Samuil Yakovlevich Marshak (1887 - 1964) shine ya kafa adabin yaran Soviet. Bai sami damar yin kira ga matasa masu karatu da sihiri mara iyaka na tatsuniyoyi ba (duk da cewa tatsuniyoyinsa suna da kyau), don kada ya zame cikin zurfin ɗabi'a "Watan yana kallo ne daga bayan rassan - watan yana son yara masu kaifin basira") kuma kada ya sauya zuwa sauƙin harshe yara. Ayyukansa ga yara suna da sauƙi, fahimta, kuma a lokaci guda koyaushe yana ɗaukar ilimi mai zurfi, har ma da dalilai na akida. Kuma, a lokaci guda, yaren Marshak, ba tare da nuna fifiko na waje ba, yana da ma'ana sosai. Wannan ya ba masu motsa rai damar sauƙaƙa yawancin aikin Samuil Yakovlevich ga yara.
Marshak ya zama sananne ba kawai ga ayyukan yara ba. Daga ƙarƙashin alƙalaminsa ya fito da manyan abubuwan ban mamaki na makarantar fassara ta Rasha. S. Ya. Marshak ya yi nasara musamman wajen fassara daga Turanci. Wasu lokuta yakan iya ɗaukar sautuka da dalilai a cikin waƙoƙin Shakespeare ko Kipling waɗanda ke da matukar wahalar samu yayin karanta ayyukan tsofaffin marubuta a asali. Yawancin fassarorin Marshak daga Ingilishi ana ɗauke da su na gargajiya. Marubucin ya kuma fassara waƙoƙin Mao Zedong daga yarukan mutane da yawa na Tarayyar Soviet, har ma da Sinanci.
Marubucin yana da ƙwarewar tsari. Ya halicci mutane da yawa, kamar yadda za su ce a yanzu, “farawa”. A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Farko, Sama’ila ya taimaka wa marayu. A cikin Krasnodar, Marshak ya kirkiro gidan wasan kwaikwayo don yara, wanda nau'in salo ya fara fitowa a Rasha. A cikin Petrograd, ya yi aiki da shahararren ɗakin karatu na marubutan yara. Marshak ya shirya mujallar "Sparrow", daga ƙungiyarta, ta hanyar wucewa ta cikin mujallar "New Robinson", an haifi reshen Leningrad na "Detgiz". Kuma daga baya ya sami nasarar hada aikin adabi da aikin kungiya, sannan kuma ya taimakawa matasa da yawa abokan aiki.
1. Daya daga cikin manyan marubutan tarihin Samuil Marshak, Matvey Geyser, ya rubuta wakoki a yarinta wadanda duk abokan makarantar su suka so shi. Abokan karatun har ma sun tattara tarin wakoki dozin uku daga faifan 'yan mata da jaridun bangon makaranta, suka aika wa Pionerskaya Pravda. Daga nan ne aka sami amsa tare da fatan karanta ƙarin Pushkin, Lermontov, da dai sauransu. Matesan ajin da suka fusata sun aika waƙoƙin Marshak iri ɗaya. Marubucin kuma ya dawo da tarin duka, yana nazarin dalla-dalla kan ɗayan ayoyin. Bayan irin wannan iko na izini, Glazer ya daina rubuta waka. Bayan shekaru da yawa ya yi sa'a ya ziyarci Samuil Yakovlevich a matsayin bako. Ka yi tunanin mamakinsa lokacin da Marshak ba kawai ya tuna da waƙoƙin yara ba, har ma ya karanta ɗaya daga cikin baitocin Matvey da zuciya ɗaya. Leonid Panteleev ya kira ƙwaƙwalwar Marshak da "mayu" - yana iya tuna ko da waƙoƙin Velimir Khlebnikov daga farkon karatu a bayyane.
Matvey Geyser tare da littafinsa game da Marshak
2. Mahaifin marubuci, Yakov Mironovich ya kasance mai hazaka, amma mai taurin kai sosai. Masu mallakar masana'antar sabulai da matatun mai sun yi tsere don gayyatar sa ya gudanar, amma bai iya zama a wuri daya tsawon lokaci ba. Yakov Marshak ya so ba ya yi aiki ba, amma ya mallaki kamfani don ya fahimci tunaninsa, kuma ba shi da kuɗin sayen masana'anta ko shuka. Saboda haka, dattijo Marshak da kyar ya zauna a wuri guda fiye da shekara guda, kuma dole dangin su ringa motsawa.
