Lokaci abu ne mai sauki kuma mai matukar rikitarwa. Wannan kalma ta ƙunshi amsar tambaya: “Wani lokaci ne?” Kuma abyss na falsafa. Mafi kyawun tunanin ɗan adam yayi tunani akan lokaci, bayan da ya rubuta ayyuka da yawa. Lokaci yana ciyar da masana falsafa tun zamanin Socrates da Plato.
Talakawa sun fahimci mahimmancin lokaci ba tare da falsafa ba. Yawancin karin magana da maganganu game da lokaci suna tabbatar da hakan. Wasu daga cikinsu sun buge, kamar yadda suke faɗa, ba a cikin gira ba, amma a cikin ido. Bambancinsu yana da ban mamaki - daga "Kowane kayan lambu yana da lokacinsa" zuwa kusan maimaita kalmomin Sulemanu "Komai na lokacin". Ka tuna cewa zoben Sulaiman an zana shi da kalmomin "Komai zai wuce" da "Wannan ma zai wuce," waɗanda ake ɗauka matsayin ma'aji na hikima.
A lokaci guda, "lokaci" ra'ayi ne mai amfani ƙwarai. Mutane suna koyon sanin ainihin inda jiragen ruwa suke ta hanyar koyon yadda za a tantance lokacin. Kalanda sun tashi saboda ya zama dole a kirga ranakun aikin filin. Lokaci ya fara aiki tare da ci gaban fasaha, da farko jigilar kaya. A hankali, raka'o'in lokaci suka bayyana, agogo daidai, ba kalandarku kaɗan daidai, har ma mutanen da suke kasuwanci a kan lokaci sun bayyana.
1. Shekaru (juyin juya halin Duniya guda ɗaya da rana) da yini (juyin juya halin Duniya da ke kusa da ƙarshenta) sune (tare da manyan rashi) raka'o'in lokaci. Watanni, makonni, awanni, mintoci da sakanni ƙungiyoyi ne na asali (kamar yadda aka yarda). Wata rana zata iya samun adadin sa'o'i da dama, da kuma awa guda na mintoci da minti na sakan. Tsarin lissafi na zamani, wanda bashi da matsala sosai shine gadon tsohuwar Babila, wacce tayi amfani da tsarin lamba 60, da kuma Ancient Egypt, tare da tsarinta 12-ary.
2. Rana tana da kimar canji. A watan Janairu, Fabrairu, Yuli da Agusta, sun fi guntu fiye da matsakaita, a watan Mayu, Oktoba da Nuwamba, sun fi tsayi. Wannan bambancin shine dubun na dakika kuma yana da ban sha'awa ne kawai ga masu ilimin taurari. Gabaɗaya, ranar tana ƙara tsayi. Sama da shekaru 200, tsawan lokacin su ya karu da sakan 0.0028. Zai dauki shekaru miliyan 250 na rana daya ya zama awanni 25.
3. Kalandar farko ta wata ta bayyana kamar ta bayyana a cikin Babila. Ya kasance a cikin Millennium II BC. Daga ra'ayi na daidaito, ya kasance mai rashin ladabi - an raba shekara zuwa watanni 12 na 29 - 30 kwanakin. Don haka, kwanaki 12 suka kasance “ba a raba su” kowace shekara. Firistocin, bisa ga damarsu, sun ƙara wata a kowace shekara uku daga takwas. Cumbersome, imprecise - amma ya yi aiki. Bayan haka, ana buƙatar kalandar don koyo game da sabon wata, ambaliyar kogi, farkon sabon lokaci, da sauransu, kuma kalandar Babilawa sun jimre da waɗannan ayyukan sosai. Tare da irin wannan tsarin, kashi ɗaya bisa uku na rana a shekara ne "aka ɓace".
4. A zamanin da, ana raba ranar ne, kamar yadda yake a yanzu tare da mu, tsawon awanni 24. A lokaci guda, an ware awowi 12 don rana, kuma 12 na dare. Dangane da haka, tare da canjin yanayi, tsawon lokacin “dare” da “lokutan yini” ya canza. A lokacin sanyi, awannin "dare" sun fi tsayi, a lokacin bazara lokutan "yini" ne.
5. "Halittar duniya", wanda daga tsohuwar kalandar ke bayar da rahoto, ya kasance lamari, a cewar mahaɗan, kwanan nan - an halicci duniya tsakanin 3483 da 6984. Ta ƙa'idodin duniya, wannan, ba shakka, nan take. Ta wannan fuskar, Indiyawa sun fi kowa. A cikin tsarin tarihinsu akwai wata ma'ana kamar "eon" - tsawon shekaru miliyan dubu 4 da miliyan 320, yayin rayuwa a duniya ta samo asali kuma take mutuwa. Haka kuma, za'a iya samun adadin eons mara iyaka.
