A zahiri, rayuwar yau da kullun ta kowane mutum, ba tare da la'akari da dukiyar sa ko yanayin zamantakewar sa ba, zaɓaɓɓe ne na kanana daga sharri guda biyu. Ja a kan aikin da aka ƙi ko shan giya yayin kallon Talabijin. Yi gwagwarmaya don ci gaban aiki tare da haɓaka mai ƙarfi na albashi ko zama a cikin tsohon wuri a cikin ƙungiyar data kasance. Rataye Kirimiya, da sanin cewa ba za su taɓe shi a kai ba, ko kuma rufe idanunmu ga yiwuwar mutuwar dubunnan 'yan ƙasa.
Rayuwar Alexander Nevsky (1220 - 1263) suma sun shuɗe a cikin jerin irin waɗannan zaɓukan. Yariman Rasha koyaushe yana fuskantar mawuyacin yanayi. Daga yamma, jarumai na Gicciye suka birgima, waɗanda suka kashe 'yan'uwansu masu bi dubbai. A gabas, mazaunan steppe suna kan aiki koyaushe, waɗanda ba su washe Rasha ba kawai lokacin da suka san cewa Russia ba ta fara yin ba musamman, kuma har yanzu babu wani abu da yawa da za su karɓa daga gare su.
Ayyukan Alexander Nevsky, manufofinsa, idan muka ɗauki kowane lamari dabam daga babban yanayin, yana haifar da zargi da tambayoyi ga mai goyan bayan kusan kowane ra'ayi, daga Turawan yamma har zuwa masu kishin ƙasa. Me yasa ya lalata masu ɗauke da wayewar Turai kuma nan da nan ya tafi ya durƙusa da Horde? Me yasa yayi amfani da bulala, kuma wani lokacin takobi, don sake rubuta Novgorodians kuma suyi musu haraji? Bayan wannan, Novgorod, kamar yadda masu sukar suka jaddada, Tatar ba ta taɓa kama shi ba! Kuma mummunan Alexander, maimakon ya ba da garin ga baƙi waɗanda kawai za su rusa ƙarfi daga mulkin demokraɗiyya na Rasha, ya ba da girmamawa ga Tatar. Yanzu zuriyar waɗancan 'yan Novgorodians waɗanda, a haɗarin farko, sun nemi taimako daga kowane ɗan sarki mai ƙarancin ra'ayi don su kore shi nan da nan bayan haɗarin ya ƙare, suna faɗin yadda jaruntaka magabatan suka yi yaƙi da dimokiradiyya, wato, don haƙƙin haƙƙin biyan komai ga kowa. sami kariyar soja.
Ba a zana hotunan rayuwar daga Alexander Nevsky, saboda haka galibi galibi ana wakiltar yariman a cikin hoton jarumi Nikolai Cherkassky a fim din "Alexander Nevsky"
Manufofin Alexander Nevsky ya bambanta ta hanyar kwarewa ta musamman. Inda kake buƙatar - jure. Inda zai yiwu - yi shawarwari. Inda za a yi yaƙi - a doke don kada abokin hamayya ya tashi. Alexander ya shirya nasarar akan tafkin Peipsi sama da shekaru 100 kafin yakin da aka faɗi game da Crécy da Poitiers, bayan haka kuma talakawa a duk Turai sun kori mashi-baƙin katako na babban matsayi na fada tare da riguna da riguna masu bambancin digiri. Forcesarfafa rayukan mutane don kare rayukan mutane don sunkuyar da kai ga rundunar sojojin gabashin gabas - dole ne su yi hakan. Da kyar Alexander yayi tunani game da matsayinsa na gaba a tarihi. An ƙaddara masa ya kashe aƙalla rabin gajeriyar rayuwarsa a cikin tafiye-tafiye marasa iyaka daga Yamma zuwa Gabas. Bugu da ƙari, a cikin ƙimar khans ya zama dole a zauna lokacin wata ɗaya, da yaushe shekara. Matsayin wani lokaci yakan zama tilas, kuma idan aka nema, a sanya rayuwar mutum cikin kasada saboda masalahar batun.