Samuil Marshak iyayen
3.'san uwan Marshak Ilya ya kasance mai yawan bincike tun daga yarinta, wanda daga baya ya bashi damar zama kwararren marubuci. An buga shi a ƙarƙashin sunan ɓoye na M. Ilyin kuma ya rubuta shahararrun littattafan kimiyya don yara. Kafin Babban Yaƙin rioasa, yawancin marubuta sun yi aiki a cikin wannan nau'in, kuma ƙasa ta ƙarfafa shi - Tarayyar Soviet tana buƙatar 'yan ƙasa masu fasaha. Bayan lokaci, kwararar litattafan ilimin kimiya na yara sun yi taushi, kuma yanzu salon rayuwar M. Perelman ya kasance a cikin tarihin tsofaffin tsara, amma bai ci gaba da shahararrun wallafe-wallafen kimiyya shi kaɗai ba. Kuma alkalan M. Ilyin na irin wadannan littattafai ne kamar "Dalili Dubu Dari" da "Labarun Abubuwa".
M. Ilyin
4. Wanda ya fara yabawa da hazakar Marshak shine sanannen mai sukar Vladimir Stasov. Ba kawai ya yaba wa yaron ba ne, har ma ya sanya shi a cikin gidan wasan motsa jiki na III St. Petersburg. A wannan dakin motsa jiki ne Marshak ya sami ingantaccen ilimin harsuna, wanda ya bashi damar zama ƙwararren mai fassara. Masu fassara na Rashanci a lokacin sun yi fassarar daga Turanci mara daɗi da haɗa harshe. Wannan karin magana - fassarar waƙoƙi ba su da amfani. Ko da sunayen haruffan, masifa ce ta gaske. "Sherlock Holmes" da "Dr. Watson", waɗanda muka samo sunayensu daga waɗancan masu fassarar, ya kamata su zama "Gidaje" da "Watson", bi da bi. A farkon karni na ashirin, akwai irin wadannan bambance-bambancen na sunan mai binciken kamar "Holmes" har ma da "Holmz". Kuma sunan "Paul" ya sawa jaruman marubutan Ingilishi masu suna "Paul" a shekarun 1990s. Magicarfin sihiri na fasaha ... Marshak ya san Ingilishi ba azaman saitin kalmomi ba ne, amma a matsayin wani abu mai mahimmanci, kuma a cikin mahimman bayanai na tarihi.
Vladimir Stasov. Yawancin lokaci, Marshak bai zama jagora mafi muni ba kamar mai sukar wanda ya ba shi tikitin zuwa adabi
5. Stasov ya gabatar da Marshak a ɓoye ga Leo Tolstoy - ya nuna wa babban marubucin hotunan ƙaramar hukumar da yawancin waƙoƙinsa. Tolstoy ya yaba waƙoƙin sosai, amma ya ƙara da cewa bai yi imani da "waɗannan gwanayen ba". Lokacin da Stasov ya gaya wa Sama'ila game da taron, Tolstoy ya fusata matashin sosai.
6. Maxim Gorky ya kasance mutum mai mahimmanci a cikin ƙaddarar Marshak. Bayan haduwa da matashi Marshak a Stasov's, Gorky ya yaba waƙoƙin yaron. Kuma lokacin da ya sami labarin yana da rauni a huhu, Gorky a zahiri a cikin 'yan kwanaki ya shirya don canja wurin Sama'ila zuwa gidan wasan motsa jiki na Yalta, yana ba shi masauki tare da iyalinsa.
Marshak da Maxim Gorky
7. Har zuwa 1920, Marshak ya kasance, duk da cewa saurayi ne, amma "mai tsanani" mawaki ne kuma marubuci. Ya yi tafiya zuwa Falasdinu, ya yi karatu a Ingila kuma ya rubuta kyakkyawan waƙoƙi da kalmomin waƙa a ko'ina. Marshak ya fara rubutawa yara ne kawai yayin da yake aiki a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na yara a Krasnodar - gidan wasan kwaikwayo kawai ba shi da kayan wasan kwaikwayo.
8. Tafiya zuwa Falasdinu da wakokin da aka rubuta a waccan lokacin sun haifar da zamanin bayan Soviet don ayyana Marshak a matsayin Zionist kuma wani boyayyen mai adawa da Stalinist. A cewar wasu bangarorin masu hankali, Marshak ya rubuta ayyukansa, ya kasance mai kula da mujallu, ya yi aiki a gidajen wallafa, ya yi nazarin samari da marubuta, sannan da daddare ya rubuta wakokin adawa da Stalin a karkashin matashin kansa. Bugu da ƙari, wannan yahudawan sahyoniya ya ɓoye da gwaninta ta yadda Stalin har ma ya fitar da sunansa daga jerin abubuwan kisan. Abin da yake daidai ga irin wannan marubutan - shafi bayan fa'idodin Marshak, suna bayyana ikon Cheka - NKVD - MGB - KGB. Ba tare da sanin wannan tsarin ba, kamar yadda aka sani, a cikin Tarayyar Soviet, ba wanda zai iya ma sanya allura a cikin hoton jarida na ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin Soviet ba tare da hukunci ba - irin waɗannan ayyukan an ayyana su nan da nan ta'addanci da hukunci a ƙarƙashin Mataki na 58. Marshak yana karbar kyaututtukan Stalin a wancan lokacin.