6. Kalandar da muke amfani da ita yanzu ana kiranta "Gregorian" don girmama Paparoma Gregory na XIII, wanda ya amince a cikin 1582 daftarin kalandar wanda Luigi Lilio ya kirkira. Kalandar Miladiyya daidai take. Rashin daidaituwarsa da equinoxes zai zama kwana ɗaya ne kawai cikin shekaru 3,280.
7. Farkon ƙididdigar shekaru a cikin kalandar da ke akwai ya kasance wani irin lamari ne mai mahimmanci. Tsoffin Larabawa (tun kafin musulinci) sun dauki “shekarar giwar” a matsayin irin wannan lamarin - a waccan shekarar ne mutanen Yemen suka farma Makka, kuma sojojinsu sun hada da giwayen yaki. Ulla kalandar zuwa haihuwar Kristi an yi shi ne a shekara ta 524 AD ta ɗibib Dionysius Smallananan a Rome. Ga Musulmai, ana kirga shekarun daga lokacin da Muhammadu ya gudu zuwa Madina. Halifa Umar a cikin 634 ya yanke shawarar cewa wannan ya faru a cikin 622.
8. Matafiyin da ke zagaye duniya, yana tafiya zuwa gabas, zai kasance “gaba” da kalandar a lokacin tashi da isowa wata rana. Wannan sananne ne sosai daga ainihin tarihin balaguron Fernand Magellan da almara, amma ba ƙarancin labari mai ban sha'awa da Jules Verne ya yi "A Duniya a cikin Kwanaki 80". Kadan bayyane shine gaskiyar cewa (ko asara idan kuka koma gabas) na ranar bai dogara da saurin tafiya ba. Tawagar Magellan sun yi tafiya a cikin tekuna na tsawon shekaru uku, kuma Phileas Fogg ya yi ƙasa da watanni uku a kan hanya, amma sun sami tsira wata rana.
9. A cikin Tekun Fasifik, Layin Kwanan Wata yana wucewa kusan tare da meridian na 180. Lokacin da suke tsallaka shi zuwa yamma, shugabannin jiragen ruwa da na jiragen ruwa suna yin rikodin kwanan wata guda biyu a jere a cikin littafin. Lokacin tsallaka layin zuwa gabas, wata rana ana tsallakewa a cikin kundin rubutu.
10. Rana ta rana tayi nesa da kasancewa irin wannan agogo mai sauki kamar yadda yake. Tuni a zamanin da, an kirkiro wasu sifofi wadanda suka nuna lokacin daidai. Bugu da ƙari, masu sana'a sun yi irin waɗannan agogo waɗanda suka buge agogo, har ma suka fara harba igwa a wani sa'a guda. Saboda wannan, an ƙirƙiri dukkanin tsarin gilashin kara girman gilashi da madubai. Shahararren Ulugbek, yana ƙoƙari don daidaita agogo, ya gina shi tsawon mita 50. An gina hasken rana a karni na 17 a matsayin agogo, kuma ba a matsayin ado ga wuraren shakatawa ba.
11. An yi amfani da agogon ruwa a kasar Sin tun daga farkon Millennium III BC. e. Hakanan sun sami kyakkyawan sifa na jirgin don agogon ruwa a wancan lokacin - ƙataccen mazugi tare da rabo daga tsayi zuwa diamita na tushe 3: 1. Lissafin zamani yana nuna cewa rabo ya zama 9: 2.
12. Wayewar Indiya kuma game da agogon ruwa ya tafi yadda yake so. Idan a wasu ƙasashe ana auna lokacin ko dai ta hanyar saukar da ruwa a cikin jirgin, ko kuma ta ƙari da jirgin, to a Indiya agogon ruwa a cikin jirgin ruwa mai rami a ƙasa ya shahara, wanda sannu a hankali ya nitse. Don "iska" irin wannan agogo, ya isa ya ɗaga jirgin ruwan ya zubar da ruwa daga ciki.
13. Duk da cewa hourglass ya bayyana daga baya fiye da na rana (gilashi abu ne mai rikitarwa), dangane da daidaiton lokacin aunawa, basu iya riskar tsofaffin takwarorinsu ba - da yawa sun dogara ne da daidaiton yashi da tsabtar farfajiyar gilashin a cikin kwalbar. Koyaya, masu sana'ar sa'a suna da nasarorin da suka samu. Misali, akwai tsarin gilashi da yawa wadanda zasu iya kirga tsawon lokaci.
