Andrey Nikolaevich Tupolev (1888 - 1972) shine ɗayan fitattun masu zane a tarihin jirgin sama na duniya. Ya kirkiro da dama iri-iri na jiragen sama na soja da na farar hula. Sunan "Tu" ya zama sanannen sanannen duniya. An tsara jiragen saman Tupolev da kyau yadda wasu daga cikinsu suka ci gaba da aiki kusan rabin karni bayan mutuwar mahalicci. A cikin saurin canza yanayin jirgin sama, wannan yana magana da yawa.
Farfesa Toportsov, mai hali a cikin littafin Lev Kassil, an kwafa shi da yawa daga A. N. Tupolev. Marubucin ya sadu da mai kera jirgin sama yayin sauya fasalin jirgin sama na ANT-14 zuwa rukunin Gorky, kuma ya yi farin ciki da karatun Tupolev da wayo. Mai tsara jirgin sama ba kawai mai ƙwarewa bane a fagen sa, har ma ya kware a fannin adabi da wasan kwaikwayo. A cikin kiɗa, abubuwan dandano ba su da ma'ana. Da zarar, bayan an gama liyafa ta murna, hade da waƙoƙi, shi, ba tare da rage murya ba, ya kira ma'aikata a gare shi, suka ce, za mu rera waƙoƙin jama'a.
Mai zanen Tupolev koyaushe yana gaba da abokan cinikinsa, ko jiragen farar hula ne ko Sojan Sama. Wato, bai jira aikin ba "don ƙirƙirar jirgin sama na irin wannan da irin wannan damar tare da irin waɗannan bayanai masu saurin gaske", ko kuma "mai fashewar bam ɗin da zai iya ɗaukar bamabamai N sama da nisan kilomita NN". Ya fara kera jiragen sama lokacin da bukatar tasu ba ta bayyana ba. An tabbatar da hangen nesan sa ta wannan adadi: daga cikin 100 tare da ƙaramin jirgin sama wanda aka ƙirƙira a TsAGI da Tupolev Central Design Bureau, an samar da 70 da yawa.
Andrei Nikolaevich, wanda ya kasance mai sauƙi, ya haɗu da baiwar mai zane da kuma damar mai shiryawa. Ya dauki wannan a matsayin wani irin azaba ga kansa. Ya yi korafi ga abokan aikinsa: yana so ya dauki fensir ya tafi wurin zane. Kuma dole ne ku rataya a kan waya, kuyi atishawa da kananan kamfanoni da masana masana'antu, ku fitar da abinda ya kamata daga kwamitocin. Amma bayan an kwashe ofishin zane na Tupolev zuwa Omsk, rayuwa a ciki da kyar take yin haske har zuwa zuwan Andrei Nikolaevich. Babu cranes - Na roƙi ma'aikatan kogi, lokacin sanyi ne, ko ta halin yanzu, an gama kewayawa. Sanyi ne a cikin bita da kuma dakunan kwanan dalibai - an kawo injinan locomotive guda biyu da suka lalace daga masana'antar gyaran locomotive. Mun sami dumi, kuma an kuma kunna wutar lantarki. 
Jinkirta wasu alamun kasuwanci ne na Tupolev. Bugu da ƙari, ya yi latti ne kawai a inda bai ji da bukatar kasancewa ba, kuma kawai a lokacin zaman lafiya. Magana "Ee, kai ba Tupolev bane zaka makara!" sauti a cikin farfajiyoyin Commissariat na Jama'a, sannan Ma'aikatar Sufurin Jiragen Sama da kafin yakin, da kuma bayan, kafin saukar Andrei Nikolaevich, da bayanta.
Koyaya, menene zai iya zama mafi kyau? fiye da ayyukansa, fadi game da halayyar mutum mai hazaka ,?