1. Tuni yarinta yarima Alexander, dan basarake mai nutsuwa Yaroslav Vsevolodovich kuma jikan Vsevolod Babban Gida, ya nuna cewa yaron ba lallai bane ya jira rayuwa mai nutsuwa. Ba da daɗewa ba aka yanka Alexander kuma aka naɗa shi a matsayin jarumi - kamar yadda a gabas sojojin Rasha suka sha mummunan rauni a yaƙin Kalka, kuma masu wayewa tare da gicciye a kan rigarsu sun mamaye Rasha daga yamma. Daya daga cikin mafi wahalar lokuta na tarihin Rasha yana gabatowa.
2. Alexander ya koyi ni'imar mulkin dimokiradiyya yana da shekara takwas, lokacin da shi da dan uwansa, tare da kawunsa, mai ilmantarwa, suka hanzarta gudu daga Novgorod. A cikin birni, wani bayyanin son zuciyar talakawa ya fara ne tare da kisan gilla, na farko daga "mutanen sarki", sannan na nasu, Novgorodians, daga waɗanda suka fi kuɗi. Rikicin ya samo asali ne daga yunwa. Mutanen Novgorodians ba su damu da tara hatsi ba, kodayake miliyoyin poods ne suka yi jigilarsa ta hanyar Novgorod, ko kuma ta hanyar tsaron hanyoyin sadarwa - da zaran mutanen da ke kara zubewa ko masu shiga tsakani sun katse hanyoyin samar da kayayyaki, matsaloli sun fara a Novgorod. Bugu da ƙari, wannan ba shine farkon ba kuma ba batun ƙarshe ba, amma sun ba da kuɗi kaɗan ga yariman haya kuma kawai idan akwai haɗari bayyananne.
A gaba shine tsarin bayyana demokraɗiyya na so a Novgorod
3. Yaroslav bai kasance cikin gaggawa musamman don koyar da Alexander ba - shi ne ƙarami ɗa, kuma an mai da hankali sosai ga Fedor. Koyaya, yana da shekaru 11, gab da bikin aurensa (an yi auren sarakuna da wuri sosai don ƙirƙirar da ƙarfafa dangantakar dynastic) Fyodor ya mutu, kuma Alexander mai shekaru 10 ya zama “magajin gadon sarauta”.
4. Ayyukan Alexander na zaman kansa ya fara tun yana ɗan shekara 16, lokacin da mahaifinsa ya nada shi gwamnan Novgorod. Kafin wannan lokacin, saurayin ya sami nasarar shiga cikin yakin zuwa arewa maso yamma, yayin da sojojin Yaroslav suka fatattaki wasu mayaka, wadanda ba da gangan suka yi kudu ba. Bugu da kari, rundunar yariman ta ci galaba a kan wasu gungun barayin 'yan Lithuania. Baftismar wutar Alexander ta faru tun kafin ya karɓi iko.
5. A lokacin yakin neman zabe na 1238, sojojin Mongol-Tatar ba su isa Novgorod ba sama da kilomita 100 kawai. Birnin da Alexander sun sami tsira ta hanyar laka da tsoron maharan don keta nesa da tushen wadatar - a cikin yankin Novgorod, kamar yadda kuka sani, kusan babu burodi da ke tsiro. An kawota garin da abinci daga kudu. Idan makiyaya sun yanke shawarar matsawa zuwa arewa, da za a dauki Novgorod, a kuma washe su, wanda a baya ya faru da Ryazan da Vladimir.
Mamayar Mongol-Tatar. Bakan gizo a arewa shine iyakar hanyar su zuwa Novgorod
6. 1238 shekara ce ta bala'i ba kawai ga Rasha ba, har ma don dangin zuriyar Vsevolod Babban Gida. Da yawa daga cikin sarakuna sun mutu kuma an ɗauke su fursuna. Mahaifin Alexander Yaroslav ya zama Babban Duke na Vladimir, kuma saurayin ya karɓi Tver da Dmitrov ban da Novgorod.
7. Tun yana dan shekara 19, Alexander ya auri 'yar Polotsk yarima Bryacheslav, Alexandra. Bayan haka, ma'auratan masu ɗauke da suna suna da 'ya'ya maza guda huɗu da' ya mace. Tare da bikin auren, yariman ya kafa sansanin soja a kan Kogin Shelon, wanda ya kiyaye hanyar zuwa Novgorod daga yamma.
