Tun daga kafuwarta, Novgorod Kremlin ya kasance babban misali na injiniyan soja. A kan yankunanta ne ake samun shahararrun abubuwan gani kamar Millennium of Russia monument, St. Sophia Cathedral, da Vladychny Chamber.
Ganuwar kagara tare da tsayin daka kaɗan wanda bai gaza kilomita ɗaya da rabi ba a tsayi ya kai mita 15, kuma daga hasumiyoyi goma sha biyu na ƙarni na 15, tara ne kawai suka rayu har zuwa yau. Yanzu Detinets (abin da ake kira Kremlin), wanda yankinsa ya wuce kadada 12, yana da kariya daga UNESCO kuma yana daga cikin wuraren adana kayan tarihin garin, kyawawan hotuna wadanda ke jan hankalin baƙi daga ko'ina cikin duniya.
Tarihin halittar Novgorod Kremlin
Babu cikakken bayani game da lokacin da aka gina wannan rukunin gine-ginen, ba a san wane shekara ba. Ambaton sa na farko ya faro ne daga shekara ta 1044, domin a lokacin babban ɗan Yaroslav Mai Hikima, Yarima Vladimir na Novgorod ne ya gina sansanin soja na farko. An yi amannar cewa babu wani abu da ya tsira daga gare ta, amma a lokacin da masu aikin hakar kayan tarihi suka ci karo da gungumen itacen oak, wanda wataƙila yana cikin ragowar wannan sansanin na ƙarni na 11.
Anyi la'akari da tsari ne mai ƙarfi sosai kuma sau ɗaya kawai aka kama shi ta hannun ɗan sarkin Polotsk: ya ƙone wani sashi kuma ya yi fashi akan babban cocin St. Sophia. Daga baya ɗan Vladimir Monomakh - Yarima Mstislav Vladimirovich ya sake dawo da shi kuma ya faɗaɗa shi. A lokacin ne kagara ta Novgorod ta kai girman da ya wanzu har zuwa yau.
A tsakiyar karni na 12, saboda karfafa karfin magajin garin Novgorod, yariman ya koma da gidansa zuwa Rurikovo Gorodishche, inda yake sama da karni uku da rabi. Yawancin Novgorod Kremlin a waccan lokacin sun kasance mallakin kotun archbishop, wanda ke da alhakin baitulmali da kula da nauyi da matakan. A kan yankin gidansa akwai majami'u da yawa da tsarin tattalin arziki.
Af, a ƙarƙashin Archbishop Vasily an fara ginin dutsen Kremlin, amma cikakken aikin maye gurbin katako an kammala shi ne kawai a tsakiyar karni na 15. Dutse na dutse na wancan lokacin ya wanzu har abada, misali, ana iya ganinsa kusa da ɗakin Granovita (Vladychnaya).
Haɗin gine-ginen sun sami kyan gani na zamani bayan Jamhuriyar Novgorod sun haɗu da masarautar Moscow. Bayan haka, bindigogi sun riga sun fara aiki a cikin yaƙe-yaƙe, kuma tsohuwar sansanin ba ta iya ɗaukar dogon lokaci a cikin irin wannan yanayin ba. Majiyoyin tarihi na wancan lokacin sun ce sake ginin an yi shi ne bisa ga tsofaffin sifofi, amma zai fi zama daidai idan aka ce an sake gina sansanin soja gaba daya.
A farkon ƙarni na 18, Peter I ya ba da doka game da katanga na Detinets, sannan aka gyara hasumiya da bangonta. A tsakiyar karni na gaba, an ƙaddamar da abin tunawa da Millennium na Rasha. A lokacin, ya zama dole a maido da wani bangare na katangar wanda ya fi mita 150, wanda ya ruguje jim kadan.
A lokacin Babban Yaƙin rioasa, Novgorod Kremlin, kamar birni kanta, ya sha wahala ƙwarai daga yaƙe-yaƙe da harbe-harbe. Tanti na Hasumiyar Spasskaya ya rushe, kuma an jefa bam a kan Hasumiyar Kokuy. Tun daga wannan lokacin, maido da bayyanar sansanin soja na baya bai tsaya ba: ban da sake ginawa, ana ci gaba da hakar rami a wurin, an tsara su ne don ƙarin koyo game rayuwar da ta gabata ta sansanin soja.
Sungiya
Theungiyar gine-ginen Veliky Novgorod sananne ne saboda gaskiyar cewa ana ɗaukarsa sansanin soja na farko na Rasha, wanda aka gina tare da amfani da jan bulo. An yi imanin cewa, bin misalin wannan tsari na musamman, fara gine-gine da hakora a cikin harafin M (wanda kuma ake kira wutsiyar haɗiye) ya fara. Wannan kayan aikin ado ne kawai.
An gayyaci masu zane-zane daga Italiya da ma'aikata daga Jamus don ginin. Auraran suna wakiltar ɗakunan ajiya, waɗanda suka dace sosai don yaƙi tare da amfani da bindigogin atilare. Kwallayen igwa ba kusan lalata hasumiya ba, maƙasudin abin shine gudanar da tsaro zagaye-zagaye. An kewaye ɗakunan ajiya ta ɓangarori uku ta wani rami mai zurfin da zai kai Kogin Volkhov.