1. Mota ta farko da aka ƙera ƙarƙashin jagorancin mai ƙirar jirgin sama Tupolev ya ... jirgin ruwa. An kira shi ANT-1, kamar jirgin sama na gaba. Kuma shima ANT-1 motar kankara ce, shima Andrey Nikolaevich ya gina. Irin waɗannan baƙon shudders suna da dalili mai sauƙi - Tupolev yayi gwaji da karafa waɗanda suka dace da amfani da su a jirgin sama. A TsAGI, ya shugabanci hukumar a kan jirgin sama na ƙarfe. Amma ko da matsayin mataimakin Zhukovsky bai taimaka ya karya rashin amincewar mafi yawan ma'aikatan TsAGI ba, wadanda suka yi imanin cewa ya kamata a kera jirgin sama daga itace mai arha da araha. Don haka dole ne inyi aiki da abubuwan tallafi a cikin iyakantaccen kuɗi, farashin motar kankara da jirgin ruwa. Duk waɗannan motocin, gami da jirgin sama na ANT-1, ana iya kiransu haɗe: sun ƙunshi itace da sakon wasiƙa (kamar yadda aka fara kiran duralumin a cikin USSR) a cikin misalai daban-daban.
2. Makomar ci gaban zane ba koyaushe ya dogara da yadda samfurin yake da kyau ba. Bayan Tu-16 ya tafi zuwa ga sojoji, dole ne Tupolev ya saurari korafe-korafe da yawa daga sojoji. Dole ne su matsar da filayen jiragen sama da kayayyakin more rayuwa zuwa cikin yankin USSR. Daga filayen jiragen saman kan iyaka da aka tanada, an tura sassan zuwa taiga da filayen budewa. Iyalai sun rabu, horo ya faɗi. Sannan Tupolev ya ba da aikin kera jirgi mara ƙarfi wanda ke ɗauke da rokoki marasa tsaro. Don haka Tu-91 ya bayyana ba zato ba tsammani. Lokacin da, yayin gwajin farko, wani sabon jirgin sama ya harba makamai masu linzami a kan gungun wasu jiragen ruwa na tekun Black Sea a yankin Feodosia, an aika da sakonnin firgita game da harin da ba a sani ba daga jiragen. Jirgin ya zama mai inganci kuma ya fara aiki. Gaskiya ne, ba don dogon lokaci ba S. Khrushchev, ganin a baje kolin na gaba wani jirgin da ke tuka keɓaɓɓen matosai kusa da ƙawancen jirgin, ya ba da umarnin janye shi daga kerawa.
3. Tupolev ya yi faɗa tare da Junkers a shekarar 1923, duk da cewa ba a sama yake ba. A cikin 1923, Andrei Nikolaevich da ƙungiyarsa sun ƙera ANT-3. A lokaci guda, Tarayyar Soviet, a ƙarƙashin wata yarjejeniya da kamfanin Junkers, ta karɓi masana'antar aluminium da fasahohi da yawa daga Jamus. Daga cikin su akwai fasahar kwalliyar karfe don kara karfi. Tupolev da mataimakansa ba su ga ko dai samarwa ko sakamakon amfani da kayan nasa ba, amma sun yanke shawarar lalata karfen da kansu. Ya zama cewa ƙarfin ƙarfe ya kasance 20% mafi girma. “Junkers” ba ya son wannan aikin mai son - kamfanin ya mallaki lasisin mallakar duk duniya don wannan ƙirar. Followedararraki ya biyo baya a kotun Hague, amma masana Soviet sun kasance mafi kyau. Sun sami damar tabbatar da cewa Tupolev ya lalata karfe ta amfani da wata fasaha ta daban, kuma samfurin da aka samu ya fi na Jamusanci 5%. Kuma ka'idodin Tupolev na shiga sassan kwalliya sun banbanta. An kori da'awar Junkers.
