya kamar "su ne sifofin halitta", "ba a gano tasirin bala'in Tunguska ba" ko "an yi taswirar bishiyoyi".
Mahalarta ɗayan balaguron CSE
14. Ya kai ga cewa masu binciken, bayan sun koya game da kamfen din neman sauyi a yankin da bala'in ya faru, sun fara nema da tambaya (bayan rabin karni!) Mahalarta da ke raye da dangin su. Bugu da ƙari, ba a tabbatar da komai ba, kuma gano wasu hotunan da aka ɗauka a farkon ƙarni an yi la'akari da sa'a. Masu binciken sun sami wadannan bayanan: wani abu ya fado daga sama a shekarar 1917, 1920 ko 1914; hakan ta faru da yamma, da daddare, a hunturu ko kuma a karshen watan Agusta. Kuma nan da nan bayan alamar sama, yakin Rasha da Japan na biyu ya fara.
15. An fara wani balaguron balaguro a shekarar 1961. Mutane 78 ne suka halarta. Ba su sake samun komai ba. "Tattakin ya ba da gudummawa matuka ga nazarin yankin faduwar jirgin metungor na Tunguska," kamar yadda daya daga cikin abubuwan da aka karkare ya karanta.
16. Mafi kyawun zato na yau shine cewa wani jikin sama, wanda ya kunshi galibi kankara, ya tashi zuwa sararin samaniya a wani kusurwa mai tsananin gaske (kimanin 5 - 7 °). Bayan isa ga inda fashewar ta fashe, ya fashe ne saboda dumama da kuma matsin lamba. Hasken wuta ya kunna gandun dajin, igiyar ruwa ta rusa bishiyoyi, kuma daskararrun daskararrun suka ci gaba da tashi kuma suna iya tashi nesa sosai. Ya cancanci maimaitawa - wannan shine mafi ƙarancin hasashe mai kawo rigima.
17. Kazantsev ka'idar nukiliya tayi nesa da mafi almubazzaranci. An yi tsammani cewa a yankin bala'in akwai fashewar wani adadi mai yawa na methane wanda aka fito da shi daga sassan duniya. Irin wannan ya faru a Duniya.
18. A cikin bambancin bambancin abin da ake kira. Sigar "tauraro mai wutsiya" (kankara + mai tsaftataccen abu), gwargwadon kimar adadin fashewar tauraron dan adam ya fito daga tan miliyan 1 zuwa 200. Wannan yakai kusan 100,000 karami fiye da sanannen tauraro mai wakar Halley. Idan mukayi magana game da diamita, to wakar Tunguska zata iya zama sau 50 kasa da taurarin Halley.
19. Akwai kuma wata hasashe wacce a kanta ne dusar ƙanƙara mai ƙarancin ƙarfi ta tashi zuwa sararin Duniya. Lokacin taka birki a kan iska, sai ta faɗi da fashewa. Fashewar ta sami iko sosai yayin canza nitric oxide zuwa nitrogen dioxide (waɗanda suka ga finafinan Fast and Furious franchise za su fahimta), kuma wannan yana bayanin hasken yanayi.
20. Babu wani bincike na sinadarai daya saukar da mummunan abun cikin duk wani sinadarin su a yankin bala'i. A matsayin hoto: a ɗayan balaguron, an ɗauki nazarin ƙasa 1280 na ƙasa, ruwa da kayan shuka da fatan samun bayanai kan abubuwan 30 masu tuhuma. Komai ya juya ya kasance cikin daidaituwa ta al'ada ko ta halitta, wuce gona da iri basu da mahimmanci.
21. Balaguro daban-daban sun gano ƙwallan magnetite, suna masu shaidar asalin duniyar Tunguska. Koyaya, ana samun irin waɗannan kwallaye a ko'ina - kawai suna nuna adadin micrometeorites waɗanda ke faɗuwa zuwa ƙasa. Anyi watsi da ra'ayin sosai saboda gaskiyar cewa samfuran da Leonid Kulik ya ɗauka sun gurɓata sosai a cikin ajiyar meteorites na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta USSR.
22. Balaguron ilimin kimiyya sunyi nasara wajen tantance daidaiton wurin fashewar. Yanzu akwai aƙalla 6 daga cikinsu, kuma bambancin ya kai 1 ° a latitude da longitude. A saman duniya, waɗannan kilomita ne - diamita na mazugi daga abin fashewa a cikin iska zuwa tushe a saman duniya yana da faɗi sosai.
23. Ginin cibiyar fashewar Tunguska kusan yayi daidai da wurin fashewar wani tsauni mai aman wuta wanda ya bace shekaru sama da miliyan 200 da suka gabata. Alamar fashewar wannan dutsen mai fitad da wuta ta dagula yanayin ma'adinan a kasa kuma a lokaci guda suna samar da abinci ga mahangar ra'ayoyi iri-iri - yayin fashewar dutsen mai fitad da wuta, abubuwa masu ban mamaki sun fada a farfajiyar.
24. Bishiyoyi a cikin yankin fashewar sun girma sau 2.5-3 fiye da takwarorinsu a cikin taiga da ba a taba ba. Wani mazaunin birni nan da nan zai yi tunanin cewa wani abu ba daidai bane, amma abubuwan da suka faru sun ba da shawarar bayani na halitta ga masu binciken - sun sa toka a ƙarƙashin kututtura, kuma wannan takin na halitta ya haɓaka gandun daji. Abubuwan da aka samo daga bishiyoyin Tunguska, waɗanda aka gabatar don shuka alkama a yankin Turai na Rasha, sun ƙaru da yawan amfanin ƙasa (an cire alamun manzo a cikin rahoton masana kimiyya da hankali).
25. Mafi mahimmanci, watakila, mahimmancin mahimmanci game da abin da ya faru a cikin tafkin Tunguska. Turai tayi sa'a sosai. Tashi abin da ya fashe a cikin iska na wasu awanni 4 - 5, kuma fashewar zai faru ne a yankin St. Petersburg. Idan hargitsi ya fado bishiyoyi a cikin ƙasa, to tabbas gidajen ba zasu zama da kyau ba. Kuma kusa da St. Petersburg yankuna ne na Rasha da yawa kuma ba ƙananan yankunan Finland da Sweden. Idan muka kara zuwa wannan ba makawa tsunami, sanyi zai mamaye fata - miliyoyin mutane zasu wahala. A kan taswirar, da alama yanayin zai tafi zuwa gabas, amma wannan ya faru ne saboda gaskiyar cewa taswirar tsinkaye ce ta fuskar ƙasa kuma tana murɗe kwatance da nisa.