9. Lokacin da Alexei Tolstoy ya nunawa Marshak zane-zanensa na fassarar tatsuniyar Carlo Goldoni "Pinocchio", nan da nan Samuil Yakovlevich ya ba da shawarar cewa ya rubuta nasa aikin, ta hanyar amfani da layin Goldoni, ba bin asalin Italiyanci ba. Tolstoy ya yarda da shawarar, kuma an haifi "The Adventures of Buratino". Duk maganganun da Tolstoy ya saci tatsuniya daga Baturewa bashi da tushe.
10. Mikhail Zoshchenko, wanda ya shiga cikin rikici da rikice-rikice na yau da kullun, Marshak ya ba da shawarar yin rubutu don yara. Daga baya, Zoshchenko ya yarda cewa bayan ya yi aiki don yara, ya zama mafi iya rubutu ga manya. Jerin marubuta da mawaka wadanda Samuil Yakovlevich ya taimaka wajan aikin su sun hada da Olga Berggolts, Leonid Panteleev da Grigory Belykh, Evgeny Charushin, Boris Zhitkov da Evgeny Schwartz.
11. Da zarar Alexander Tvardovsky ya ari mota daga Marshak - nasa ya lalace. Da isa ga gareji, Tvardovsky ya ga wani direba da ya san shi da kyau, kusan yana kuka a kan kauri. Mawakin ya tambayi Afanasy - sunan direban kenan, wani mutum mai matsakaicin shekaru - me ya faru. Ya ce: suna wucewa ta tashar jirgin kasa ta Kursk, kuma Marshak ya tuna cewa a can ne Anna Karenina ta wuce kafin mutuwarta. Samuel Yakovlevich ya tambaya idan Afanasy ya tuna yadda Karenina take ganin komai. Direban yana da hankalin da zai sanar da Marshak cewa bai taba korar wani Karenin ba. Fushin Marshak ya ba shi ƙarar Anna Karenina kuma ya ce har sai Afanasy ta karanta labarin, ba zai yi amfani da ayyukanta ba. Kuma an biya albashin direbobi ko na nisan miloli, ko na lokacin tafiya, ma'ana, suna zaune a cikin gareji, Afanasy ya sami ɗan riba kaɗan.
12. An samu wakokin Marshak cikin hanzari, amma a lokaci guda sun kasance masu inganci, kuma zai iya amfani da takardu goma a kan wani murabba'i daya. Amma koda tare da bita, saurin rubuta wakoki ya kayatar. A lokacin Babban Yaƙin rioasa, Marshak ya haɗu da Kukryniksy (masu zane-zane M. Kupriyanov, P. Krylov da N. Sokolov). Tunanin asali shine cewa masu zane-zane uku suna rubuta zane-zane, kuma Marshak ya zo tare da sa hannu na waƙa a gare su. Amma bayan 'yan kwanaki, ka'idar aiki ta canza: Marshak, bayan ya saurari taƙaitaccen bayanin na Sovinformburo, ya sami damar tsara waka, ya amince da shi a cikin hukumomin da ya dace sannan ya kawo ko canja shi zuwa ga masu fasaha waɗanda ba su da ra'ayin maƙarƙashiya. Layin Marshak "Ga mayaki makhorka yana da tsada, hayaki da shan sigari abokan gaba" an buga su a miliyoyin kunshin taba sigari. Don ayyukansu a lokacin shekarun yaƙi, duka Kukryniksy da Marshak suna cikin jerin abokan gaba na Hitler.
Makiyan Fuhrer
13. Marshak yana da dangantaka mai matukar wahala tare da Korney Chukovsky. A halin yanzu, bai zo don buɗe rikice-rikice ba, amma marubutan ba su rasa damar barin saɓar da ake yiwa abokan aikinsu ba. Marshak, alal misali, ya so yin izgili game da gaskiyar cewa Chukovsky, tun da ya koyi Turanci daga littafin koyar da kai tare da sashen “Furucin Magana” ya tsage, ya kunyata kalmomin Ingilishi cikin rashin kunya. Babban rata, tsawon shekaru goma da rabi, ya zo lokacin da a Detgiz a 1943 suka ƙi buga littafin Chukovsky "Za Mu Ci Barmaley". Marshak, wanda ya taba taimaka wa Chukovsky wajen bugawa, a wannan karon ba tare da jin kai ya soki aikin ba. Chukovsky ya yarda cewa waƙoƙinsa ba su da ƙarfi, amma ya yi fushi kuma ya kira Marshak mai wayo da munafuki.