4. A 1937 aka kama Tupolev. Kamar ƙwararrun masanan fasaha a cikin waɗancan shekarun, an kusan canja shi zuwa ofishin ƙirar rufaffiyar, ta hanyar magana ɗaya, "sharashka". A cikin "sharashka" Bolshevo, inda Tupolev ya zama shugaban, babu wani dakin da ya dace don ƙirƙirar cikakken samfurin samfurin jirgin sama "Project 103" (daga baya za a kira wannan jirgi ANT-58, har ma daga baya Tu-2). Sun samo mafita mai sauƙi: a cikin dajin da ke kusa, sun sami sararin da ya dace kuma suka harhaɗa samfuri a kai. Washegari sojojin NKVD sun killace dajin, kuma motoci da yawa na manyan abokan aiki sun ruga zuwa wurin. Ya zama cewa matuƙin jirgin ya lura da samfurin kuma ya ba da rahoto ƙasa don abin da ake zargi da faɗuwa. Yanayin kamar anyi sallama, amma sai Tupolev yayi nuni da cewa wannan samfurin sabon jirgin ne. NKVD-shniki, da ya ji haka, ya buƙaci a ƙone samfurin nan da nan. Sa hannun kawai na jagorancin “sharashka” ya ceci jirgin na ƙarya - an rufe shi kawai da raga mai kama da kamfa.
Yi aiki a cikin "sharashka". Zane daga ɗayan ma'aikatan Tupolev Alexei Cheryomukhin.
5. "Project 103" an kirashi hakan kwata-kwata saboda an aiwatar da ayyuka 102 a gabansa. An kira ɓangaren jirgin sama na sharashka "sashen fasaha na musamman" - tashar sabis. Daga nan sai aka sauya taƙaitawar zuwa lamba, kuma ayyukan suka fara ba da alamun "101", "102", da sauransu "Project 103", wanda ya zama Tu-2, ana ɗaukarsa mafi kyawun jirgin sama na Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. Ya kasance yana aiki tare da Sojan Sama na China a tsakiyar 1980s.
6. Sunayen Valery Chkalov, Mikhail Gromov da 'yan uwansu, waɗanda suka yi ƙaurace-ƙaurace daga Moscow zuwa Amurka, duk duniya ta san su. An yi jigilar-dogon zango a jirgin musamman ANT-25 da aka shirya musamman. Babu Intanet a lokacin, amma akwai wadatattun samari (saboda yanayin hankali) masu fallasa bayanan. An buga wata kasida a cikin mujallar Ingilishi ta "Jirgin sama", wanda marubucin ya tabbatar da alkaluma cewa duka jiragen biyu ba za su iya yiwuwa ba tare da bayyana fara nauyi, shan mai, da dai sauransu. Mai asirin bai yi la'akari da gaskiyar cewa a yanayin ƙaura tare da ƙarfin injin da bai cika ba, ƙarancin mai yana raguwa, ko ma cewa nauyin jirgin yana raguwa yayin da mai ya ƙare. Turawan Burtaniya da kansu sun cika su da bayanan editan mujallar.
Jirgin Mikhail Gromov a Amurka
7. A shekarar 1959, N. Khrushchev ya kawo ziyara Amurka a jirgin Tu-114. Jirgin ya riga ya sami lambobin yabo masu yawa, amma har yanzu KGB ta damu da amincin ta. An yanke shawarar horar da manyan fasinjoji don barin jirgin da sauri. An gina izgili mai girman rai a cikin fasinjan fasinjojin a cikin babban gidan wanka inda membobin gwamnati ke iyo a ciki. Sun sanya kujeru a cikin samfurin, an sanya su da jaket na rai da zane-zane. A siginar, fasinjojin suka sanya riguna, suka jefa raftuka cikin ruwa suka yi tsalle da kansu. Ma'auratan Khrushchevs da Tupolevs ne kawai aka keɓe daga tsalle (amma ba horo ba). Sauran mutane, gami da Mataimakin Shugaban Majalisar Ministocin Tarayyar Soviet Trofim Kozlov da memba na Politburo na Babban Kwamitin CPSU Anastas Mikoyan, waɗanda ba za a iya mantawa da su ba tare da dukkan sakatarorin janar, sun yi tsalle cikin ruwa kuma suka hau kan mashin.
Tu-114 a cikin Amurka. Idan ka lura da kyau, za ka ga wani fasalin Tu-114 - ƙofar ta yi tsawo sosai. Dole fasinjoji su shiga hanyar gangway ta wata karamar matakala.