Hasumiyar da kansu an yi su da yawa. Kasancewa a saman sosai, mai tsaron yana iya hango nesa sosai, don haka ana iya ganin abokan gaba tun kafin ya kusanci Novgorod Kremlin. Rufin hasumiyoyin sun matse sosai zuwa saman don hayaƙin hayaƙi daga gun gun ya fi kyau warwatse. An yi amfani da wasu daga cikinsu don shiga, ma'ana, suna da ƙofa. A ciki, an haɗa haikalin ƙofa da su. Tushen ya ƙunshi kurkuku waɗanda aka yi amfani da su azaman kurkuku, ɗakuna ko ɗakunan ajiya don adana abinci.
A yau, gidajen Novgorod Kremlin:
- Aya daga cikin tsoffin majami'u na Rasha - Katolika na Sophia, wanda aka fara gininsa a 1045. Belfry yana ɗayan tsoffin tsarin wannan nau'in, kuma ɗayan mafi girma. Babu alamun analoji a ciki har ma a wannan lokacin a Rasha. A hanyar, ra'ayi mai ban mamaki yana buɗewa daga gare ta, wanda za'a iya kiyaye shi a cikin hotuna da yawa na Kremlin.
- Faceted Chamber Shine zauren da aka gudanar da bukukuwan addini mafi muhimmanci a cikin gari. Ya kasance yana da ɗakuna don abinci mai mahimmanci da albarka, ofishin bishop da kuma ɗaki don adana kayan aikin coci. An dauke shi ne kawai ginin Gothic a Rasha.
- Abin tunawa "Millennium na Rasha".
- Hasumiyar agogo, ya kai mita 40 a tsayi, an kuma yi amfani dashi azaman hasumiyar wuta.
- Hasumiya tara, an dawo da shi daga kwatancin tarihi wanda ya wuce layin ganuwar kagara. Dukkanin su abin birgewa ne saboda yanayin girman su da abubuwan adon su.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa game da Novgorod Kremlin
Yawancin tatsuniyoyi, asirai da bayanan nishaɗi suna da alaƙa da gina Kremlin da haɗin ginin kansa, ɗayansu yana da alaƙa da sanya sunan wannan wuri tare da kalmar da ba a saba da ita ba "ɗakunan ajiya". Yawancin baƙi suna tambayar kansu: me ya sa ake kira Kremlin Detinets kuma menene ma'anar wannan kalmar? A cikin Rasha ta d, a, wannan shine sunan sansanin soja, wanda ke kewaye da ganuwar da dutsen moat. Bayan haka, an fara amfani da kalmar "Kremlin". An yi imanin cewa asali an yi amfani da kalmar ne a cikin Novgorod da Pskov tushen tarihi. Daga ƙarshen, bayan lokaci, ya ɓace, don haka ya fara danganta da yaren Novgorod.
Babu cikakken bayani daga wane kalma "ɗakunan ajiya" suka fito. Wasu masu ilimin ba da fatawa sun yi imanin cewa yana da alaƙa da manufar “yaro” (ƙimomi idan akwai wani yanayi mai hatsarin gaske da “ya yi” ko ɓoyewa a sansanin soja) ko kuma “kakanni”, tunda a nan ne tsofaffi suka taru don warware duk wata muhimmiyar matsala ga al’umma.
Anan ga wasu karin bayanai masu ban sha'awa dangane da abubuwan gine-ginen tsarin:
- kararrawa mafi girma ta bikin karni na 18 tayi kimanin tan 26;
- yayin hakar, an samo asalin katako na asali, godiya ga abin da shaft bai ragargaje ba. Ya ƙunshi katako na itacen oak, an rufe shi da ƙasa kuma yana da kyau rammed;
- sunayen wasu hasumiyoyi masana tarihi ne kawai suka kirkiresu ko kuma masana tarihi na gari, tunda ba a nuna su a cikin wani tushe ko tarihi ba;
- a karshen karni na 18, an fara amfani da Cocin ta Addu'ar a matsayin gidan ibada na kurkuku, tunda hasumiyar da kanta kusa da ita kurkuku ce.
Ziyarci Kayan kwalliya
Kremlin lokacin buɗewa ba ka damar tafiya a kai tun daga sanyin safiya (awanni 6) har zuwa tsakar dare, amma a shafukan yanar gizo lokacin ziyarar ya bambanta. Farashi ya dogara da abin da yawon shakatawa ke son ziyarta, amma ba su da tsawo. Misali, ziyarar Gidan Tarihi na Fine Arts don balagagge zai biya 200 rubles. Tikiti guda yana da ragi 30%, ya haɗa da ziyartar abubuwan jan hankali a lokaci ɗaya: duka gidan kayan gargajiya da Faceted Chamber. Hakanan akwai ranakun da za'a kafa tsarin mulki na fifiko ga wasu rukunin 'yan ƙasa kuma zaku iya zuwa Maɓallin Kwata-kwata kyauta. An ba wa baƙi damar ɗaukar hoto, ana ba da jagororin mai jiwuwa ko yawon buɗe ido don amfani.
Muna ba da shawarar kallon Astrakhan Kremlin.
Yanzu Novgorod Kremlin wata cibiya ce ta al'adu da ke jan hankalin masu yawon bude ido da yawa kan balaguro ba kawai daga Rasha ba, har ma daga wasu ƙasashe. Gine-gine ne inda ake samun manyan abubuwan da ake nunawa na Gidan Tarihi na Novgorod, wanda a ciki baƙi suna da abin da zasu gani: ɗakin karatu da kuma zamantakewar philharmonic, makarantar fasaha da kiɗa. Haɗin Kremlin baƙon abu ne da asali, saboda a nan ne za ku ga yadda gine-ginen sojoji da na farar hula suka rinjayi juna.