8. Alexander ya ci nasarar soja ta farko mai zaman kanta a ranar 15 ga Yuli, 1240. Wani hari ba zato ba tsammani a kan sojojin ƙasa da ƙasa, waɗanda Swedan Sweden suka jagoranta, ya ba Novgorodians da ƙungiyar manyan sarauta damar kayar da abokan gaba gaba ɗaya a haɗuwar Neva da Izhora. Yayinda mahayan dawakai na Alexander suke yaƙi da wani ɓangare na Sweden, sojojin ƙasan Rasha sun sami damar kutsawa zuwa cikin jiragen ruwan abokan gaba kuma ba su ba da izini ga jaruman da aka ɗora musu su sauka a bakin tekun ba. Shari'ar ta ƙare tare da kayen da abokan gaba ke yi a sassa. Da kyar ya sami damar komawa Novgorod, Alexander ya sami labarin cewa 'yan Livonia sun yi amfani da cin amanar wasu Pskovites kuma suka kame garin. Lokacin da basaraken ya sake tara sojoji, sai dai 'yan leken asirin, wadanda ba sa son daukar sabbin kudade, sun yi adawa da hakan. Alexander, ba tare da tunanin sau biyu ba, ya yi murabus ya bar Pereyaslavl.
Neva yaƙi
9. Wani voivode Birger ya cancanci ambaton na musamman dangane da kayen Sweden. Kanal din na Sweden, wanda aka ji masa rauni mai tsanani a fuska, da sauri ya gudu daga fagen fama, ya bar marubutan tarihin su zana abubuwan da suka yi. Tare da girmamawa ga Birger, babban tasirin sa, a cewar masana tarihi na demokraɗiyya, shine cewa baya kan Neva. In ba haka ba, tabbas Alexander Nevsky ...
10. 'Yancin Novgorod ya kasance na kimanin watanni shida. Da jin abin da 'yan salihan suke yi a Pskov, sai ga shi' yan Novgorodians sun yanke shawarar cewa dimokiradiyya na da kyau, amma 'yanci ya fi tsada. Sun sake kiran Alexander zuwa masarauta. Yarima ya yarda da tayin ne kawai a yunƙuri na biyu, kuma dole 'yan Novgorodians su yi yatsu. Amma yayin kamfen mai sauri na 1241, Alexander ya ci karfin jarumai, ya kama da lalata sansanin Koporye, wanda ya ɓata zuciyar 'yan gwagwarmayar. A cikin wannan yakin, an bayyana wani fasalin baiwa ta shugaban sojoji na Alexander Nevsky: ya auka wa jarumawan, kamar yadda za su ce a yanzu, a matakin tura su, ba tare da barin umarnin makiya ga magance karfafan masu zuwa ba.
11. Asabar 5 ga Afrilu 1242 ta zama rana mai mahimmanci a tarihin Rasha. A wannan rana, sojojin Rasha karkashin umarnin Alexander Nevsky sun kayar da karnukan kwata-kwata. Hakanan, an sami nasarar tare da ɗan ƙaramin jini ta hanyar amfani da jagorancin soja. Alexander ya iya sanya matakan ƙafa da kwantan dawakai. Lokacin da shahararren gwanin alawar-dutsen alade ya makale a cikin umarnin rundunar sojoji, sai aka kawo masa hari ta kowane bangare. A karo na farko a fagen daga na Turai, kewaye da dabarun abokan gaba da bin wannan ɓangaren nata wanda bai faɗa cikin "kaskon" ba. An yi wa yakin lakabi da Yakin Kankara.
12. A ƙarshe Alexander ya kafa kansa a matsayin mai sarauta bayan da mayaƙansa suka yiwa Lithuanians ci biyu mai nauyi. A shekarar 1246 Novgorod ya kawar da duk haɗarin ban da Horde. An kira shi akai-akai zuwa Horde, amma Alexander yana wasa na lokaci. Mai yiwuwa, yana jiran jakadun Paparoma. Sun isa Novgorod a lokacin rani na 1248. A cikin wasikar, basaraken ya ba da shawarar Alexander da Rasha su koma addinin Katolika, ba tare da yin alkawarin ba komai ba. Alexander ya ki amincewa da shawarar Paparoman. Dole ne kawai ya je Horde.