8. Tupolev da Polikarpov sun dawo a cikin shekarun 1930 suna kera babban jirgin sama ANT-26. Ya kamata ya sami matsakaicin nauyin tan 70. Ma'aikatan za su kasance mutane 20, wannan lambar ta haɗa da masu harbi 8 daga bindigogi da igwa. Anyi niyyar girka injina 12 M-34FRN akan irin wannan babban mashigin. Filin fikafikan ya kamata ya zama mita 95. Ba a san ko masu zanen da kansu sun fahimci rashin gaskiyar aikin ba, ko wani daga sama ya gaya musu cewa bai cancanci kashe albarkatun ƙasa a cikin irin wannan babban launi ba, amma aikin ya watsar. Ba abin mamaki bane - hatta da babbar motar An-225, wacce aka kirkira a shekarar 1988, tana da fiffika mai tsawon mita 88.
9. Jirgin mai saukar ungulu na ANT-40, wanda ake kira Sb-2 a cikin sojoji, ya zama jirgin sama samfurin Tupolev da ya fi girma kafin yakin. Idan kafin wannan jimillar dukkanin jiragen da Andrei Nikolaevich ya tsara da kyar sun wuce 2,000, to Sb-2 kadai an samar dashi kusan guda 7,000. Wadannan jiragen saman suma suna daga cikin Luftwaffe: Jamhuriyar Czech ta sayi lasisin kera jirgin. Sun hada motoci 161; bayan kame kasar, sai suka tafi da Jamusawa. A farkon Yaƙin Duniya na II, Sb-2 shine babban ɗan harin bam na Red Army.
10. Fitattun abubuwa guda biyu a lokaci guda sun nuna hanyar gwagwarmaya da aiki na jirgin TB-7. A lokacin mafi wahalar lokacin Babban Yaƙin rioasa, a cikin watan Agusta 1941, wasu 'yan ƙungiyar TB-7 biyu sun yi ruwan bama-bamai a Berlin. Tasirin abin fashewar bama-bamai ba abin kulawa bane, amma tasirin ɗabi'a akan sojoji da yawan jama'a yana da yawa. Kuma a cikin Afrilu 1942, Commissar Jama'a na Harkokin Kasashen Waje na USSR, Vyacheslav Molotov, yayin ziyarar Ingila da Amurka, sun yi kusan zagaye-zagaye na duniya a kan TB-7, kuma wani ɓangare na jirgin ya faru a kan yankin da sojojin Nazi suka mamaye. Bayan yakin, ya zama cewa tsaron sararin samaniyar Jamus bai gano jirgin na TB-7 ba.
Bombed Berlin ya tashi zuwa Amurka
11. Lokacin da a cikin 1944-1946 aka kwafa B-29 na Amurka mai fashewa a cikin Soviet Tu-4, matsalar rikice-rikicen tsarin aunawa ta taso. A Amurka, ana amfani da inci, fam, da sauransu. A cikin Tarayyar Soviet, ana amfani da tsarin awo. Ba a warware matsalar ta hanyar rarrabuwa ko sauƙaƙan sauƙi ba - jirgin yana da rikitarwa tsari ne mai girma. Dole ne in yi aiki ba kawai tare da tsayi da faɗi ba, har ma, misali, tare da juriya na waya na wani sashe. Tupolev ya yanke kullin Gordian ta yanke shawarar canzawa zuwa rukunin Amurka. An kwafa jirgin, kuma cikin nasara. An ji amo na wannan kwafin na dogon lokaci a duk sassan USSR - yawancin kamfanonin haɗin gwiwa dole ne su haye ƙafafun murabba'in da inci mai inci.