14. Marubucin ayyuka da yawa ga yara yana da ɗabi'a irin ta yara. Da gaske ba ya son zuwa gado a kan lokaci, kuma ya ƙi tsangwama azuzuwan cin abincin rana a kan kari. A tsawon shekaru, cin abinci bisa ga jadawalin ya zama dole - cututtuka sun sa kansu ji. Marshak ya yi hayar mai gadin gida tare da halayya mai tsananin gaske. Rozalia Ivanovna a lokacin da aka sanya ta mirgine teburin a cikin ɗakin, ba tare da kula da abin da Samuil Yakovlevich yake yi ko magana da shi ba. Ya kira ta "Sarauniya" ko "Gudanarwa".
15. Samuil Marshak, yayin da yake Falasdinu, ya auri Sophia Milvidskaya. Ma'aurata sun dace da juna da kyau, kuma ana iya kiran auren mai farin ciki idan ba makomar yara ba. 'Yar fari ta Nathaniel,' yar shekara daya, ta mutu sakamakon konewa bayan ta buga wani tafasasshen samovar. Wani ɗa, Yakov, ya mutu da cutar tarin fuka a 1946. Bayan wannan, matar Marshak ta yi rashin lafiya mai tsanani kuma ta mutu a cikin 1053. Daga cikin yaran uku, ɗa daya ne, Immanuel, wanda ya zama masanin kimiyyar lissafi, ya rayu.
16. Daga 1959 zuwa 1961, sakataren Marshak shine sanannen ɗan jaridar nan na Rasha Vladimir Pozner na yanzu, wanda ya kammala karatunsa daga jami'a. Haɗin gwiwar Pozner tare da Marshak ya ƙare a cikin abin kunya - Posner ya yi ƙoƙari ya zame fassarorinsa daga Turanci zuwa ofishin editan mujallar Novy Mir, yana cakuɗe su da fassarar Marshak. Marubucin nan da nan ya kori matasa masu wayo. Shekaru da yawa daga baya, Posner ya gabatar da abin da ba shi da daɗi a matsayin ƙoƙari na yin wasa da hankali a kan kwamitin edita.
17. A cikin adadi, kayan tarihin Samuil Marshak sun yi kama da wannan: 3,000 na ayyukansa, ayyukan fassara 1,500, wallafe-wallafe cikin harsunan waje 75. A cikin Rasha, matsakaicin bugun buga guda ɗaya na littafin Marshak ya kwafi miliyan 1.35, yayin da jimlar bugun ayyukan marubucin ya kai kimanin kofi miliyan 135.
18. Samuil Marshak an bashi Umarni biyu na Lenin, Umurnin Jan Banner na Kwadago da Umurnin Yakin rioasa, digiri na 1. Ya kasance lambar yabo ta kyautar 4 Stalin da Lenin. A duk manyan biranen da marubucin ya rayu, an sanya alamun rubutu, kuma a cikin Voronezh akwai abin tunawa ga S. Marshak. Ana shirin girka wani abin tunawa a dandalin Lyalina a Moscow. Layin Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya na metro na Moscow yana gudanar da jigon jigon "My Marshak".
19. Bayan rasuwar Samuel Marshak, Sergei Mikhalkov, wanda ya yi la’akari da ganawa da shi a matsayin mai yanke hukunci a kan aikinsa, ya rubuta cewa gadar kyaftin ta jirgin ruwan adabin yaran Soviet ba komai. A lokacin rayuwarsa, Mikhalkov ya kira Samuil Yakovlevich "Marshak na Tarayyar Soviet".
20. Kasan kayan da takardun da mahaifinsa ya bari, Immanuel Marshak ya gano rikodin da yawa akan kyamarar fim mai son. Duba cikin su, ya yi mamaki: Duk inda mahaifinsa yake a cikin jama'a, nan da nan yara suka kewaye shi. Gaskiya, a cikin Tarayyar Soviet - sanannen Samuil Yakovlevich ya kasance ko'ina cikin ƙasar. Amma hoto ɗaya - a nan Marshak yana tafiya shi kaɗai, amma an riga an rufe shi da yara - an fara fim a London, da Oxford, da kuma a Scotland kusa da ƙauyen Robert Burns.