13. A hedikwatar Batu, Alexander ya tsere daga kisa. A matsayin alamar tawali'u, duk baƙi zuwa Batu dole ne suyi tafiya tsakanin gumaka biyu kuma sun durƙusa sau huɗu lokacin da suka ga Batu. Alexander ya ƙi ya wuce tsakanin gumakan. Ya durkusa, amma a lokaci guda yana maimaita cewa yana durkusawa ba a gaban Batu ba, a gaban Allah. Batu ya kashe sarakuna saboda ƙananan zunubai. Amma ya gafarta wa Alexander kuma ya aike shi zuwa Karakorum, inda ya karɓi gajerar hanya zuwa Kiev da Novgorod.
A farashin Batu
14. Bayanai cewa Batu ta maida Alexander dan da ya goya ya kamata a bar shi da lamirin Nikolai Gumilyov, wanda ya yada su. Alexander na iya yin sulhu tare da ɗan Batu Sartak - to ya kasance cikin tsari - sun yi musayar ɗiga na jini a kusa da wutar, sun sha daga giya ɗaya, ga 'yan'uwan. Amma irin wannan sassaucin ra'ayi ba yana nufin ta kowace hanya cewa Batu ta amince da yariman na Rasha a matsayin ɗansa ba. A cikin kowane hali, asalin tushen tallafi ba su da shiru.
15. Wani lokaci a tarihin rayuwar Alexander Nevsky mutum na iya samun wurare a cikin ruhu: "Bai taɓa ɗaga takobi a kan mutumin Rasha ba" ko "Bai taɓa zubar da jinin Rasha ba". Wannan ba gaskiya bane. Alexander bai yi jinkiri ba musamman wajen zaɓar hanyoyin cimma burin, har ma fiye da haka bai mai da hankali ga asalin maƙiyansa ba. Kuma lokacin da mafi yawan mashahuran sarki suka hada kai don zuwa karkashin hannun Paparoma, Alexander nan da nan ya tafi Horde ya zo da wata runduna wacce ta shiga cikin tarihi a matsayin "rundunar Nevryuev" - mai suna bayan kwamandan Tatar, da voivode. Bera ya kawo tsari a cikin ƙasashen Rasha ta hanyoyin da suka dace da ƙarni na XIII.
16. Alexander ya zama Babban Duke a ƙarƙashin kulawar Batu. A wannan lokacin, kowa bai fahimci ko shirin Alexander ba sai dai Metropolitan Kirill. Ko da 'yan uwan sun yi gaba da dattijo. Yariman sun ɗauki matsayin baƙon abu da bege: ba za ku iya miƙa wuya ga Horde ba, kuma ba za ku iya yaƙi da shi ba. Alexanderan uwan Alexander Andrey cikin jinƙai ya bayyana cewa zai fi kyau zuwa ƙasashen waje fiye da haƙurin Tatar. Tatar har yanzu dole ne su jimre, kuma an biya cututtukan Andrei tare da rayukan sojoji, da kadarorin da Tatar suka kwashe.
17. ofaya daga cikin ayyukan da Alexander yayi rikici sosai shine "lambar Tatar" - ƙidayar jama'a. Kowa ya saba masa: daga bawa na karshe zuwa sarakuna. Dole ne Alexander yayi aiki da ƙarfi, kuma a cikin Novgorod ya kasance mai tsananin gaske. Tsayayya ga ƙidayar jama'a ya kasance kamar yin kuka ta gashi a kan wanda aka cire - tunda dole ne ku biya haraji, ku bar wannan aikin yana da aƙalla wasu ƙa'idodi waɗanda suka bambanta shi da harin ɓarayi. An cire cocin da ministocinsa daga haraji.
18. Alexander Nevsky ne ya fara aikin tattara filayen Rasha. Ya sami daga Novgorodians ne ya yarda cewa Grand Duke na Vladimir kai tsaye ya zama yariman Novgorod. Ya kasance bisa ga wannan makircin cewa Ivan Kalita daga baya yayi aiki.