Tu-4. Akasin maganganun damfara, lokaci ya nuna - yayin kwafa, mun koyi yin namu
12. Aikin jirgin sama kirar Tu-114 akan hanyoyin kasa da kasa ya nuna cewa da dukkan danniya da taurin kai N. Khrushchev na da karfin yanke hukuncin manufofin kasashen waje. Lokacin da Amurka ta fara toshe kai tsaye jiragen Tu-114 daga Moscow zuwa Havana, Khrushchev bai je matsalar ba. Mun bi ta hanyoyi da yawa har sai da muka gamsu da cewa hanyar Moscow - Murmansk - Havana ita ce mafi kyau. A lokaci guda, Amurkawa ba su yi zanga-zanga ba idan, a cikin gaba, jirgin Soviet ya sauka don shan mai a tashar jirgin sama a Nassau. Yanayi daya ne kacal - biyan kuɗi. Tare da Japan, wanda har yanzu ba a cimma yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da su ba, gaba ɗaya haɗin gwiwa ya yi aiki: an yi amfani da tambarin kamfanin jirgin saman Jafan "Jal" a kan jirage 4, matan Japan masu hidimar jirgin ne, kuma matukan jirgin Soviet sun kasance matukan jirgi. Sannan sashin fasinjoji na Tu-114 ba ta ci gaba ba, amma an rarraba shi zuwa juyin mulkin kujeru huɗu.
13. Tu-154 ya riga ya shiga jerin kuma an samar dashi a cikin adadin guda 120, lokacin da gwaje-gwaje suka nuna cewa an tsara fuka-fukan kuma an ƙera su ba daidai ba. Ba za su iya jure wa fitowar 20,000 da sauka ba. An sake fasalin fuka-fukan kuma an girka su a kan duk jiragen da aka kera.
Tu-154
14. Tarihin tashin bom din Tu-160 "Farin Swan" ya fara ne da wasu abubuwa masu ban dariya. A ranar farko, lokacin da aka fitar da jirgin saman da aka tarwatse daga hangar, wani tauraron dan adam na Amurka ne ya dauki hoton. Hotunan sun ƙare a cikin KGB. An fara dubawa ta kowane bangare. Kamar yadda aka saba, yayin da dakunan gwaje-gwaje ke nazarin hotunan, a filin jirgin saman Zhukovsky, tuni ma'aikatan da aka tabbatar suka girgiza sau da dama. Bayan haka, duk da haka, sun fahimci yanayin hoton kuma sun hana jirage sauka da rana. Sakataren Tsaron Amurka Frank Carlucci, wanda aka ba shi izinin zama a cikin matattarar jirgin, ya fasa kansa a kan dashboard, kuma tun daga nan ake kiransa "Dashboard na Carlucci." Amma duk waɗannan labaran ba su da kyau kafin hoton daji na halakar "Farin Swans" a cikin Ukraine. Arƙashin walƙiyar kyamarori, a ƙarƙashin murmushin farin ciki na wakilan Ukraine da na Amurka, sabbin injina masu girma, waɗanda suka fi kowane nauyi da sauri a cikin waɗanda aka kera, an yanke su kawai cikin manyan shears hydar.
Tu-160
15. Jirgi na karshe da aka kirkira aka kuma kirkireshi cikin tsari a lokacin rayuwar A. Tupolev shine Tu-22M1, an fara gwajin jirgin a bazarar shekarar 1971. Wannan jirgin bai je wurin sojojin ba, gyare-gyare na M2 kawai ya yi "aiki", amma sanannen mai zanen bai gan shi ba.
16. Ofishin kula da kera kere-kere na Tupolev ya samu nasarar kera motoci marasa matuka. A shekarar 1972, jirgin kirar Tu-143 "Flight" ya fara shiga cikin dakaru. Hadadden UAV kanta, motar ɗaukar kaya, mai ƙaddamarwa da rukunin sarrafawa sun sami kyawawan halaye. A cikin duka, an ba da jiragen sama kusan 1,000. Nan gaba kadan, hadadden kamfanin Tu-141 mai karfi "Strizh" ya fara aiki. A cikin shekarun perestroika da rugujewar USSR, babbar ginshiƙan kimiyya da fasaha da masu zanen Soviet ba su lalace kawai ba. Mafi yawa daga cikin kwararrun ofishin zane na Tupolev sun bar (kuma da yawa ba masu hannu da shuni ba) zuwa Isra'ila, suna samarwa wannan kasar wani mummunan tashin hankali a ci gaban fasahohi don kirkira da kuma samar da UAVs. A Rasha, duk da haka, kusan shekaru 20, irin waɗannan karatun a zahiri sun daskare.