14. Ance an kirkiro agogo ne a karni na 8 miladiyya. a cikin China, amma kuna yin la'akari da bayanin, sun rasa maɓallin keɓaɓɓen agogo mai inji - abin rubutu. Injin yana amfani da ruwa. Ba daidai ba, amma lokaci, wuri da sunan mahaliccin agogon injina na farko a Turai ba'a san su ba. Tun daga karni na 13, an girke agogo a manyan biranen. Da farko dai, ba a buƙatar doguwar hasumiyoyin agogo kwata-kwata su faɗi lokacin daga nesa ba. Hanyoyin sun kasance da yawa ƙwarai da gaske cewa sun dace kawai a cikin hasumiyoyi masu hawa da yawa. Misali, a cikin Hasumiyar Spasskaya ta Kremlin, aikin agogo zai dauki sarari kamar kararrawa 35 wadanda ke bugun kirji - gaba daya. An ajiye wani bene don shafan da ke juya dials.
15. Hannun minti ya bayyana a agogo a tsakiyar karni na 16, na biyu kimanin shekaru 200 daga baya. Wannan lagon kwata-kwata bashi da alaka da rashin iyawar masu kallo. Babu sauƙaƙe don ƙididdige ƙananan tazarar lokaci fiye da awa ɗaya, har ma fiye da haka a minti. Amma tuni a farkon karni na 18, ana yin agogo, kuskurensa bai kai dari bisa dari na dakika ba a kowace rana.
16. Yanzu yana da matukar wuya a yi imani da shi, amma a zahiri har zuwa farkon ƙarni na ashirin, kowane babban birni a duniya yana da nasa, lokacin dabam. Rana ce ta kaddara, agogon gari ne ya saita ta, da yakin wanda 'yan gari suka duba agogon kansu. Wannan kusan bai haifar da wata damuwa ba, saboda tafiye-tafiyen sun dauki lokaci mai tsawo, kuma daidaita agogo lokacin dawowa ba shine babbar matsala ba.
17. Hadin lokacin ya kasance ne daga ma'aikatan jirgin kasa na Burtaniya. Jiragen kasa suna tafiya cikin sauri don banbancin lokaci ya zama mai ma'ana har ma da dan karamin Birtaniya. A ranar 1 ga Disamba, 1847, an saita lokaci akan layin dogo na Biritaniya zuwa lokacin Greenwich Observatory. A lokaci guda, ƙasar ta ci gaba da rayuwa bisa ga lokacin gida. Hadin kan jama'a ya gudana ne kawai a 1880.
18. A cikin 1884, an gudanar da taron tarihi na Duniya na Meridian a Washington. A kanta ne aka zartar da kudurorin kan Firayim Ministan Meridian a Greenwich da kuma ranar duniya, wanda daga baya ya ba da damar raba duniya zuwa shiyyoyin lokaci. Makirci tare da canjin lokaci dangane da dogayen yankin da aka gabatar tare da wahala mai yawa. A cikin Rasha, musamman, an ba da doka a cikin 1919, amma a zahiri ya fara aiki a cikin 1924.
Greenwich meridian
19. Kamar yadda kuka sani, kasar Sin kasa ce da ke da kabilu daban-daban. Wannan bambancin na sau da yawa ya ba da gudummawa ga gaskiyar cewa a wata 'yar matsala, wata babbar ƙasa tana ci gaba da ƙoƙari ta wargaje zuwa ragi. Bayan kwaminisanci sun kwace mulki a duk fadin kasar China, Mao Zedong ya yanke shawara mai karfin gaske - za a sami yankin lokaci guda a China (kuma akwai kusan 5). Zanga-zanga a cikin China koyaushe ya fi tsada da kansa, don haka karɓar garambawul ba tare da gunaguni ba. A hankali, mazaunan wasu yankuna sun saba da cewa rana na iya fitowa da tsakar rana kuma ta faɗi tsakar dare.
20. Manne wa Turawan mulkin mallaka ga al’ada sananne ne. Wani kwatancin wannan rubutun za'a iya la'akari dashi tarihin kasuwancin iyali na siyar da lokaci. John Belleville, wanda ya yi aiki a Greenwich Observatory, ya saita agogonsa daidai da Greenwich Mean Time, sannan ya gaya wa abokan hulɗarsa ainihin lokacin, yana zuwa wurinsu da kansu. Kasuwancin da aka fara a 1838 ya ci gaba ta magada. An rufe shari'ar a cikin 1940 ba saboda ci gaban fasaha ba - akwai yaki. Har zuwa 1940, kodayake an nuna alamun lokaci daidai a rediyo tsawon shekaru goma da rabi, abokan ciniki suna jin daɗin amfani da sabis na Belleville.