19. A cikin 1256, rukunin 'yan wasan Rasha sun yi kamfen na Polar. Tarihin tarihi ya rufe shi sosai. A bayyane yake, saboda babu yaƙe-yaƙe masu tsanani yayin yaƙin neman zaɓen - har ila yau, nasarar da Rasha ta samu a kan tafkin Peipsi ta burge 'yan Sweden har yanzu, don haka ba su tsoma baki cikin tafiyar ba. Sojojin Rasha sun tsallake Finland kyauta daga kudu zuwa arewa kuma sun isa gaɓar Tekun Laptev. Alexander ya nuna - idan wani abu ya faru, Russia ba za ta tsaya a kan iyakoki ba.
20. A 1262 Alexander Nevsky yayi tafiyarsa ta karshe zuwa Horde. Ya sami damar tafiya a zahiri a gefen wuka - an kira shi zuwa asusu game da yawan tarzoma da kisan gilla na masu tara haraji. An riga an shirya balaguron hukunci. Alexander ya sami nasarar ba kawai don kauce wa aiwatarwa da soke yakin basasa ba, amma kuma ya tabbatar da cewa an tura tarin harajin ga Russia. Bugu da kari, ya kawar da khan din daga shigar da sojojin Rasha cikin rundunar Horde don yakar Farisa. Ya dauki yariman tsawan shekara daya don magance wadannan matsalolin.
21. Alexander Nevsky ya mutu a ranar 14 ga Oktoba, 1263 a Gorodok kusa da Nizhny Novgorod. Akwai jita-jita cewa an ba shi guba. An binne yariman a Vladimir a cikin Cathedral of the Virgin. A cikin 1724, an sake binne ragowar Alexander Nevsky da gidan sufi na Alexander Nevsky a cikin St.
22. Ivan Mai Tsanani ya ba da shawarar canonize Alexander Nevsky a 1547 a majami'ar majami'a, wanda ake kira Stoglav.
23. Sau da yawa masana tarihi suna kwatanta Alexander Nevsky da Daniil Galitsky. Kamar, na biyun da ya koma Katolika, ya zama sarki na gaske, ya buɗe hanyar zuwa Turai. Gaskiya ne, har ma daruruwan shekaru basu shude ba tunda kowa ya manta da Galicia-Volyn Rus - an raba shi tsakanin Poland da Lithuania. An tsananta wa Addinin Orthodox - Katolika ya zama ba mai jure wa sauran addinai kamar na Mongol-Tatar. Alexander Nevsky ya ba da kwarin gwiwa don ƙirƙirar Rasha mai haɗin kai, mai ƙarfi da 'yanci. Wannan tsari ya dauki sama da shekaru dari, amma Rasha ta sami nasarar wucewa ta ciki ba tare da watsi da imanin magabatanta ba saboda wasu shakuwa da ake samu daga masu fada aji na Roman.
24. Tunawa da Alexander Nevsky ya cancanci zama ba a Rasha ba kawai, har ma a duniya. A Bulgaria, Haikalin Alexander Nevsky babban coci ne na Cocin Orthodox na Bulgaria. Tunawa da yariman na Rasha ana girmama shi ne a cocin Turkmenistan da Latvia, Poland da Serbia, Georgia da Isra’ila, Faransa da Denmark. Tun shekara ta 2016, jirgin ruwan K-550 "Alexander Nevsky" yana ta yawo a sararin samaniya. Dokar Alexander Nevsky ita ce kawai lambar yabo ta ƙasa da ta kasance a Tsarist Russia, Soviet Union da Tarayyar Rasha ta yanzu. Tituna a duk faɗin Rasha sunaye ne da Alexander Nevsky. Daruruwan ayyukan fasaha an sadaukar dasu ga kwamandan. Wataƙila mafi mahimmanci daga cikinsu (an daidaita shi don lokacin halitta) za a iya ɗaukar fim ɗin da Sergei Eisenstein "Alexander Nevsky" da hoton Yarima Pavel Korin, waɗanda aka zana a cikin 1942 a lokacin mafi wahalar lokacin kawanyar Leningrad.
25. Da wuya Alexander Nevsky ya furta kalmar "Duk wanda ya zo mana da takobi zai mutu da takobi!" Sergei Eisenstein ne ya sanya shi a cikin bakin halayen fim din, wanda ya rubuta rubutun fim din nasa. Irin waɗannan kalmomin ana samun su sau da yawa a cikin Littafi Mai Tsarki. Irin wannan maganar ta shahara tsakanin tsoffin Romawa.