17. Tu-144 wani lokaci ana kiransa jirgin sama da mummunan makoma. Injin, gab da lokacinsa, ya yi fice a duniyar jirgin sama. Hatta mummunan hatsarin jirgin saman da ya faru a Faransa bai shafi kyawawan rahotanni na babban jirgin fasinjan ba. Sannan, saboda wasu dalilai da ba a sani ba, Tu-144 ya fadi a gaban dubun dubatan 'yan kallo. Ba waɗanda ke cikin jirgin kawai aka kashe ba, har da mutanen da ba su yi sa'ar kasancewa a wurin da bala'in ya faru a ƙasa ba. Tu-144 ya shiga layin Aeroflot, amma an cire shi da sauri daga gare su saboda rashin riba - ya cinye mai da yawa kuma yana da tsada don kulawa. Tattaunawa game da fa'ida a cikin USSR a ƙarshen 1970s ya kasance mai wuya, kuma wane irin dawowa za a samu daga aiki da mafi kyawun jirgin sama a duniya? Koyaya, an fara cire kyakkyawan layin daga jirage, sannan daga samarwa.
Tu-144 - gabanin lokaci
18. Tu-204 ya zama na ƙarshe in mun gwada manyan-sikelin (jirgi 43 a cikin shekaru 28) jirgin saman samfurin Tu. Wannan jirgin, wanda ya fara kera shi a shekarar 1990, ya shiga lokacin da bai dace ba.A waɗannan shekarun baƙin ciki, ɗaruruwan kamfanonin jiragen sama waɗanda ba su fito daga komai ba sun bi hanyoyi biyu: ko dai sun gama gadar gadon Aeroflot zuwa kwandon shara, ko kuma sun sayi samfuran jirgi na ƙasashen waje da ba su da kyau. Don Tu-204, tare da duk cancantar sa, babu wuri a cikin waɗannan shimfidu. Kuma lokacin da kamfanonin jiragen suka ƙarfafa kuma suka iya iya siyan sabbin jiragen, Boeing da Airbus ne suka kame kasuwar. "204" da kyar yake tashi saboda umarnin gwamnati da kuma kwangiloli marasa tsari da kamfanoni daga kasashen duniya na uku.
Tu-204
19. Tu-134 na da wani irin gyaran noma, wanda ake kira Tu-134 CX. Maimakon kujerun fasinjoji, gidan ya cika da kayan aiki daban don daukar hoto na saman duniya. Saboda kayan aiki masu inganci, hotunan suna bayyane kuma suna fadakarwa. Koyaya, “mushen” aikin gona ba shi da fa'ida tare da gudanar da kamfanonin noma. A sauƙaƙe ta nuna girman wuraren da aka noma, kuma manoman gama-gari suna da damuwa da wannan batun tun daga 1930s. Saboda haka, sun ƙi tashi Tu-134SH yadda suka iya. Kuma a sa'an nan perestroika ya zo, kuma masanan ba su da lokacin taimakawa aikin noma.
Tu-134SX ana iya gane shi a sauƙaƙe ta rataye kwantena tare da kayan aiki ƙarƙashin fikafikan
20. Daga cikin Rashanci - Masu zane-zanen Soviet, Andrei Tupolev ya zo na 6 dangane da yawan jiragen da aka kera a jere. Tupolev Central Design Bureau ita ce ta biyu kawai zuwa ofisoshin zane na A. Yakovlev, N. Polikarpov, S. Ilyushin, Mikoyan da Gurevich, da S. Lavochkin. Idan aka kwatanta alamomin dijital, alal misali, kusan injuna 64,000 da aka samar a Yakovlev da kusan 17,000 a Tupolev, ya kamata a tuna cewa duk masu zane na farko guda biyar sun ƙera mayaƙa kuma sun kai hari jirgin sama. Su kanana ne, masu rahusa, kuma, rashin alheri, galibi ana rasa su tare da matukan jirgin, da sauri idan aka kwatanta da jirgin sama mai nauyi da Tupolev ya fi son ƙirƙirawa.
